The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is one of the most important parasites of livestock, and it also infects humans. The proteolytic system of trematodes is critical for their interaction with the host and is a potential target for the development of novel vaccines. This work is focused on proteases secreted by F. hepatica adults and on FheCy2, a new protease inhibitor from the cystatin family. The proteolytic activity of the secreted proteases was analyzed using: (a) chromogenic protein substrates and fluorogenic peptide substrates, (b) selective protease inhibitors, and (c) a fluorescent activity-based probe for visualization of proteases. The results showed that the secreted proteases are cysteine proteases of papain family belonging to cathepsins L and B. These proteases were effectivelly inhibited by FheCy2 as demonstrated by enzymological analysis. It can be assumed that FheCy2 participates in the physiological regulation of endogenous proteases secreted by F. hepatica adults, which makes it attractive candidate protein for vaccination studies. Key words: Fasciola hepatica, cathepsins, proteolytic activity, substrate specificity, protease inhibitors (In Czech)

Vendula Dvořáčková Attitudes of patients toward antidepressant medication Master's thesis Charles University in Prague, the Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Pharmacy Background: The master's thesis deals with evaluation of attitudes of inpatients in the psychiatric clinic of Military University Hospital Prague. The main task was to clarify the relation between therapy attitude and the prescribed medication, diagnosis and sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: The data were collected using the Drug Attitude Inventory questionnaire (Czech version by Masopust) where sum of negative and positive answers was used to determine the patient's general attitude. Patients' characteristics were acquired from a data-entry form, specific medication from the medical records. Results: In the observed group women seemed to have a more positive attitude toward the treatment compared to men, similarly to people with a higher level of education and patients between 31 - 40 years of age in comparison with other age groups. The most positive responses were observed in patients who were prescribed agomelatine, trazodone and paroxetine. People diagnosed with personal disorders or affective bipolar disorder inclined to positive answers as well, on the other hand most negative...

In recent years, tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been widely used for the treatment of certain tumors as so-called targeted therapy. Many studies are concerned with their metabolism and the role of enzymes in the biotransformation process, but very little is known about the impact of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the expression and activity of biotransformation enzymes. Nevertheless modification of the expression and activity of enzymes may cause adverse interactions of co-administered drugs and their negative impact on the human body. This diploma thesis studies the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors vandetanib and lenvatinib and cytotoxic alkaloid ellipticine on biotransformation enzymes in a rat model organism in vivo. The aim was to characterize the effect of the investigated compounds on gene expression, protein expression and activity of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1 and flavin-containing monooxygenases FMO1 and FMO3 in renal and hepatic microsomes. Microsomes and RNA were isolated from kidneys of control rats and the pretreated rats. Western blot and immunodetection was used to compare the protein expression levels of studied enzymes in kidney and liver. By reverse transcription, cDNA was prepared from isolated RNA and used as a template for quantitative PCR to compare the...

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Adéla Janoušková Supervisor: RNDr. Jakub Hofman, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Study on impact of selected protein kinase inhibitors on drug resistance mediated by cytochromes P450 Pharmacokinetic drug resistance often leads to failure of an anticancer therapy. One of the mechanisms is increased efflux of drugs from tumour cells, whereas some studies suggest that increased drug conversion to an inactive metabolite might be another contributing mechanism. The aim of this work was to define the possible role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 enzymes in the phenomenon of pharmacokinetic resistance and to investigate the possibility of its modulation by new targeted drugs. In the first part, we used the MTT proliferation method together with HepG2 cells stably transduced with particular human enzymes and demonstrated significant involvement of CYP3A4 in docetaxel resistance. In the following part, we examined the inhibitory effects of four selected tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the CYP3A4 activity in intact cells using a commercial kit. Cobimetinib and dabrafenib showed significant inhibitory activity, while osimertinib and brivanib did not. In the final part, we demonstrated the ability of the first two...

Les études épidémiologiques ont démontré un risque accru d’autisme chez les enfants nés d’une mère hospitalisée pour infection au cours de la grossesse. L’imitation d’une infection virale dans le but de déclencher une Activation Immunitaire Maternelle (MIA) a été réalisé avec succès dans des modèles animaux. Ceci a démontré qu’une MIA conduit à des altérations physiologiques et comportementales sur le long terme. Notre but consistait à étudier la présence de séquelles néonatales chez des souris nées de mère MIA. Nous avons observé que la MIA altère l’activité et la morphologie des neurones dès la naissance, et que ces modifications restaient présentes dans les animaux âgés de deux semaines. La MIA subie au cours de la grossesse altère donc les neurones dès la naissance. / Epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk for autism in children born from mothers hospitalized for infection during pregnancy. Mimicking a maternal infection during pregnancy to trigger a Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) has been successfully achieved in animal models, showing that it leads to long term physiological and behavioural alterations. Our goal was to investigate neonatal sequels in MIA mice offspring. We found that already at birth MIA alters neuronal activity and morphology, and these changes were still present in two-week-old animals. Consequently, MIA during pregnancy alters neurons already at birth.

Os Mollicutes causam doenças em várias espécies animais de importância econômica, inclusive em bovinos. Neste estudo, foi avaliada por concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e citometria de fluxo, a atividade de oito agentes antibacterianos (enrofloxacina, ciprofloxacina, gentamicina, claritromicina, cloranfenicol, oxitetraclina, tiamulina e tilosina) contra Ureaplasma diversum. Foram analisadas 24 amostras de isolados de campo oriundas da mucosa genital de fêmeas bovinas. As amostras foram confirmadas por crescimento em caldo, placa e por PCR. Os inóculos foram submetidos à analise de suscetibilidade aos antibióticos pelo método da microdiluição em microplaca e posteriormente analisados pelo citômetro de fluxo a fim de avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana nas células. A claritromicina apresentou os maiores índices de inibição in vitro, sendo a gentamicina considerada o antibiótico de menor espectro de ação nesse estudo. De acordo com as análises do citômetro, a gentamicina apresentou o menor número de células viáveis enquanto a tiamulina apresentou o maior número. Embora haja resultados destoantes entre as técnicas utilizadas, o citômetro de fluxo pode ser utilizado como uma boa ferramenta para auxiliar a avaliação da suscetibilidade desses microrganismos a antibióticos. / The Mollicutes cause disease in several economically important species, including cattle. In this study, was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and flow cytometry, the activity of eight antibacterial agents (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, clarithromycin, chloramphenicol, oxitetraclina, tiamulin and tylosin) against Ureaplasma diversum. We analyzed 24 samples of field isolates originating from the genital mucosa of cows. The samples were confirmed by growth in broth, plate, and PCR. The inoculations were subjected to analysis of susceptibility to antibiotics by the method of micro-dilution plate and then analyzed by flow cytometry to assess the antimicrobial activity in cells. Clarithromycin showed the highest levels of inhibition in vitro, the antibiotic gentamicin considered lower spectrum of action in this study. According to the analysis of the flow cytometer, gentamicin showed the lowest number of viable cells as tiamulin showed the greatest number. Although there are divergent results between the techniques used, flow cytometry can be used as a good tool even help assess the susceptibility of microorganisms to antibiotics.

O Sistema Neural Histaminérgico tem importante papel na memória emocional, ansiedade e medo, processos com mediação pela amídala. O presente estudo investigou os efeitos da histamina (HA) microinjetada na amídala préexposição/teste de aquisição e/ou pré-reexposição/teste de retenção sobre os comportamentos de camundongos submetidos ao Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE) ou à caixa de Esquiva Inibitória (EI). Para tanto, os animais passaram por cirurgia para implantação bilateral de cânulas-guia 1 mm acima da amídala. Após recuperação, eles receberam infusões centrais bilaterais pré-testes (LCE) ou pré-sessões (EI) de salina (SAL) ou HA nas doses de 0,1; 0,5 e 1,0 g em volume de 0,1 l. Os testes no LCE consistiram na exposição dos camundongos ao aparato (T1) e, após 24 h, na sua reexposição (T2). O número de entradas e tempo total nos braços abertos e suas porcentagens (EBA, TBA, %EBA, %TBA, respectivamente) em T1 foram considerados medidas para inferir ansiedade e em T2 para inferência da memória. As sessões na caixa de EI se iniciaram com a habituação. Após 30 min, os camundongos passaram pelo treino 1, com choque nas patas quando da presença do animal no ambiente escuro. Depois de 2 min, houve o treino 2 e, após 24 h, o teste de retenção com ausência de choque. As latências de transição em direção ao ambiente escuro foram registradas. Ao final, para cada modelo experimental e dose, quatro grupos foram formados: SAL-SAL, SALHA, HA-SAL e HA-HA. A análise estatística incluiu a ANOVA de duas vias e teste post hoc de Duncan. Para distribuições não homogêneas foram utilizados os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Wilcoxon. O nível de significância adotado foi p0,05. No LCE, houve uma diminuição da %EBA e %TBA durante T2 em relação a T1 para todos os grupos tratados. Na comparação entre grupos em T1, a exploração dos braços abertos não mostrou alterações significativas, indicando que não houve alteração sobre o estado de ansiedade. Na caixa de EI, não houve aumento na latência de transição durante o teste de retenção para os grupos SAL-HA das doses de 0,5 e 1,0 g, em relação aos treinos 1 e 2; porém, no grupo HA-HA essa latência apresentou-se elevada. Para o LCE, houve ausência de efeito da HA intra-amídala sobre a memória emocional. Para a tarefa de EI, a HA nas doses de 0,5 e 1,0 g induziu prejuízo da evocação da memória emocional mediada pela amídala e evocação estado-dependente para os animais tratados com HA nos dois dias de sessões. / There is evidence that histamine (HA) modulates learning and memory in different types of behavioral tasks, but the exact course of modulation and its mechanisms are controversial. Well known that the amygdala plays an importante role in modulation of emotions. That is able to influence mnemonic processes. The goal of this research was to compare HA microinjected into the amygdala of mice subjected to elevated plus-maze (EPM) or inhibitory avoidance task (IAT) in effects on anxiety-related behavior and emotional memory. For this purpose, male Swiss mice, weighing from 25 and 35g, were bilaterally implanted with guide cannulas. The recovery took from three to five days after surgery, then behavioral tests in the EPM or IAT were performed on two consecutive days. In the first experiment, the animals received microinjections before Trial 1 of salina (SAL) or HA in the amygdala (0.1; 0.5 and 1.0 g by 0.1 l/side volume) and were exposed to EPM for 5 min. 24h later the same protocol was repeated (Trial 2). The second experiment consisted of four sessions in the IAT: Habituation, Training 1 and 2 (interval of 2min between the two; footshock; 0.5mA/3sec) and Test (24h later; without footshock). Mice were microinjected before Training 1 and Test with SAL or HA at the same dose mentioned. The animals were assigned into four groups for each experiment: SAL-SAL, SAL-HA, HA-SAL and HA-HA. The data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Duncans tests to the homogeneous data, and Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon to the inhomogeneous distributions. For the tests in the EPM, the percentage of open arm entries (%OAE) were reduced in Trial 2 relative to Trial 1 for SAL-HA and HA-SAL and the percentage of time spent in the open arms (%OAT) also decreased in all groups at the doses of 0.5 and 1.0 g. No significant changes were observed in that measures in Trial 1 compared all groups, an EPM index of anxiety. For the sessions in the IAT, the step-through latency increased in SAL-SAL, HA-SAL and HA-HA on the test day relative to training day, and no statistical differences were observed to SAL-HA group. The latency were increased whith HA infusions pre-trial and pré-test as a condition. Based on our results, the HA intra-amygdala of mice at the doses studied is not involved on the anxiety-like behaviors and mnemonic process in the EPM, but impairs the emotional memory retrieval in the IAT at the doses of 0.5 and 1.0 g. HA intra-amygdala also induces state-dependent emotional memory in those doses for HA-HA group. We suggest that HA is distinctly involved at pathways that mediates anxiety and fear.

A ativação dos sistemas complemento e de contato resulta na formação de peptídeos vasoativos tais como a bradicinina e anafilatoxinas. O inibidor de C1-esterase (C1-INH) é o principal regulador desses dois sistemas e a deficiência desta proteína resulta no Angioedema Hereditário (AEH). Trata-se de uma doença rara, de herança autossômica dominante, caracterizada pela deficiência de C1-INH, a qual ocorre devido a mutações no seu gene estrutural, levando a episódios graves de edema em tecido subcutâneo, gastrointestinal e respiratório, potencialmente fatais. Existem dois fenótipos variantes: AEH do tipo I, com reduzidos níveis antigênicos de C1-INH no plasma e AEH tipo II com níveis reduzidos ou normais de C1-INH e atividade disfuncional. Várias mutações já foram descritas no gene de inibidor de C1 esterase (SERPING1), porém, não há estudos que avaliem a relevância desta doença e as mutações gênicas em nosso meio. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as alterações moleculares em pacientes com AEH, correlacionando-as com as manifestações clínico-laboratoriais. Amostras de plasma, soro e DNA de quinze pacientes de uma mesma família foram coletadas. O ensaio hemolítico CH50 para avaliação da integridade da via clássica do sistema complemento e avaliação quantitativa de C4 e C1-INH por nefelometria foram os ensaios realizados para confirmação do diagnóstico da doença. A atividade funcional da proteína foi avaliada através de ensaio colorimétrico e a relação existente entre possíveis mutações na proteína e o fenótipo da doença foi avaliada por meio de reação de polimerase em cadeia (PCR) e seqüenciamento do DNA genômico. A atividade hemolítica de complemento total e a dosagem de C3 foram normais nos pacientes e controles analisados, os níveis da atividade antigênica de C1-INH e C4 mostraram-se diminuídos na maioria dos avaliados (13/15). A avaliação funcional detectou baixa atividade (<50%) do valor normal (70% - 130%) em todos os pacientes analisados. A distribuição das mutações entre os 8 éxons relativos ao gene de C1- INH concentraram-se nos éxons 4 (g.4706-88A>G) , 7 (g.14145+20A>G) e 8 (Val480Met). Duas dessas mutações nunca foram descritas ainda, o que contribui para a compreensão da função das serpinas e também ajuda a definir mais completamente o papel biológico do inibidor de C1 / Activation of complement and contact systems results in the formation of vasoactive peptides such as bradykinin and anafilatoxinas. The C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) is the main regulator of these two systems and the deficiency of this protein results in hereditary angioedema (HAE). It is a rare disease of autosomal dominant inheritance, characterized by deficiency of C1-INH, which is due to mutations in its structural gene, leading with severe episodes of edema in subcutaneous tissue, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract, potentially fatal. There are two phenotypic variants: HAE type I, with reduced plasma antigen levels and HAE type II with normal or low levels of C1-INH and dysfunctional activity. Several mutations have been described in the gene of the C1 esterase inhibitor (SERPING1), however, no studies to assess the relevance of this disease and the gene mutations in our population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the molecular changes in patients with HAE, correlating it with clinical and laboratory manifestations. Samples of plasma, serum and DNA from fifteen patients from the same family were collected. CH50 hemolytic assay for assessing the integrity of the classical pathway of the complement system and quantitative evaluation of C1-INH and C4 by nephelometry tests were performed to confirm the diagnosis of disease. The functional activity of the protein was assessed by colorimetric assay and the possible relationship between mutations in the protein and the phenotype of the disease was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of genomic DNA. Hemolytic activity of complement and the total dosage of C3 were normal in patients and controls. Levels of antigenic activity of C1-INH and C4 were shown to be less valued in most (13/15). Functional evaluation found low activity (<50%) of normal (70% - 130%) in all patients examined. The distribution of mutations among the 8 exons of the gene for C1-INH concentrate in the exons 4 (g.4706-88A> G) and 7 (g.14145 +20 A> G) and 8 (Val480Met). Two of these mutations have not been described yet, which contributes to understanding the function of serpins and also helps to define more fully the biological role of the C1 inhibitor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Arlindo Feriani Filho.pdf: 1659826 bytes, checksum: 5e325e8d8900b4e79d1e0812802e4bb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / This paper aims to examine the boundaries, contours, and potential difficulties for achieving a fully-effective preventive custody. It is expected to demonstrate that contemporary society, mass, plural and surrounded by numerous relationships of all kinds can do nothing without a genuinely preventive protection and open to welcome and really protect the varied existing situations. Undeniably, the development of society has given rise to and develop a series of rights and guarantees that require the improvement of the procedural system so that they can indeed be preserved, particularly because they involve the maintenance of character eminently off-balance sheet nature of content and therefore call for a more active role by the judiciary for achieving effective preventive protection, since it is not consistent with the private and repressive model of jurisdiction. It happens that, due to the proximity of the conceptual structures of procedural law to the liberal state and, from that, the minimum intervention in individual freedoms, the clear separation of powers, the jurisdiction of concepts, action, procedural interest, especially, were strongly influenced so that the jurisdictional activity is based almost exclusively for remedial tutelage, creating some doctrines that must be overcome. The difficulties linked to the role given to the judiciary, the ordinariness of the procedures as a means of supposed equal treatment for all situations, an exhaustive presentation of evidence as the real truth discovery so are some of the elements which still are strongly present and end up represent real obstacle to protecting the threat to the right. Therefore, it examined some of the criteria and values brought by the doctrine in order to have procedural effectiveness, the importance and role of the state, justice and the process, including the call distributive justice so that, later, the particulars are facing the preventive custody and require different treatment and change the paradigms that to this day are present. In the end, it advocates the need for improvements to achieve the effectiveness of preventive care, which requires the construction of new paradigms and possible legislative adjustments / O presente trabalho propõe-se a analisar os limites, contornos, potencialidades e dificuldades para que se alcance uma tutela preventiva plenamente efetiva. Espera-se demonstrar que a sociedade contemporânea, massificada, plural e envolta em inúmeras relações de todos os tipos não pode prescindir de uma tutela genuinamente preventiva e aberta a acolher e realmente proteger as variadas situações que lhe são postas. Inegavelmente, o desenvolvimento da sociedade fez surgir e se desenvolver uma série de direitos e garantias que exigem o aperfeiçoamento do sistema processual para que possam, de fato, ser preservados, sobretudo porque envolvem conteúdos de caráter eminentemente extrapatrimonial e, por isso, reclamam um papel mais ativo por parte do Judiciário para que se alcance a efetiva proteção preventiva, já que não se coadunam com o modelo privatístico e repressivo da jurisdição. Ocorre que, em virtude da proximidade das estruturas conceituais do direito processual ao Estado Liberal e, a partir disso, da mínima intervenção nas liberdades individuais, da clara separação entre os poderes, os conceitos de jurisdição, ação e interesse processual, especialmente, foram fortemente influenciados para que a atividade jurisdicional se pautasse quase que exclusivamente para a tutela reparatória, criando-se alguns dogmas que precisam ser superados. As dificuldades ligadas ao papel conferido ao judiciário, a ordinariedade dos procedimentos como meio de suposto tratamento igualitário para todas as situações, a exaustiva produção de prova como forma de descobrimento da verdade real são alguns dos elementos que ainda hoje se fazem fortemente presentes e acabam por representar verdadeiro obstáculo à proteção à ameaça ao direito. Para tanto, examinam-se alguns dos critérios e valores trazidos pela doutrina para que se tenha efetividade processual, a importância e o papel do Estado, da justiça e do processo, inclusive a chamada justiça distributiva para que, posteriormente, sejam enfrentadas as particularidades da tutela preventiva e que exigem tratamento diferenciado e mudança dos paradigmas que até hoje se fazem presentes. Ao final, defende-se a necessidade de aperfeiçoamentos para o alcance da efetividade da tutela preventiva, o que exige a construção de novos paradigmas e possíveis adequações legislativas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Marta Tessmann Bandeira.pdf: 1779478 bytes, checksum: 08ef43dde2abf1599e6caa409a3cc035 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main aim of this dissertation is to investigate the cognitive differences, specially the executive functions: memory, inhibitory control and attention, among monolinguals and bilinguals in two different moments. The first moment happened in 2008 when, for the Master s thesis, the same questions were studied with children in the town of Arroio do Padre, located in the South of Brazil which was colonized by Pomeranians and which localization, with a very distinct geography, makes the access to the most common means of communication more difficult. This fact might help the language preservation that was brought by the immigrants by the end of the XIX century and still in use in this town today. In the present study, the research first done in 2008 is made wider, so the same participants that did the experiments in 2008 were contacted and did the experiments again in 2012, making this a longitudinal study. To complete the data, children and adolescents, monolinguals and bilinguals from Scotland, UK, also participated in this study doing the same experiments, making it possible to observe if bilinguals that have as their mother tongue a not written language, as the Pomeranian, and those who use their first language to do all kinds of tasks including reading and writing, as it happens with the German for the Scottish bilinguals, show any difference in the executive functions investigated in this study. So, the specific aims of this dissertation are briefly to compare children and teenagers, Brazilians and Scottish, monolinguals and bilinguals in tasks involving the general executive control. These tasks are divided in non-verbal (Simon Task) and verbal (Stroop Test). The results found in this dissertation can be divided into two big groups according to the tasks and their specifications. The Simon Task which is a non-verbal task, measures some executive functions, the inhibitory control and attention, in this task the bilingual participants show some advantage. When analyzed the results of the Stroop Test, which is a verbal task, we cannot affirm that there is advantage for the bilinguals, mainly because in this dissertation the language of the bilinguals that participated differ largely: one is written and one is not written. It is known that language and cognition walk together and, according to Bialystok et al. (2009) the advantages found in the tasks of executive functions happen because the mechanism used by the bilinguals inhibit one of his languages and use only the most convenient one are similar to other processes of general executive control / Esta tese tem por objetivo principal investigar as diferenças cognitivas, mais especificamente as funções executivas: memória, controle inibitório e atenção, em monolíngues e bilíngues, em dois momentos diferentes. O primeiro momento aconteceu em 2008 quando, para a Dissertação de Mestrado (2010), estudaram-se estas mesmas questões, com crianças na cidade de Arroio do Padre, situada ao sul do Rio Grande do Sul, cuja colonização é predominantemente pomerana e cuja localização, com geografia e relevo distintos, dificulta o acesso aos meios de comunicação mais comuns, o que facilita a preservação até hoje da língua trazida por seus imigrantes pomeranos no final do século XIX. No presente estudo, ampliando a pesquisa antes empreendida, os mesmos sujeitos participantes dos experimentos em 2008 foram contatados e refizeram-nos em 2012, passando a caracterizar a pesquisa como longitudinal. Alargando o escopo da investigação, crianças e adolescentes monolíngues e bilíngues da Escócia, Reino Unido, também participaram dos mesmos experimentos, possibilitando observar se bilíngues que têm, como sua língua-mãe, uma língua ágrafa, como é o caso do pomerano, e aqueles que usam sua L1 para todos os tipos de tarefas diárias incluindo a escrita e a leitura, como é o caso do alemão para os bilíngues escoceses, apresentam diferenças nas funções executivas aqui investigadas. Assim, os objetivos específicos desta tese resumem-se em comparar crianças e adolescentes, brasileiros e escoceses, monolíngues e bilíngues na realização de tarefas de controle executivo geral. Essas tarefas dividem-se em não verbais (Tarefa de Simon) e verbais (Teste de Stroop). Os resultados encontrados nesta tese devem ser divididos em dois grandes grupos, conforme as tarefas propostas e suas peculiaridades. Pode-se dizer que na tarefa de Simon, que é uma tarefa não-verbal, que mede algumas das funções executivas, o controle inibitório e a atenção, os participantes bilíngues parecem ter vantagens sobre os monolíngues investigados. Já quando analisados os resultados do Teste de Stroop, que é uma tarefa que avalia também as funções executivas, controle inibitório e atenção, entretanto é uma tarefa verbal, não se pode afirmar que há vantagem para os bilíngues, principalmente porque nesta tese as línguas dos participantes do grupo bilíngue são muito diferentes, sendo uma ágrafa e outra não. Sabe-se que linguagem e cognição andam juntas e, de acordo com Bialystok et al. (2009), as vantagens encontradas em tarefas de funções executivas em bilíngues se dão porque os mecanismos utilizados para que o bilíngue iniba uma de suas línguas e use apenas a mais conveniente são semelhantes a outros processamentos do controle executivo em geral