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<p dir="ltr">The overarching purpose of this three-paper dissertation was to investigate the affordances of technology in educational settings and gain insight into how preservice and inservice teachers integrate technology as they design, develop, implement, and manage learning experiences. To meet this goal, three studies were conducted. In study 1 the purpose was to describe how preservice teachers identify educational problems and suggest solutions in which educational technology can be meaningfully implemented by using a problem-solving lens. Participated in this study 100 preservice teachers enrolled in an introductory educational technology course. Students’ technology integration activity was analyzed for this study. This activity, divided into three parts, required that students (1) shared and reflected on their best academic learning experience, (2) described how they could integrate technology into that learning experience, and (3) revisited their suggestions for technology integration, evaluated their ideas, and suggested revisions. Data were analyzed using an ill-structured problem-solving model synthesized from previous literature: identifying problems, generating solutions, making justifications, and monitoring. Results of this study indicated that preservice teachers had a simplistic understanding of technology integration, likely resulting from underdeveloped problem-solving skills. In study 2 the purpose was to identify the instructional strategies and technology affordances used while integrating technology that facilitated the development of student creativity by completing a systematic literature review about how technology (i.e., social media) is being used by educators to foster creativity. After the process of identification and screening, a total of 27 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for further analysis. The results indicated that, in most studies in which the use of technology was associated with promoting student creativity, a student-centered approach was used. Students had autonomy and flexibility to produce content, express their opinions, and share their experiences using social media. Also, participants used social media to create their own products, communicate with others, and collaborate virtually. In the studies, we identified that the social media affordances of ownership, association, and visibility lead to fostering student creativity. In conclusion, social media, when integrated with appropriate instructional strategies, can be successfully used as an educational tool to build an environment that promotes student creativity. In study 3 the purpose was to analyze the forms in which special education teachers design learning experiences that provide an environment for creativity development for students from special education and how their proposed technology integration plays a role in it across different settings (i.e., face-to-face, blended, and online learning). Three practicing teachers enrolled in an online graduate program in special education participated in this study. For the purpose of this study, the primary data source consisted of assignments (i.e., artifacts and reflections) submitted by students to the Technology Integration - Blended and Online Teaching (Ti-BOT) program, a licensure required as part of their Special Education program. Artifacts were analyzed through the lens of the existing literature on learning environments for creativity. Reflections were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach, applying a combination of inductive and deductive coding. The artifacts presented by the participants included elements of a creative environment and technology often facilitated the development of such an environment. However, the participants did not appear to explicitly and intentionally design activities to foster creativity, but to make modifications to learning activities and assessments that reflected the level of individualization and adaptations that are typically expected from special education teachers, described in individualized education plans (IEPs), and guided by Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles. With the findings from this three-paper dissertation, the goal is to provide recommendations for how educator preparation programs can improve how they are approaching technology integration, gain deeper understanding of technology integration across diverse contexts and tools, and offer strategies for supporting the deeper consideration of how technologies can be meaningfully used.</p>

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among the teachers' use of the individual elements of lesson design, students' mastery of mathematics objectives, the hours of inservice training completed by the teachers and the teachers' years of experience. The individual elements of lesson design are defined by Madeline Hunter and are anticipatory set, objective and purpose, input, modeling, checking for understanding, guided practice, and independent practice.

Este trabalho apresenta resultados de uma investigação acerca dos usos das mídias interativas utilizadas no PEC - Formação Universitária Municípios, um programa de formação de professores em serviço que encerrou suas atividades em dezembro de 2004. O programa faz parte das políticas educacionais que têm incentivado a adoção da Educação a Distância (EaD) e o uso das Novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (NTIC) na formação docente. A metodologia qualitativa utilizada na pesquisa envolveu atividades de observação in loco, entrevistas gravadas com alunas-professoras e profissionais do programa e coleta de documentos de tipo diverso -impressos, digitalizados e em vídeo. As análises basearam-se nos conceitos de uso, consumo, estratégias e táticas de Michel de Certeau (1994), de apropriação, de Roger Chartier (2001) e de técnica, de Piérre Lévy (1999). Os usos das NTICs constituem o foco do trabalho e são entendidos sob três aspectos: uso potencial, uso proposto e uso efetivado. Parte-se da hipótese de que na proposta de formação do programa predomina um modelo industrial de EaD, em que ensino e aprendizagem relacionam-se como uma forma especial de produção e consumo. Porém, esse uso não é necessariamente passivo. Considerando que as políticas atuais enfatizam o papel das novas mídias, como meio e como finalidade das ações de formação em serviço, o trabalho busca analisar criticamente os discursos que defendem o uso das novas tecnologias em educação como forma de inclusão de docentes e alunos na denominada Sociedade da Informação e aqueles que enfatizam a contribuição inédita da EaD pelo caráter de interação e interatividade. As análises empreendidas levaram a perceber várias ambigüidades na execução do programa, decorrentes, de um lado, das contradições internas a que esteve sujeito, dada a complexidade da proposta que envolveu várias instituições e instâncias de decisão; e, de outro, de sua proposta metodológica, de vez que assentada em uma concepção instrumental das mídias interativas. Ao lançar mão das novas tecnologias como meio de formação em massa, o PEC acabou por transformar suas potencialidades em obrigatoriedades, promovendo massificação, padronização e mecanização do ensino. Todavia, as alunas-professoras, na condição de consumidoras astuciosas, apropriaram-se das mídias de formas diversas daquelas previstas pelo programa, adequando o uso das mesmas a suas próprias necessidades. Tais apropriações, como parte integrante e positiva de um processo de autoformação, não foram levadas em conta pelo programa, a despeito de sua proposta pedagógica colocar ênfase e adotar como um de seus princípios o valor da experiência prática dos docentes. / This work presents the results of an investigation concerning the uses of interactive media utilized in the PEC - Formação Universitária Municípios, a high education program for inservice primary teachers, which ended its activities in December 2004. The program is part of the current public policies in education that have encouraged the implementation of distance education methodology and the use of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in teacher education. A qualitative approach was taken, consisted of in loco observation, recorded interviews with the student-teachers and professionals who worked for the program, and gathering of printed, digitalized and recorded documents. The analyses are based on the concepts of use, consumption, strategies and tactics by Michel Certeau (1994), of appropriation by Roger Chartier (2001) and of technique by Piérre Lévy (1999). The focus of the study is the use of the ICT, with regard to three aspects: their potential use, their intended use and their actual use. The work starts with the assumption that the industrial distance education model is the core of the program and consider that, in such model, the teaching and learning relate to each other in a productive consumptive (not necessarily passive) manner. It was taking into account that the current public policies emphasize the role of the new media and technologies as a means as well as an end of the in-service education. With that in mind, the work aims at making a critical analysis of both the discourse of those who support the use of ICT in education as a means of inclusion of teachers and pupils in the so called Society of Information and of those who underline the brand new contribution of distance education based on its interaction and interactivity characteristics. The analyses mad explicit the various ambiguities of the program due, in part, to the complexity of its proposal that involved different institutions and levels of decisions, and also to the employed methodology based on an instrumentalist concept of the interactive media. Making use of the technologies as a means of mass education, the PEC ended to transforming the potential uses of the new technologies in mandatory ones, which resulted in mass use, standardization and mechanization of the education. Nevertheless, the student-teachers, as clever consumers, appropriated of the media in ways that were not anticipated by the program, tailoring them to their own necessities. In spite of having as pedagogical principle the value of the practical experiences, such appropriations were not appreciated by the program as being an essential part of the teacher?s self-education.

A mudança de administração, no município de São Paulo em 1989, ordenou, particularmente para o setor saúde, uma série de inovações na gestão dos serviços de saúde, objetivando a implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS. Para tanto, uma das principais estratégias consistiu na qualificação dos trabalhadores da saúde. Este estudo, de natureza qualitativa, teve o objetivo de analisar como os princípios políticos do SUS foram incorporados aos cursos promovidos para a formação de auxiliares de enfermagem - Programa de Formação de Pessoal em Larga Escala - PLE -. Partindo dos conceitos que nutriram a construção dos princípios e diretrizes do SUS, derivados do ideário da Reforma Sanitária, o caminho metodológico empreendido neste estudo consistiu de: 1) análise documental e 2) entrevista com os coordenadores do PLE - níveis central e regional - da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde. A análise dos dados permitiu reconhecer que: 1) a política e as práticas dessa gestão municipal estavam comprometidas com o ideário da Reforma Sanitária: priorizou a qualificação dos trabalhadores da saúde que não haviam tido essa oportunidade antes e adotou uma pedagogia voltada à condução de um processo de "transformação" dos agentes relativa a ambas: sua prática em saúde e sua compreensão sobre direitos sociais como trabalhador e como cidadão; 3) os coordenadores, de uma maneira geral, mostraram-se motivados para desenvolver a proposta de qualificação e viram o processo como uma ferramenta importante para implementar o SUS; 4) os coordenadores do nível regional mostraram um entendimento limitado do processo de qualificação, isolando a dimensão técnica da dimensão política. / The change or São Paulo city administration in 1989, had ordered, particularly to the health sector, many innovations related to the management of the health services aiming at the implementattion of the Brazilian Public Health System - BPHS - To accomplish that, one of the main strategies was the qualification of health workers. This qualitative study has the objective of analyzing how the political principles of the BPHS were incorporated to the courses promoted to form nurses auxiliaries throug the Large Scale Formation program. Using the concepts that had nurtured the constrution of the health system political principles, derived from the Sanitary Reform movement, the methodology of the study consisted of: 1) a document research; 2) interviews with program coordinators of the central and regional levels of the Municipal Department of Health. Data analysis allows to recognize that: 1) the policies of this administration were compromised with the Sanitary Reform movement: it had prioritized the qualification of health workers that did not had this opportunity before; and it had adopted a pedagogical practice in order to conduct a process of transformation of the health agents towards their health practice and their rights as workers and citizens; 3) most of the coordinators were motivated to develop this qualification proposal and they had viewed the process as an important tool to implement the public health system; 4) the regional level coordinators had a limited understanding of the qualification process, isolating the technical from the political dimension.

A mudança de administração, no município de São Paulo em 1989, ordenou, particularmente para o setor saúde, uma série de inovações na gestão dos serviços de saúde, objetivando a implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS. Para tanto, uma das principais estratégias consistiu na qualificação dos trabalhadores da saúde. Este estudo, de natureza qualitativa, teve o objetivo de analisar como os princípios políticos do SUS foram incorporados aos cursos promovidos para a formação de auxiliares de enfermagem - Programa de Formação de Pessoal em Larga Escala - PLE -. Partindo dos conceitos que nutriram a construção dos princípios e diretrizes do SUS, derivados do ideário da Reforma Sanitária, o caminho metodológico empreendido neste estudo consistiu de: 1) análise documental e 2) entrevista com os coordenadores do PLE - níveis central e regional - da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde. A análise dos dados permitiu reconhecer que: 1) a política e as práticas dessa gestão municipal estavam comprometidas com o ideário da Reforma Sanitária: priorizou a qualificação dos trabalhadores da saúde que não haviam tido essa oportunidade antes e adotou uma pedagogia voltada à condução de um processo de "transformação" dos agentes relativa a ambas: sua prática em saúde e sua compreensão sobre direitos sociais como trabalhador e como cidadão; 3) os coordenadores, de uma maneira geral, mostraram-se motivados para desenvolver a proposta de qualificação e viram o processo como uma ferramenta importante para implementar o SUS; 4) os coordenadores do nível regional mostraram um entendimento limitado do processo de qualificação, isolando a dimensão técnica da dimensão política. / The change or São Paulo city administration in 1989, had ordered, particularly to the health sector, many innovations related to the management of the health services aiming at the implementattion of the Brazilian Public Health System - BPHS - To accomplish that, one of the main strategies was the qualification of health workers. This qualitative study has the objective of analyzing how the political principles of the BPHS were incorporated to the courses promoted to form nurses auxiliaries throug the Large Scale Formation program. Using the concepts that had nurtured the constrution of the health system political principles, derived from the Sanitary Reform movement, the methodology of the study consisted of: 1) a document research; 2) interviews with program coordinators of the central and regional levels of the Municipal Department of Health. Data analysis allows to recognize that: 1) the policies of this administration were compromised with the Sanitary Reform movement: it had prioritized the qualification of health workers that did not had this opportunity before; and it had adopted a pedagogical practice in order to conduct a process of transformation of the health agents towards their health practice and their rights as workers and citizens; 3) most of the coordinators were motivated to develop this qualification proposal and they had viewed the process as an important tool to implement the public health system; 4) the regional level coordinators had a limited understanding of the qualification process, isolating the technical from the political dimension.

This study examined the interactions--(1) research grants and contracts, (2) faculty consultation, (3) employee training, (4) student internships and co-ops, (5) universities sharing firm facilities, and (6) firms sharing university facilities--between higher education and high-tech industries in East Tennessee and Southwest Virginia using multiple regression modeling. The purpose of the study was the development of a vision of what the future could be and the strategies to successfully overcome the threats and enrich the opportunities that exist between higher education and high-tech industries. Data were collected from the engineering and engineering technology faculty at Tennessee Technological University, East Tennessee State University, Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, and the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and selected high-tech firms in East Tennessee and Southwest Virginia. The analytical process included four phases: (1) data collection and preparation, (2) reduction of independent variables, (3) model refinement, and (4) model validation. The analysis suggested that large universities with well-defined organizational channels seemed to have an advantage in obtaining research grants and contracts from large firms that were strongly involved in research and development. Likewise, faculty members seemed to use the facilities of large high-tech firms that were near to the university. More importantly, the study emphasized the mutual benefits that universities and industries could share through university-industry interactions if each could overcome formidable barriers that have been established through tradition, culture, and bureaucratic processes.