A criação de parques tecnológicos tem sido bastante acionada para incentivar o processo inovador no Brasil. Verifica-se um grande aumento no número de iniciativas de parques tecnológicos, fato que reflete as políticas de incentivo específico aos parques e a importância que a inovação possui como parte do processo de desenvolvimento econômico. Considerados como ambientes propícios às atividades das empresas inovadoras, os parques tecnológicos tem como objetivo reunir elementos específicos que gerem uma sinergia capaz de formar redes de cooperação para a inovação. As relações entre empresas, universidades e centros de pesquisa recebem, portanto, importância destacada uma vez que podem engendrar inovações e transferência de tecnologia. Desta forma, os parques tecnológicos podem constituir meios inovadores que, de acordo com Aydalot (1986), correspondem as condições externas à empresa que impulsionam a adoção da inovação e que podem desempenhar um papel determinante no processo de incubação de inovações. No Brasil, o estado de São Paulo constitui o ente federativo com o maior número de iniciativas de parques tecnológicos e também é o único a possuir uma política específica para o seu fomento, o Sistema Paulista de Parques Tecnológicos - SPTec. Partindo da análise dos parques tecnológicos do estado de São Paulo em operação e com credenciamento definitivo no SPTec, esta tese busca compreender a forma de atuação dos parques no fomento da inovação, como estruturas de apoio e como estruturas capazes de suscitar inovação, podendo compor meios inovadores. / The creation of science parks has been quite adopted to encourage the innovative process in Brazil. There is a large increase in the number of science parks initiatives, a fact that reflects the specific incentive policies to parks and the importance that innovation has as part of the economic development process. Considered environments capable of developing innovative activities in companies, science parks aim to bring together specific elements that create a synergy able to forming collaborative networks for innovation. Relations between companies, universities and research centers receive so prominent importance since they can engender innovation and technology transfer. Thus, science parks can provide innovative environments that, according to Aydalot (1986), correspond to the external conditions that drive enterprise adoption of innovation and that can play a decisive role in the incubation of innovation process. In Brazil, the state of São Paulo is the federal entity with the largest number of initiatives science parks and is also the only one to have a specific policy for promoting them, the Paulista System Technology Parks - SPTec. Based on the analysis of science parks in the state of São Paulo in operation and final accreditation in SPTec, this thesis seeks to understand the modus operandi of the parks in fostering innovation as support structures as structures capable of giving rise to innovation. In this movement, science parks can compose innovative environments.

This thesis is a critical study of the poetry and practice of Thomas A. Clark. It constitutes the first extended critical study of Clark's work. This thesis orients Clark within a network of influence, both historic and contemporary. It does this in order to contextualise and investigate Clark's innovative use of form, theme, and materiality. In Clark's work, form is used to explore and engage with the natural world. These interactions reveal the primacy of close attention in Clark's work, and his understanding of the ethical relationship between form, content, and the natural world. This thesis isolates four geographic features in Clark's work as lenses through which to explore his practice: the Field, the Garden, Concrete, and the Mountain. Thus, the thesis follows the structure of a walk through Clark's work, designed to echo Clark's own walking poetry. These four chapters explore different facets of Clark's influence: The Field chapter investigates Clark's reputation as a pastoralist, and his links to Romanticism, as well as to Charles Olson's open field poetics. Chapter two, 'Composition is a forgotten art': The Garden, explores Clark's engagement with 'domestic nature', and the parallels he creates between the space of the text and the space of the garden, and how this parallel allows for intense formal experimentation in a small space. Additionally, the Garden chapter investigates spaces of rest and recuperation in Clark's work. Chapter three, Thomas A. Clark and Concrete Poetry investigates Clark's relationship with concrete poetry, and how his post-concrete poetics have developed in relation to the broader post-concrete and conceptual art scene in Britain. Finally, Mountain Tasting: Zen and the poetry of Thomas A. Clark examines Clark's relationship with Japanese Zen poetics, and the way in which the 1960s interest in Zen which influenced Objective poetry and minimalism has profoundly influenced Clark's understanding of the ethical function of a text.

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Garments are everywhere in today’s society and often presented on the body, although the absence of the body in design can have an integral impact on how they are perceived by an audience. An experimental material coating, aided garments to become sculptural by portraying the essence of the body. This essay argues that garments are challenged through their perception and purpose by the absence of the body, allowing the sculptures to develop a language in their own right. Through means of forming methods, absence of the body and materiality, garments are able to evolve to communicate an idea challenging one’s preconceived garment notions and broadening the spectrum of situational presentational methods.

<p>Nowadays, companies should pay attention to improving competitive advantages such as innovation and internalization to get over the crisis. This paper shows the problems, in terms of ‘cultural differences’, which innovative and international companies could face during strategic marketing process in abroad. To overcome cultural differences and achieve success in different market, they could adapt their marketing strategies.</p><p>Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to understand how international established innovative companies overcame cultural differences through Strategic Marketing processes.</p><p>To set theoretical background, literature reviews which are about strategic marketing process and culture are dealt with. Based on the discussions, the conceptual framework which explains influences of culture to international strategic marketing process and the firms’ decision as the outputs is created.</p><p>The research method used in this thesis is based on developing case studies which are relevant to answer purpose of thesis. Companies which fit into criteria - Be Swedish, innovative, international - are chosen and case studies about the companies’ situation are developed. It is based on the secondary data from a qualitative point of view.</p><p>Based on previous studies, conclusions are derived. Conclusion for each case is summarized and cross analysis for related cases is following. Finally, general conclusion is shown and we answer the purpose of the thesis. Besides, quality of thesis and further research are suggested as well.</p>

Nowadays, companies should pay attention to improving competitive advantages such as innovation and internalization to get over the crisis. This paper shows the problems, in terms of ‘cultural differences’, which innovative and international companies could face during strategic marketing process in abroad. To overcome cultural differences and achieve success in different market, they could adapt their marketing strategies. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to understand how international established innovative companies overcame cultural differences through Strategic Marketing processes. To set theoretical background, literature reviews which are about strategic marketing process and culture are dealt with. Based on the discussions, the conceptual framework which explains influences of culture to international strategic marketing process and the firms’ decision as the outputs is created. The research method used in this thesis is based on developing case studies which are relevant to answer purpose of thesis. Companies which fit into criteria - Be Swedish, innovative, international - are chosen and case studies about the companies’ situation are developed. It is based on the secondary data from a qualitative point of view. Based on previous studies, conclusions are derived. Conclusion for each case is summarized and cross analysis for related cases is following. Finally, general conclusion is shown and we answer the purpose of the thesis. Besides, quality of thesis and further research are suggested as well.

Nowadays, many firms are or have already been engaged in an acquisition process, either as target or acquirer. While these companies seem confident in the potential returns of such endeavors, the positive aspect of those acquisitions has yet to be proven. There is indeed a vivid discussion among scholars, which are divided into two categories. On the one hand, there are those considering acquisitions as a source of additional knowledge that will in turn increase the innovation within the company; and on the other hand, those denigrating acquisitions, assimilating them to a “poison pill” for innovation. The purpose of this research is therefore to investigate whether the acquisitions will influence positively or negatively the innovative performance of companies involved in such processes. Using a quantitative approach, this research analyzed the R&amp;D investments made by those companies and the issued patents gained in return. The research provides mixed results. While acquisitions seem to have a positive impact on the companies‟ innovative performance during the two years following the acquisition, this positive impact does not last and even becomes negative during the third year.

Marketing not merely refers to selling, advertising, sales promotion and public relation, but also includes various perspectives which shows solid knowledge and sturdy ability. Marketing relates to corporate operation and public daily lives intensively as well. However, it is difficult for corporation to implement diversified marketing activities due to confined product features. Marketing programs are particularly restricted to narrower scopes within the boundary of market characteristic and industry common practices for conventional industry. In virtue of the price fluctuation of international steel products in recent years, how to increase market share with more innovative marketing programs is an important strategic concern of steel industries. Hence, marketing innovation has become the breakthrough point that conventional industry needs to pursuit. This study profoundly analyzes the H-company, which has carried out its traditional sales practices for more than thirty years, by literature review and case study methodology. After recognizing the target market and focusing on meeting customers¡¦ needs, we developed the innovative marketing strategies containing product, price, place and promotion aspects. Next, we integrated marketing techniques of horizontal and vertical alliances, financial instruments as well as marketing concepts. Then, by thoroughly executing ISO quality policy ¡§ pragmatic quality, customer satisfaction¡¨ which H-company has exercised to build its new competition strategies and target of growth and profit. Based on these integrated concepts, we constructed an innovative marketing model. Finally, the in-depth interviews were made to verify the feasibility of this innovative marketing model from customers¡¦ perspective. The sample comprised two direct clients and two intermediary agents, were selected from customers of H-company. The research reached the conclusions that the innovative marketing model proposed by this study has not only verified its market feasibility through clients¡¦ in-depth interview, but also modified from customer¡¦s perspective to fit customer needs. The ultimate target of the modified model is creating high customer value through high quality consistency, pricing based on customer value, forming closer partnership relationship, delivery reservation system, trustworthy business image, integrated service combining constructional reinforced steel bar forming industry or concrete industry, and marketing-finance integration service. The verification via deep customer interviews also demonstrates that the revised innovative marketing model can best approach customer needs and acquire high marketing achievements. Last but not least, the study was done in research methodology and provided some strategic implications, making up its contributions to both academic and practical aspects.

In this dissertation, I explore the effect of tax incentives on where U.S. multinationals decide to locate their innovative activities worldwide. Research and development (R&D) tax incentives offered by foreign countries and differences between U.S. and foreign tax rates provide opportunities that may influence where multinationals decide to locate their innovative activities. Using firm-level patenting data that identifies the country-specific location of innovations from 1986 to 2000, I examine the relation between innovative activities performed in a foreign country and these tax incentives using the Heckman (1979) two step estimation approach. I find evidence that the foreign percentage of innovative activities is associated with the attractiveness of foreign R&D tax incentives and with an increase in the effect of U.S. R&D allocation rules. In addition, the results suggest that firms in excess foreign tax credit positions decrease the amount of R&D activities in a foreign location with increased foreign tax rates, consistent with income shifting incentives. In contrast, I find that the firms in deficit foreign tax credit positions increase their foreign R&D activities with increasing foreign tax rates. This study is the first to examine and provide evidence of the influence of foreign R&D tax incentives and income shifting incentives on a U.S. multinational’s decision on where to locate R&D activities.

Natural gas combined cycles with oxy-fuel combustion is expected tobe an important component of the future carbon constrained energyscenario. An oxy-combustion power cycle enables the fuel to burn in anitrogen free environment and thereby helps separate the CO2 streamfor storage. Depending on the oxygen source and purity, the CO2stream may need further purification via a purification unit (CPU)before compressing it to a high pressure for storage. The major energy penalty in this type of power cycle is the production of oxygenand the downstream purification to remove volatiles. It is this energypenalty which results in the cost of avoiding the CO2 emissions to theatmosphere.Cryogenic Air Separation Units (ASU) for oxygen production con-tribute to approximately 20% of the total energy penalty of such powerplants. Oxygen Transport Membranes (OTM) for oxygen production offers a potential solution to reduce the energy penalty of oxy-combustion natural gas cycles. The energy penalties associated withOTMs are that membranes operate at high temperatures and requirea sweep gas to establish an oxygen partial pressure difference betweenthe feed and permeate streams. Further, while the Cryogenic ASUhas minimum integration with the power process, oxy-combustion cycles with OTMs are tightly integrated with the power plant. Thusthe contributions to efficiency penalty in an OTM-based cycles aredistributed and not easily identified.The objective of the thesis is to answer the question: &quot;Where doesthe plant efficiency loss originate in oxy-combustion CO2 capture process using Oxygen Transport Membrane as compared to one withcryogenic ASU?&quot; The contribution of the work will be to highlight thelosses at the sub-process and at the equipment level.This work studies three different cases of oxy-combustion naturalgas combined cycles (NGCC) with CO2 capture. The baseline scenario, modified/improved scenario and the advanced scenario. Thebaseline scenario is a simple oxy-combustion NGCC power plant withASU as the oxygen source. Various losses associated with this systemare studied in detail. The modified/improved scenario involves analysis of possible modifications to the baseline case and applying theresults in-order to improve the baseline case. The modified scenario isexpected to have a better overall plant performance. The advancedscenario involves usage of OTM for oxygen production.The power plants are simulated in Aspen HYSYS and plant massand heat balances are calculated. Using the stream enthalpy, entropyand composition, we can calculate the stream exergy values. Controlvolumes help us analyze the component and sub-system exergy lossesand arrive at the overall power plant exergetic efficiency. The base-line power plant scheme is found to have an exergetic efficiency of 47percentage points with a thermal efficiency of 49.6 percentage, withcapture.The modified power plant scheme is obtained by increasing the gasturbine pressure ratio and this has a significant impact on the over-all system design and hence the performance. The modified systemhas exergetic and thermal efficiency of 49 and 51 percentage pointsrespectively. The advanced power plant with OTM, also called as theAdvanced Zero Emissions Powerplant (AZEP) has an exergetic efficiency of 51 and a thermal efficiency of 53.4 percentage. In all the cases, the combustor where most of the fuel is burnt is responsible formajority of the exergy destruction.There is potential for improving the ASU and thereby achieving alesser specific oxygen production power and also due to system integration and other improvements, the overall oxy-combustion NGCCpower plant is expected to play an important role in 5 - 10 years. Alsoas the working fluid is different from that of a normal air based powerplant, significant work needs to be done in the gas turbine and compressor part. Also detailed cost estimations, reliability and flexibilitystudies, operability and safety related studies need to be carried outin-order to boost the confidence in oxy-fuel NGCC power plants andtake it to the next phase.