Introdução. O uso da Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea (TENS) para o tratamento da dor pós-operatória tem sido objeto de estudo há alguns anos. Todavia, em quase a totalidade dos trabalhos, a TENS foi aplicada somente após os procedimentos cirúrgicos, à exceção de uma única pesquisa em que foi empregada no período pré-operatório. Em ambas as situações, esse recurso foi eficiente para o tratamento da dor, seja por meio da redução da sua intensidade ou do consumo de analgésicos. Porém, ainda hoje, não se sabe qual o papel que o seu momento de aplicação (somente antes da cirurgia; apenas após a operação; ou antes e após) pode vir a exercer no grau de analgesia obtido. Objetivo. Analisar a influência do momento de aplicação da TENS, na modalidade de alta freqüência, como recurso analgésico em pacientes do sexo masculino submetidos a herniorrafias inguinais pela técnica de Bassini. Casuística e método. A pesquisa clínica, controlada, aleatória e duplamente encoberta foi realizada no Hospital São José, entre abril de 2007 e junho de 2008, com amostra de 125 pacientes, distribuídos em 5 grupos: TENS depois (n = 25), TENS antes (n = 25), TENS antes e depois (n = 25), Placebo (n = 25) e Controle (n = 25). Todas as anestesias foram realizadas via raquidiana, com cloridrato de bupivacaína (0,5%); e a medicação analgésica utilizada no pós-operatório foi: dipirona, como medicação de resgate; e cetoprofeno, em horário programado. A mensuração da dor foi feita com a escala numérica (0-10 cm) e com a versão brasileira do Questionário de Dor McGill (Br-MPQ). Foram considerados estatisticamente significantes os valores de p 0,05. Resultados. Os grupos que foram tratados com a TENS apresentaram redução significante da dor, sendo os resultados mais expressivos naqueles pacientes em que a TENS foi aplicada tanto no período pré, quanto pós-operatório (TENS antes e depois). Houve também redução significante da administração de dipirona no período pós-operatório. Conclusão. O uso pré e pós-operatório da modalidade de alta freqüência da TENS, em pacientes submetidos a herniorrafias inguinais com técnica de Bassini, proporcionou analgesia mais satisfatória do que aquela obtida somente com a aplicação em um desses momentos. / Introduction. The use of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) to treat postoperative pain has been searched lately. However, in the most of studies, TENS has been applied only after surgeries, excepting one where TENS was utilized before. In the two situations, this resource has presented good benefits for pain treatment, observed not only by a reduction in its intensity but also in consumption of analgesics. Nevertheless, there is a doubt about the role that TENS applications moment can exert in analgesias level obtained in the postoperative period. Objective. To analyze the influence of applications moment of high frequency TENS as an analgesic resource in male patients submitted to inguinal herniorraphy (Bassini technique). Cases and method. It was a placebo-controlled, randomized and double-blinded trial, carried out at the Hospital São José (Aracaju, SE, Brazil), between April 2007 and June 2008, and had a sample of 125 patients, distributed in 5 groups: pre TENS (n = 25), post TENS (n = 25), pre- and post TENS (n = 25), Sham (n = 25) and Control (n = 25). There was the standardization of the bupivacaine (0,5 %) as an anesthetic drug, as well as postoperative analgesic prescription: dipyrone, only if the patient complained about pain; and ketoprofen, prescribed for every 8 h. Pain intensity was measured by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), in 8 moments (2½, 3, 3½, 4, 5, 6 and 7 h after inducing the anesthesia besides one last verification at the hospital discharge). Brazilian version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (Br-MPQ) was used 4 h following the inducing of the anesthesia. P values .05 were considered significant. Results. Patients treated with TENS showed less pain intensity, and the most expressive results occurred in pre- and post TENS, moreover there was also significant reduction in dipyrone consumption. Conclusion. The pre- and postoperative use of high frequency TENS in inguinal herniorraphy provided major analgesia than the one obtained by TENS application only in the pre- or postoperative period.

Groin hernia is common, and each year 200 repairs per 100 000 adult inhabitants are performed in Sweden. Groin hernias are either inguinal or femoral (2-4%). Elective repair is not associated with an excess mortality, but adverse outcomes include recurrence and long-term pain. Emergency procedures have a 4% mortality rate with an increased risk for bowel resection and postoperative complications. The aim of this thesis was to identify risk factors for adverse outcomes and to propose measures to improve groin hernia treatment. Twenty-three per cent of female hernias were femoral. Thirty-six per cent of femoral hernias, and 5% of inguinal hernias, have emergency procedures. Females (OR 1.47) and patients above 65 years-of-age (OR 2.24) were at higher risk for emergency repair. Bowel resection was performed in 23% of emergency femoral repairs, and the 30-day mortality was 10 times that of an age- and gender-matched population. The majority of emergency patients were unaware of their hernia, and one third had previously had no groin symptoms. Femoral repairs were at larger risk for recurrence than inguinal repairs. The surgical techniques with least risk for recurrence were preperitoneal mesh repairs (open HR 0.28, and laparoscopic HR 0.31). Long-term pain was present in 24% of femoral hernia patients, of whom 5.5% described pain interfering with daily activities. The only factor predicting the risk for long-term pain was pain preoperatively. Pain decreased with time. In a randomized study on inguinal hernia, TEP resulted in less pain six weeks after surgery than Lichtenstein repair performed under local anesthesia (LLA). TEP patients were to a larger extent able to perform sporting activities. No difference was seen in intra-operative complications. Femoral hernias should be given high priority for repair and preperitoneal techniques should be used. Earlier diagnosis, in the elective setting, is probably difficult to attain. Heightened awareness in the emergency department is required. TEP is safe, and results in less pain than LLA six weeks after surgery. A widening of indications for TEP in primary inguinal hernia repair is justifiable.

Introdução. O uso da Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea (TENS) para o tratamento da dor pós-operatória tem sido objeto de estudo há alguns anos. Todavia, em quase a totalidade dos trabalhos, a TENS foi aplicada somente após os procedimentos cirúrgicos, à exceção de uma única pesquisa em que foi empregada no período pré-operatório. Em ambas as situações, esse recurso foi eficiente para o tratamento da dor, seja por meio da redução da sua intensidade ou do consumo de analgésicos. Porém, ainda hoje, não se sabe qual o papel que o seu momento de aplicação (somente antes da cirurgia; apenas após a operação; ou antes e após) pode vir a exercer no grau de analgesia obtido. Objetivo. Analisar a influência do momento de aplicação da TENS, na modalidade de alta freqüência, como recurso analgésico em pacientes do sexo masculino submetidos a herniorrafias inguinais pela técnica de Bassini. Casuística e método. A pesquisa clínica, controlada, aleatória e duplamente encoberta foi realizada no Hospital São José, entre abril de 2007 e junho de 2008, com amostra de 125 pacientes, distribuídos em 5 grupos: TENS depois (n = 25), TENS antes (n = 25), TENS antes e depois (n = 25), Placebo (n = 25) e Controle (n = 25). Todas as anestesias foram realizadas via raquidiana, com cloridrato de bupivacaína (0,5%); e a medicação analgésica utilizada no pós-operatório foi: dipirona, como medicação de resgate; e cetoprofeno, em horário programado. A mensuração da dor foi feita com a escala numérica (0-10 cm) e com a versão brasileira do Questionário de Dor McGill (Br-MPQ). Foram considerados estatisticamente significantes os valores de p 0,05. Resultados. Os grupos que foram tratados com a TENS apresentaram redução significante da dor, sendo os resultados mais expressivos naqueles pacientes em que a TENS foi aplicada tanto no período pré, quanto pós-operatório (TENS antes e depois). Houve também redução significante da administração de dipirona no período pós-operatório. Conclusão. O uso pré e pós-operatório da modalidade de alta freqüência da TENS, em pacientes submetidos a herniorrafias inguinais com técnica de Bassini, proporcionou analgesia mais satisfatória do que aquela obtida somente com a aplicação em um desses momentos. / Introduction. The use of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) to treat postoperative pain has been searched lately. However, in the most of studies, TENS has been applied only after surgeries, excepting one where TENS was utilized before. In the two situations, this resource has presented good benefits for pain treatment, observed not only by a reduction in its intensity but also in consumption of analgesics. Nevertheless, there is a doubt about the role that TENS applications moment can exert in analgesias level obtained in the postoperative period. Objective. To analyze the influence of applications moment of high frequency TENS as an analgesic resource in male patients submitted to inguinal herniorraphy (Bassini technique). Cases and method. It was a placebo-controlled, randomized and double-blinded trial, carried out at the Hospital São José (Aracaju, SE, Brazil), between April 2007 and June 2008, and had a sample of 125 patients, distributed in 5 groups: pre TENS (n = 25), post TENS (n = 25), pre- and post TENS (n = 25), Sham (n = 25) and Control (n = 25). There was the standardization of the bupivacaine (0,5 %) as an anesthetic drug, as well as postoperative analgesic prescription: dipyrone, only if the patient complained about pain; and ketoprofen, prescribed for every 8 h. Pain intensity was measured by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), in 8 moments (2½, 3, 3½, 4, 5, 6 and 7 h after inducing the anesthesia besides one last verification at the hospital discharge). Brazilian version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (Br-MPQ) was used 4 h following the inducing of the anesthesia. P values .05 were considered significant. Results. Patients treated with TENS showed less pain intensity, and the most expressive results occurred in pre- and post TENS, moreover there was also significant reduction in dipyrone consumption. Conclusion. The pre- and postoperative use of high frequency TENS in inguinal herniorraphy provided major analgesia than the one obtained by TENS application only in the pre- or postoperative period.

In einer prospektiv-randomisierten klinischen Studie zur Leistenhernienreparation wurde die konventionelle Shouldice Operation mit den spannungsfreien Verfahren durch Netzimplantation in endoskopischer (transabdominelle praeperitoneale Netzplastik, TAPP) und offener Technik (Plug und Patch Reparation; PP) verglichen. Bezogen auf das Hauptzielkriterium postoperative Schmerzen ergaben beide spannungsfreie Verfahren (TAPP, PP) signifikant guenstigere Ergebnisse als die Shouldice Operation. Bei vergleichbarer Komplikationsrate war die Dauer postoperativer Einschraenkungen bei den spannungsfreien Verfahren ebenfalls signifikant kuerzer als nach Shouldice Operation. Zur Verbesserung der fuer die spannungsfreie Reparation erforderlichen Netzimplantate wurde in einer Tierstudie versucht, die bislang durch Resorption ungenuegende mechanische Stabilitaet eines resorbierbaren Polyglycolsaeure-Netzes durch Zugabe von Fibrinkleber bzw. humanen thrombozytaeren Wachstumsfaktoren zu verbessern. Hierdurch gelang ein signifikanter Anstieg der mechanischen Stabilitaet, so daß in dem verwendeten Tiermodell keine Herniationen auftraten. / In a prospective-randomized study conventional Shouldice operation was compared with tension-free procedures using mesh implantation in endoscopic (transabdominal preperitoneal mesh repair, TAPP) and open technique (Plug and patch repair; PP) for inguinal hernia repair. Regarding the mean end point postoperative pain both tension-free procedures (TAPP, PP) revealed significantly better results than Shouldice operation. Complications were comparable between the groups but duration of postoperative restrictions was significantly shorter after both tension-free procedures. To improve mesh quality for tension-free hernia repair an animal experiment was performed using a resorbable polyglycolic acid mesh. Despite good incorporation this mesh shows insufficient tensile strength due to absorption. Application of fibrin glue or platelet releasates significantly improve the mechanical stability of the repair protecting against herniation in this animal model.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-03-09T19:11:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEANDRO MENDONÇA PEDROSO.pdf: 1876566 bytes, checksum: b63371b5786d8c8cd2a50ed0068fa40f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-09T19:11:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEANDRO MENDONÇA PEDROSO.pdf: 1876566 bytes, checksum: b63371b5786d8c8cd2a50ed0068fa40f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-01 / The surgical treatment of inguinal hernia is one of the most performed medical procedures in many countries, including Brazil. More than 20 million surgeries of inguinal hernia repair are performed annually around the world. Within the many surgical techniques developed to treat inguinal hernia, the most appropriate technique was in the past chosen based on the recurrence rate. However, with the technological advances in the surgical field, the recurrence rate decreased substantially for all surgical procedures. Recently, postoperative pain is one the major problems related to the surgical treatment of inguinal hernia, as it directly affects the quality of life of patients. Besides, despite the high rate of inguinal hernia cases, there are few comparative studies on the postoperative pain, which evaluate pain for a period longer than 48h after the surgical procedure. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the postoperative pain levels between the surgical techniques of open Lichtenstein (LC) and the transabdominal pre-peritoneal laparoscopy (TAPP) for the treatment of unilateral primary inguinal hernia. In this clinical study were included 60 patients, of both sexes and with age between 26 and 69 years, of which 30 were operated using the LC technique and 30 using the TAPP technique. Four patients, two of each group, were excluded from the study as they did complete the all the postoperative. The pain levels were evaluated through the analogue visual scale (AVS) on the days 2, 10 and 30 after the surgical procedure. Additionally, the recurrence rate, presence of chronic pain and paresthesia were evaluated 12 months after the surgery. The analysis of the data demonstrated significant differences on the pain levels between the surgical procedures LC and TAPP, with differences also for the postoperative days. For 2 days after the surgery, there were no differences on pain levels. Differently, for the days 10 and 30 after the surgery, the TAPP technique (1,4 and 0,4 respectively) promoted significantly lower pain levels on the AVS compared to the LC technique (2,3 and 1,3 respectively). Despite both surgical techniques presented no recurrent hernias 12 months after the surgery, chronic pain was lower for the group operated through the TAPP technique compared to the LC technique, occurring in 3.6% and 32% respectively. Moreover, the rate of seroma occurrence and analgesic administration was lower for the TAPP technique. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that there are differences between the surgical techniques, with the TAPP procedure promoting significantly lower postoperative pain (10 and 30 days) and chronic pain (12 months) compared to the LC procedure. Thus, this study is of great importance helping surgeons to choose the most efficient and less painful technique for the surgical repair of unilateral primary inguinal hernia. / O tratamento cirúrgico de hérnia inguinal é um dos procedimentos médicos mais realizados em diversos países, incluindo o Brasil. Mais de 20 milhões de cirurgias de reparo de hérnia inguinal são realizadas anualmente em todo o mundo. Entre as diversas técnicas cirúrgicas desenvolvidas para o tratamento de hérnias inguinais, a escolha da técnica mais apropriada era, no passado, baseada na taxa de recidiva. No entanto, com os avanços tecnológicos na área cirúrgica, a taxa de recidiva diminuiu significativamente em diversas técnicas. Atualmente, a dor pós-operatória é um dos maiores problemas relacionados à correção de hérnia inguinal, pois afeta diretamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. No entanto, apesar da alta frequência de hérnia inguinal, ainda existem poucos estudos comparativos da dor pós-operatória, que avaliam a dor por período superior à 48h de cirurgia. Assim, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi de comparar o nível de dor pós-operatória entre a técnica aberta de Lichtenstein (LC) e a técnica laparoscópica pré-peritoneal transabdominal (TAPP) no tratamento de hérnia inguinal unilateral não recidivada. Foram incluídos neste estudo 60 pacientes de ambos os sexos com idade entre 26 e 69 anos, dos quais 30 foram operados pela técnica de LC e 30 pela técnica TAPP, sendo que quatro pacientes foram excluídos por não retornarem no pós-operatório. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada por meio da escala visual analógica (EVA) nos dias 2, 10 e 30 de pós-operatório. Além disso, a taxa de recidiva, a presença de dor crônica e parestesia foram avaliadas 12 meses após a cirurgia. A análise dos dados avaliados demonstrou que existem diferenças significativas nos níveis de dor pós-operatória entre as técnicas LC e TAPP, com diferenças no nível de dor entre os dias de pós-operatório. Com 2 dias de pós-operatório, não foram encontradas diferenças no nível de dor entre as técnicas cirúrgicas. Diferentemente, com 10 e 30 dias de pós-operatório, a técnica TAPP (1,4 e 0,4 respectivamente) promoveu um nível de dor significativamente menor na escala EVA, comparado à técnica LC (2,8 e 1,3 respectivamente). Além disso, apesar de ambas as técnicas não promoverem recidiva após 12 meses da cirurgia, a dor crônica foi menor no grupo operado pela técnica TAPP do que no grupo operado pela técnica LC, ocorrendo em 3,6% e 32% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Os pacientes operados pela técnica TAPP também apresentaram uma taxa menor de seroma e de uso de medicamento analgésico. Concluindo, neste estudo foi demonstrado que existem diferenças na dor pós-operatória entre as técnicas cirúrgicas, sendo que a técnica TAPP apresentou um nível de dor pós-operatória (10 e 30 dias) e dor crônica (12 meses) significativamente menor que a técnica LC. Finalmente, este estudo é de grande importância, pois auxiliará cirurgiões na escolha da técnica mais efetiva e menos dolorosa para o reparo da hérnia inguinal não recidivada.

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the human body giving both motor and sensory innervations to the lower limb. It can be affected in chronic diseases, such as diabetes, or compressed anatomically by structures such as piriformis and aneurysms leading to sciatica or paralysis of the lower limb. The current study therefore focuses on the arterial supply of the sciatic nerve as well as its course. Embryologically, the sciatic nerve is supplied via the axial artery during the first trimester. As the axial artery regresses, the iliac system develops. A failure of sciatic artery regression leads to several variations of pelvic and femoral arteries, with a risk of iatrogenic injury/trauma for those patients undergoing pelvic, gluteal and thigh surgical procedures. An understanding of the variability of the pelvic arteries in relation to a coexistent sciatic artery will provide an appropriate background for clinicians. The present study proposes a new theory of sciatic artery development and persistence, as well as new theories for the superior and inferior gluteal, internal pudendal and obturator arteries. The thesis is in two parts: first an anatomical study on the dissection of 171 cadavers including the pelvic, gluteal and thigh regions to observe (i) the patterns of the arteries these regions, and (ii) the course of the sciatic nerve. With variable course of sciatic nerve, there is a variability of its blood supply. Moreover, it includes a new classification of sciatic nerve with respect to clinical implications. The thesis clarifies the origins of the sciatic artery and its course. The second part is a literature review of sciatic artery aneurysm cases in 171 patients, which clarifies the risk of aneurysm, together with its incidence with respect to pathologic finding and associated disorders. Radiologists have to be aware of the internal iliac artery classifications to be able to alert general surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, obstetricians, gynecologists, and urologists so that they can improve patient management.

Quality-of-life and functional outcomes are important in the choice of treatment for men with localized prostate cancer. These issues were investigated in the present thesis. All living 400 men randomized to radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting from 1989 to 1999 in the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Number 4 (SPCG-4) were included. An additional 281 men compromised an age-matched control group. Physical symptoms, symptom-induced stress, sense of well-being and self-assessed quality of life were evaluated by a study-specific questionnaire. Results showed that prostate cancer men, regardless if they were allocated to radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting were suffering of long term adverse effects, mainly erectile dysfunction, urinary leakage and voiding symptoms. In the prostatectomy group, erectile dysfunction and urinary leakage were often consequences of surgery; in the watchful waiting group the side-effects could be caused by tumor progression. The quality of life deteriorated over time. High self-assessed quality of life was reported by 35 % in the radical, 34 % in watchful-waiting, and 43 % in the control groups after a median follow-up time of 12.2 years. The SPCG-4 men significantly more often reported anxiety than did controls. Erectile dysfunction was associated with the most negative influence on quality of life in both SPCG-4 groups. Men in the prostatectomy group were more distressed by erectile dysfunction than watchful waiting. Androgen deprivation therapy had negative effects on all psychological parameters, including quality of life, for the watchful waiting but not for the prostatectomy group. Information about the prostate-cancer disease was significantly higher in the radical-prostatectomy group than in watchful waiting. Check-ups were associated with worry, especially for those on androgen deprivation therapy. Open radical prostatectomy led to an increased rate of inguinal hernia compared with robot-assisted technique. In conclusion, the data of this thesis emphasize that it takes more than a decade to understand the patterns of adverse effects and time dimension of their occurrence for each treatment. Consideration of quality of life has a high priority to aid the ageing man through the shifting scenarios of localized prostate cancer.

Introduction: Transabdominal laparoscopic (TAPP) approach in the therapy of inguinal hernia is a suitable alternative to classical open inguinal hernia repair mainly in the hands of an experienced surgeon. TAPP repair offers the possibility of gentle dissection with implantation of the mesh from posterior approach. Hypothesis and objectives of the work: The fixation of mesh through penetrating techniques using staples, clips or screws is associated with a significantly increased risk of developing a post-herniotomy inguinal pain syndrome (CPIP). The aim of the thesis is to review options of self-fixating meshes in laparoscopic TAPP procedure without additional fixation. Furthermore to evaluate effect of this technique on development of the chronic postoperative groin pain and also on frequency of hernia recurrence and mesh migration. Patients and methods: Data analysis included all patients, who underwent inguinal hernia surgery at our Surgical Department within the period from 1.10.12 to 31.12.14 and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Standard surgical technique was used. Data were entered and subsequently analyzed on Herniamed platform. Results: There were 241 patients enrolled to the group of which 396 inguinal hernias were repaired. The minimal follow up was at 12 months. At the assessment in one...

Introduction: Transabdominal laparoscopic (TAPP) approach in the therapy of inguinal hernia is a suitable alternative to classical open inguinal hernia repair mainly in the hands of an experienced surgeon. TAPP repair offers the possibility of gentle dissection with implantation of the mesh from posterior approach. Hypothesis and objectives of the work: The fixation of mesh through penetrating techniques using staples, clips or screws is associated with a significantly increased risk of developing a post-herniotomy inguinal pain syndrome (CPIP). The aim of the thesis is to review options of self-fixating meshes in laparoscopic TAPP procedure without additional fixation. Furthermore to evaluate effect of this technique on development of the chronic postoperative groin pain and also on frequency of hernia recurrence and mesh migration. Patients and methods: Data analysis included all patients, who underwent inguinal hernia surgery at our Surgical Department within the period from 1.10.12 to 31.12.14 and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Standard surgical technique was used. Data were entered and subsequently analyzed on Herniamed platform. Results: There were 241 patients enrolled to the group of which 396 inguinal hernias were repaired. The minimal follow up was at 12 months. At the assessment in one...

Degaardt, M & Rubensson, M. Postoperativt förlopp efter dagkirurgiskljumskbråcksoperation. Uppföljningssamtal som grund för kvalitetsutveckling.Examensarbete i omvårdnad 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö högskola: Hälsa ochsamhälle, Utbildningsområde omvårdnad, 2010.Syftet med denna studie var att göra en bedömning av den postoperativa förloppeti hemmet hos dagkirurgiska ljumskbråcksopererade patienter. Data insamlademed hjälp av högstrukturerade telefonintervjuer. En enkät med standardiseradefrågor och ikryssbara svarsalternativ som kommer har använts vidtelefonintervjuerna. Resultaten från de 52 intervjuerna visade att de flestapatienter inte överskred Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) 3 i vila eller rörelse dagett. På dag tre hade de flesta mer smärta vid rörelse än dag ett. De flestapatienterna följde ordinationen de fick av läkaren avseende smärtstillandetabletter. Generellt sett visade studien på få postoperativa komplikationer och högtillfredsställelse ur operationssynpunkt hos patienterna. / Degaardt, M. & Rubensson, M. Post-operative progress after one-day surgicalinguinal hernia operation. Follow-up interviews as a means for qualitydevelopment. Degree project in nursing, 15 credit points. Malmö University:Faculty of health and society, Department of nursing, 2010.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the post-operative progress for one-daysurgical inguinal hernia patients. Data was collected using structured telephoneinterviews three days after surgery. A questionnaire with standardized questionsand multiple-choice response opions was used. The results from the 52 interviewsshowed that most patients did not exceed Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) 3 dayone when at rest or moving around. On day three most patients had more painwhile moving than day 1. Most patients complied with the doctor’s prescription ofpainkillers. Generally the follow-up study showed the patients had fewcomplications and felt high satisfaction post surgery.