Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-79). / In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is an imaging technique that allows the chemical study of human tissue non-invasively. The method holds great promise as a diagnostic tool once its reliability has been established. Inter-scanner variability has, however, hampered this from happening as results cannot easily be compared if acquired on different scanners. In this study a phantom was constructed to determine the localisation efficiency of the 3 T Siemens Allegra MRI scanner located at the Cape Universities Brain Imaging Centre (CUBIC). Sufficient localisation is the key to acquiring useful spectroscopic data as only the signal from a small volume of interest (VOI) is typically acquired. The phantom consisted of a Perspex cube located inside a larger Perspex sphere. Solutions of the cerebral metabolites N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and choline (Cho) were placed in the inner cube and outer sphere respectively. The phantom was scanned at a range of voxel sizes and echo times in order to determine parameters that typically indicate the performance of the scanner in question. The resultant full width at half maximum (FWHM) and signal to noise ratio (SNR) values indicated that optimal results were obtained for a voxel with dimensions 20 x 20 x 20 mm3. The selection efficiency could not be measured due to limitations in the scanner, but two other performance parameters ' extra volume suppression (EVS) and contamination ' could be determined. The EVS showed that the scanner was able to eliminate the entire background signal from the out-of-voxel region when voxel sizes with dimensions (20 mm)3 and (30 mm)3 were used. This performance decreased to 96.2% for a voxel size of (50 mm)3. The contamination indicated that the unwanted signal, weighted by the respective proton densities of the chemicals, ranged from 12% in the (20 mm)3 voxel to 24% in the (50 mm)3 voxel. These ranges are well within acceptable limits for proton MRS. Analysis of the water suppression achieved in the scanner showed an efficiency of 98.84%, which is acceptable for proton spectroscopy. It was also found that manual iv shimming of the scanner improved the spectra obtained, as compared to the automated shimming performed by the scanner. The second objective of the study was to quantify absolute metabolite concentrations in the familiar SI units of mM as results were previously mostly expressed as metabolite ratios. The LCModel software was used to assess two methods of determining absolute metabolite concentrations and the procedure using water scaling consistently showed superior performance to a method using a calibration factor. The method employing water scaling was then applied to a study of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) where the deep cerebellar nuclei of children with FASD and a control group were scanned. The cerebellar nuclei were of interest as children with FASD show a remarkably consistent deficit in eye blink conditioning (EBC). The cerebellar deep nuclei is known to play a critical role in the EBC response. The results show significant decreases in the myo-inositol (mI) and total choline (tCho) concentrations of children with FASD in the deep cerebellar nuclei compared to control children. The FAS/PFAS subjects have a mean mI concentration of 4.6 mM as compared to a mean of 5.3 mM in the controls. A Pearson correlation showed that there was a significant relationship between decreasing mI concentrations with increasing prenatal alcohol exposure. The mean tCho concentrations are 1.3 mM for FAS/PFAS and 1.5 mM for the controls. There was no significant differences between the heavily exposed group and either the FAS/PFAS or the control subjects for either metabolite. The decreased mI and tCho concentrations may indicate deficient calcium signalling or decreased cell membrane integrity ' both of which can explain the compromised cerebellar learning in FASD subjects.

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Les parasites à cycle de vie complexe peuvent modifier le comportement de leurs hôtes intermédiaires,ce qui semble souvent faciliter la transmission du parasite à l'hôte final. La manière dont les parasites y parviennent et, plus précisément, ce qui est modifié dans le cerveau de l'hôte, reste en grande partie à découvrir. Nous avons étudié ici l'épinoche à trois épines (Gasterosteus aculeatus), l'hôte intermédiaire du parasite cestode Schistocephalus solidus. Lorsque infectées, les épinoches présentent une diminution dans leurs réponses antiprédateur. À ce jour, nous savons que les épinoches infectées présentent une augmentation de l'expression cérébrale de leur gène IMPA 1, qui code l'enzyme IMPase1, une étape clé de la synthèse du myo-inositol. Il est intéressant de noter que les niveaux d'IMPase 1 et de myo-inositol sont les principales cibles du traitement au lithium chez les patients atteints de troubles bipolaires. Bien qu'ils soient des candidats prometteurs, nous ne savons pas s'ils sont directement impliqués dans les modifications comportementales chez les poissons infectés. Notre principal objectif était donc d'effectuer une analyse fonctionnelle pour savoir si une altération de la voie cérébrale du myo-inositol avait une implication directe dans ces altérations. Nous avons injecté à des poissons non infectés du myo-inositol exogène (90 mM, n = 20) ou une solution saline (25 ppt, n = 20) pour induire la production de myo-inositol endogène, et nous avons exposé les poissons infectés à du chlorure de lithium (12,5 mM, n = 20). Contrairement à nos attentes, les poissons non infectés exposés à du myo-inositol exogène ou endogène n'ont pas montré d'altération de leur comportement. Cependant, les poissons infectés traités au lithium ont passé moins de temps à nager près de la surface, ont par couru une distance plus courte, ont eu une latence plus élevée pour se nourrir et ont passé plus de temps sans bouger après une attaque de prédateur. Ces résultats suggèrent que la voie du myo-inositol pourrait être impliquée dans les altérations comportementales observées chez les épinoches infectées. Ce mémoire contribue à l'élucidation des mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent l'altération du comportement chez un hôte due à la présence d'un parasite. / Complex life cycle parasites can alter the behavior of their intermediate hosts, which often seems to facilitate the parasite transmission to the final host. How parasites achieve this and, more specifically,what is changed in the host brain remains largely uncovered. Here we studied the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), the intermediate host of the cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus. While infected, sticklebacks have severe impairments in their antipredator responses. To date, we know that infected sticklebacks have an increase in their IMPA 1 gene brain expression, which encodes the IMPase 1 enzyme, a key step in the myo-inositol synthesis. Interestingly, IMPase 1 and myo-inositol levels are the main targets of lithium treatment in patients with bipolar disorder. Although promising candidates, we do not know if they are directly implicated in behavioral alterations in Schistocephalus-infected fish. Thus, our main objective was to perform a functional analysis of whether an alteration in the cerebral myo-inositol pathway had a direct implication in such alterations. We injected uninfected fish with exogenous myo-inositol (90 mM, n = 20) or with a saline solution (25 ppt, n = 20) to induce the production of endogenous myo-inositol, and exposed infected fish to lithium chloride (12.5 mM, n= 20). Contrary to our expectations, uninfected fish exposed to exogenous or endogenous myo-inositol did not show alterations in their behavior. However, infected fish treated with lithium spent less times wimming close to the surface, traveled a shorter distance, had a higher latency to feed, and spent more time frozen after a predator attack. These results suggest that the myo-inositol pathway might be implicated in the behavioral alterations observed in infected sticklebacks. This thesis contributes to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying behavioral alteration in a host due to the presence of a parasite.

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Phosphorus (P) is one of the three major macronutrients that plants need to grow and survive. When P is scarce, plants utilize a network of characterized responses known as the Phosphate Starvation Response (PSR) to remobilize internal stores of P as well as external P from soil. Emerging evidence shows the PSR is regulated by a specialized group of secondary messenger molecules, inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsP). PP-InsPs and their precursors, inositol phosphates (InsPs), are important for plant abiotic stress responses, hormone signaling, and other stress responses. While PP-InsPs are critical for plant survival, much about the roles of PP-InsPs and how they are regulated remains to be understood. Further, the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of PP-InsPs in plants have been recently discovered; however, not much is known about the enzymes that degrade PP-InsPs in plants. The goal of the work presented herein is to understand critical aspects of the PP-InsP signaling in plants and leverage this information into a P phytoremediation strategy. To achieve this, I have investigated a group of PP-InsP phosphatases and assessed long-term impacts of depleting PP-InsPs in two plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and Thlaspi arvense (Pennycress). Exploring the impact of plant PP-InsP phosphatases has allowed me to explore critical aspects of PP-InsP sensing that show great promise for informing P remediation strategies. / Doctor of Philosophy / The Phosphorus (P) crisis presents a major challenge to food security. While Phosphorus (P) is critical for crop growth, P is a nonrenewable and increasingly limited resource. Our global population is fed at the expense of the remaining mineable P reserve, which may be depleted in as early as 30 years. Further, fertilizer runoff from farmland and urban areas poses a dangerous problem as increased nutrients in watersheds toxifies our water supply and aquatic ecosystems. Time is running out to preserve our P supply. New and innovative strategies that reduce fertilizer inputs and watershed pollution are key to securing the global food supply and protecting the environment. Emerging evidence shows plants sense and respond to P using signaling molecules known as inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs). My work and that of others are key in showing that alteration of the levels of PP-InsPs can decrease plant P dependency or cause plants to hyperaccumulate P. Understanding how plants are able to sense, respond, and acquire P is crucial to inform future P phytoremediation strategies to secure global food security.

Plants have molecular mechanisms for nutrient-related stress responses; however, their exact regulation remains unclear. For example, the integral myo-inositol (inositol) signal transduction pathway allows Arabidopsis thaliana to sense and respond to changes in environmental stimuli, such as water, light availability, and nutrient stress. The inositol signaling pathway relies on dynamic changes in second messenger levels of inositol(1,4,5)P3 (InsP3) and is regulated by myo-inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases). The 5PTses keep balance between InsP3 signal transduction and termination. Previous work has identified the Sucrose non-fermenting (Snf) 1-related kinase (SnRK1.1) as a binding partner to 5PTase13, a potential InsP3 regulator, and a novel protein called P80, a predicted component of the Cullin4 (CUL4) E3 Ubiquitin ligase complex. In plants, SnRK1.1 is a central integrator of metabolism, stress responses, and developmental signals. Moreover, SnRK1.1 is conserved with the eukaryotic AMP-activated protein (AMPK) and Snf1 kinases—enzymes fundamental to transcriptional regulation and metabolic balance. Studying SnRK1.1 regulation may reveal mechanisms for agricultural sustainability and may offer valuable links to understanding metabolic diseases and lifespan in humans. Therefore, the research presented here centered on characterizing the regulation of SnRK1 gene expression and steady-state protein levels in plants. I show developmental and nutrient-related regulation of spatial expression patterns of SnRK1 genes and SnRK1.1 protein. Further, I present a model for regulation of SnRK1.1 protein stability in vivo based on SnRK1.1 steady-state protein levels in p80 and cul4 co-suppressed (cs) mutants. My results indicate SnRK1.1 regulation is dynamic, and dependent on the timing of particular cues from development and the environment. / Master of Science

The objective of this research was to isolate genes encoding isoforms of the enzyme D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate synthase (MIPS, E.C. 5.5.1.4) from soybean and to characterize their expression, especially with respect to their involvement in phytic acid biosynthesis. A MIPS-homologous cDNA, designated GmMIPS1, was isolated via PCR using total RNA from developing seeds. Southern blot analysis and examination of MIPS-homologous soybean EST sequences suggested that GmMIPS1 is part of a multigene family of at least four similar members. The sequences of promoter and genomic regions of GmMIPS1 and GmMIPS2 revealed a high degree of sequence conservation. Northern and western blot analyses showed that MIPS transcript and protein are abundantly expressed early in seed development. Immunolocalization of MIPS protein in developing seeds confirmed expression of MIPS early in seed development and correlated MIPS protein accumulation in soybean seed tissue with tissues in which phytic acid is known to accumulate. The promoter region of GmMIPS1 was isolated and analyzed for possible seed-specificity using promoter:GUS fusions. Two GmMIPS1 promoter fragments were capable of conferring GUS expression when bombarded directly into developing soybean seeds. However, preliminary bombardment experiments into soybean cell suspension culture indicated that both promoter fragments drove expression of GUS in undifferentiated tissue, indicating a potential lack of seed-specificity. / Master of Science

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.