What explains institutional instability in national judicial institutions? Much extant research focuses on de facto institutional instability, emphasizing political motivations behind irregular changes to high court composition. In contrast, I consider the causes for de jure chan- ges made to the Ecuadorian Supreme Court from 1979 to the present, drawing on qualitative and quantitative analyses. I contend that the judicialization of politics and presidential interest in stacking the courts are central explanatory factors, and that changes to the Supreme Court's institutional framework reflect implicit compromises and political arrangements negotiated by strategic political actors. As such, institutional reforms to national judicial instiuttions may beadopted to ameliorate conflict in the larger political sphere. / ¿Qué factores explican la inestabilidad institucional en las cortes supremas de justicia? Recurriendo a una investigación múltiple en la que destaca la elaboración de narrativas históricas y un modelo de regresión logístico, este artículo evidencia que el incremento de las disputas políticas trasladadas a la arena judicial -judicialización de la política- y el interés de los presidentes por obtener jueces afines a su proyecto político, constituyen buenos predictores de los cambios al diseño institucional que gobierna al Poder Judicial. Tomando como caso de estudio la Corte Suprema de Justicia del Ecuador, el artículo constata además que las variaciones institucionales tienen como objetivo redistribuir los espacios de poder al interior de dicho tribunal, reduciendode esa forma los altos niveles de conflictividad observados en la arena política.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_hugo_villas_boas.pdf: 539839 bytes, checksum: 3a8865368e262b145cda3b180775ec3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-10 / Plant breeding is an important tool used by the research to promote agricultural development, in a nearly related work with the segment of seed production, which makes the distribution of the new cultivars. Changes in the brazilian laws determined deeply transformations in booth segments. This work treat the changes in the laws related with research, development and innovation, the intellectual property, the biosafety and the seed production, with emphasis in its effects on the development of new cultivars and seed production, marketing and use. In particular for some species occurred a strong increase of the research segment, with the actuation of new obtainers, able to invest and using strong strategies. Cultivars availability increased and the market became very competitive, affecting seed marketing. The organizations needed to adapt themselves to a new reality to remain in activity, with changes in research, seed production and the market relations. Embrapa, as a public organization which has a strong role in this sector, developed a special work of adaptation to this new environment, involving the strategic planning, internal roles, and its new relations, using the contracts intensively. Its responsability with the agribusiness improvement and with low income farmers, Embrapa created a net of partnerships involving some kinds of organizations to research and create new cultivars and adopted a licensing system for seed production and marketing. The Embrapa s licensing is in a position against the strategies of verticalization and market concentration developed by some obtainers, and it is a way to protect some seed growers which don t have the research of new cultivars. The licensed seed growers make the distribution of the Embrapa s cultivars and in conterpart they pay royalties for the intellectual property rights. By a case study the Embrapa s licensing system of cultivars is analysed, with focus on its efficacy as a tool of technology transference and royalties appropriation. It was done a survey about the seed sales and the system performance was evaluated with the application of indexes in the different stages of the process. It is seen that the licensing system is a very useful tool, but it needs to be improved to get better efficacy. Besides the importance of keeping the quality of its products, the organization needs to improve the market relations and promote its products to enhance its adoption. The discussion about the Embrapa s experience issues the identification of futures challenges to be faced by the organization, gives some informations to the improvement of the relationship between obtainers, seed growers and farmers, and permits the identification of strategies which can enforce the technical and economic performance of the plant breeding programs. / O melhoramento genético vegetal é um instrumento importante utilizado pela pesquisa para promover o desenvolvimento da agropecuária, num trabalho estreitamente relacionado com o segmento de produção de sementes, que realiza a distribuição das novas cultivares. Mudanças na legislação brasileira determinaram profundas transformações em ambos os segmentos. Este trabalho considera as modificações que ocorreram nas leis relacionadas com a pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação, a propriedade intelectual, a biossegurança e a produção de sementes, com destaque para seus reflexos no desenvolvimento de cultivares e na produção, comercialização e uso de sementes. Particularmente para algumas espécies ocorreu forte expansão do segmento de pesquisa, com a atuação de novos obtentores com qualificação técnica, capacidade de investimento e estratégias empresariais agressivas. Aumentou a oferta de cultivares e o mercado tornou-se altamente competitivo, dificultando a comercialização de sementes. Houve necessidade das organizações se adaptarem à nova realidade, para dar continuidade às suas atividades, o que teve reflexos na pesquisa, na produção de sementes e no relacionamento com o mercado. A Embrapa, como organização pública com forte atuação no setor, desenvolveu um trabalho especial de adaptação ao novo ambiente, envolvendo o planejamento estratégico, a mudança do marco regulatório interno, a sua reestruturação e o estabelecimento de novas relações, com o uso intensivo de contratos. Dotada de capacidade técnica, limitada capacidade de investimento e com a importante responsabilidade institucional de promover o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar e da empresarial, a empresa estabeleceu uma rede de parcerias com diferentes organizações para realizar a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de cultivares e adotou um sistema de licenciamento para a produção e comercialização de sementes. O licenciamento representa uma contraposição da empresa às estratégias de verticalização e concentração de mercado desenvolvidas por alguns obtentores e viabiliza a atividade de inúmeros produtores de sementes que não têm acesso direto à pesquisa. Os produtores licenciados realizam a distribuição das cultivares da Embrapa e em contrapartida recolhem royalties relativos aos direitos de propriedade intelectual. Através de estudo de caso analisa-se o sistema de licenciamento de cultivares da Embrapa, com o foco na sua eficácia como instrumento de transferência de tecnologia e apropriação de royalties. Levanta-se a comercialização de sementes das cultivares licenciadas e avalia-se o desempenho do sistema com a aplicação de indicadores a diferentes fases do processo. Constata-se que o licenciamento é uma ferramenta de grande capacidade para os fins a que se destina, mas pode ser aperfeiçoado para alcançar maior eficácia. Além da importância de assegurar a excelência técnica de seus produtos, evidencia-se a necessidade da empresa aperfeiçoar o relacionamento com o mercado e a promoção de suas cultivares para estimular sua adoção. A discussão da experiência da Embrapa leva à identificação de futuros desafios a serem enfrentados pela empresa, proporciona subsídios para o aperfeiçoamento das relações entre obtentor, produtor de sementes e agricultor e permite a identificação de estratégias para melhorar o desempenho técnico e econômico dos programas de melhoramento genético.

Redovisningskonsultens reaktioner på förändringarna som digitaliseringen medför är ett relevant ämne att studera eftersom digitaliseringens utveckling i form av bland annat automatiserade arbetsuppgifter är något som är en pågående process. Särskilt intressant är det att studera redovisningskonsultens reaktioner på förändringarna eftersom redovisningskonsultens reaktioner kan påverka implementeringen av digitala arbetssätt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka reaktioner och känslor som kommer till uttryck hos de redovisningskonsulter som är verksamma inom redovisningsbranschen till följd av digitaliseringens påverkan och förändringar. Studien baseras på kvalitativ forskning i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex redovisningskonsulter för att försöka tolka och förstå deras upplevelser kring de förändringar digitaliseringens utveckling medför på deras yrkesbransch. Intervjuerna kompletteras med en kvantitativ metod i form av enkätutskick. Studien använder sig av institutionellt arbete som den huvudsakliga referensramen, vilken kompletteras med diffusion of innovation i syfte att kunna förklara varför vissa redovisningskonsulter accepterar, respektive avvisar de digitala förändringarna. Med hjälp av teorierna syftar studien till att kunna besvara varför redovisningskonsulter till följd av sina reaktioner och känslor engagerar sig i att skapa, bevara eller förstöra institutioner. Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen studien kommit fram till är att redovisningskonsulter på en redovisningsbyrå aktivt arbetar för att skapa och bevara institutionen. Det finns inga reaktioner och känslor bland deltagarna som tyder på att de vill förstöra den befintliga institutionen eller att det råder något missnöje kring den. De som har varit verksamma i branschen under en kortare tid tycks ha en mer positiv inställning till förändringarna och arbetar aktivt för att deras byrå ska gå mot dito. Däremot tycks de som varit verksamma under en längre tid påvisa reaktioner och känslor som tyder på att de visar motstånd till förändringarna. Att vissa redovisningskonsulter är motståndare kan förklaras av graden av osäkerhet som kommer med digitaliseringens utveckling. / Accounting consultants’ reactions to the changes that digitalization entails are a relevant subject to study since the development of digitalization in the form of, among other things, automated tasks are an ongoing process. It is particularly interesting to study the reactions of accounting consultants to the changes, as their reactions can affect the implementation of digital working methods. The purpose of the following study is to investigate what reactions and emotions are expressed by the accounting consultants who are working in the accounting industry as a result of the digitalization’s influence and changes. This study is based on qualitative research with semi-structured interviews of six accounting consultants to try to interpret and understand their experiences regarding the changes that the development of digitalization brings to their professional sector. The interviews were complemented by a quantitative method in the form of survey mailing. This study used institutional work as the main theoretical framework, which is supplemented by the diffusion of innovation in order to be able to explain why some accounting consultants accept or reject the digital changes. Using these theories, this study aims to answer why accounting consultants, as a result of their reactions and emotions, engage in creating, maintaining or disrupting institutions. The main conclusion reached by the study is that accounting consultants in one accounting firm actively work to create and maintain institutions. There are no feelings among the participants that indicate that they want to disrupt the existing institution or that there is some dissatisfaction about it. Those who have been working in the accounting industry for a shorter period seem to have a more positive attitude towards the changes and therefore actively works to ensure that their agency moves towards the changes. However, those who have been working in the accounting industry for a long time seem to demonstrate reactions and emotions which show that they are contradictory to changes. The fact that some accounting consultants are opponents of changes can be explained by the degree of uncertainty that comes with the development of digitalization.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:45:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 547753 bytes, checksum: 2db21ab2ba9c813774b4c1527ba42432 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Worldwide, productive small and micro business is responsible for most employment and each year advances offers of employment and occupation in new market segments gained by outsourcing and technological innovations. However, small business mortality rates remain high, being recorded that 29% of new businesses go out of business within the first year of activity and 56% close within five years. This study aimed to analyze the situation of micro and small enterprises in the state of Paraiba during the period from 2001 to 2005 by identifying the key factors that influence the vitality these units, their institutional arrangements and the impact of institutional changes on them. The results discussed here allow the inference that the reasons for success or failure reported by small business, the reasons for longevity or premature closure of resides with the manager. The formulation of strategies, due to their own limitations, does not occur in a fully rational manner, and their cognitive abilities, subordinate to personal values, beliefs and interests form the "gap" between their organization´s performance and isomorphic structures. The decisions of the manager outline the "organizational field" of the company and the interpretation of the environment can lead from a condition of conformity, which as response to the environment required by the organizational structure of the business achieves legitimacy, to an unfaithful attitude which may be a reactive mechanism seeking to solve conditions arising from the environment or to find shelter form them, or even the development of a sham in which the response to institutional requirements and pressures of the environment is ritualized and apparent but has at it´s heart the exploitation of inconsistent situations or conflict. / Em todo o mundo, as unidades produtivas de micro e pequeno porte são responsáveis pela maioria dos postos de trabalho e avançam a cada ano na oferta de emprego e na ocupação de novos segmentos de mercado conquistados através da terceirização e das inovações tecnológicas. Todavia, as taxas de mortalidade das MPEs permanecem altas sendo registrado que 29% das novas empresas encerram suas atividades antes de completar um ano de atividade e 56% fecham em cinco anos. O presente trabalho analisou a situação das micro e pequenas empresas do estado da Paraíba no período de 2001 a 2005 identificando os principais fatores que influenciam a vitalidade dessas unidades produtivas, seus arranjos institucionais e o impacto de mudanças institucionais sobre as mesmas. Os resultados aqui discutidos permitiram inferir que dos motivos de sucesso e fracasso relatados pelas MPEs, as explicações para a longevidade ou para o encerramento prematuro das MPEs residem no empresário. A formulação das suas estratégias que, devido as suas próprias limitações, não ocorre de maneira plenamente racional e sua capacidade cognitiva, submissa ao seu conjunto de valores, crenças e interesses, constituem o diferencial entre as organizações no que concerne aos seus resultados, mesmo que possuam estruturas isomórficas. As decisões do empresário delineiam o campo organizacional da empresa e a interpretação do ambiente poderá a uma condição de conformidade, na qual estará respondendo ao ambiente consoante as exigências desse e da estrutura organizacional da sua empresa obtendo, portanto, legitimidade; a uma condição de infidelidade através da qual sua atitude poderá ser reacionária onde buscará mecanismos para anular as ações decorrentes do ambiente ou delas se abrigar; ou ainda desenvolver uma impostura onde a resposta aos requisitos institucionais e às pressões do ambiente é ritualizada e aparente, mas tem como cerne a exploração de situações conflitantes e inconsistentes.

Les déséquilibres socio-économiques entre les départements d’Outre-mer et l’Hexagone sont criants. En Martinique, la pauvreté est plus intense et plus diffuse qu’au plan national, elle frappe fortement les exclus du marché du travail et jusqu’aux salariés. Le chômage, un phénomène structurel et endémique, y est deux fois plus élevé et touche majoritairement les jeunes, les femmes et les non-diplômés. Depuis le mouvement social de 2009, et l’instabilité politico-institutionnelle qui l’a accompagné, les tensions sociales restent vives et sont l’expression de frustrations liées à des inégalités persistantes. Comment s’expliquent-elles ? La paupérisation croissante d’une part importante de la population découle d’un environnement économique particulièrement défavorable. La région se caractérise par un développement faible, une situation dégradée du marché de l’emploi, une économie dépendante des transferts publics. L’analyse géographique met en lumière les structures de la pauvreté : profils des familles, accès à l’emploi, qualification et formation, conditions de logement et situation sanitaire des publics démunis. Les dimensions territoriales des dynamiques de pauvreté soulignent le lien entre espace social et espace géographique : les phénomènes de pauvreté, de précarité et d’exclusion sont étudiés à l’échelle des quartiers d’habitat spontané et informel, encore nombreux aujourd’hui en Outre-mer, principaux espaces de production de pauvreté et de ségrégation dans les milieux urbains et ruraux. / There exist blatant socio-economic imbalances between the French overseas departments and metropolitan France. In Martinique more particularly, poverty is more intense and more diffuse than at the national level; it strongly hits both people excluded from the labor market and wage-earning laborers. Unemployment, both a structural and an endemic phenomenon, mainly affects young women and non-graduates. Since the social movement of 2009 and the political and institutional instability that followed, social tensions have remained high, revealing the people’s frustration as to persistent inequalities. How can one account for these inequalities? The increasing impoverishment of a large part of the population stems from a particularly unfavorable economic environment. The region is characterized by its low development, its degraded and deteriorating labor market, and its peculiar economy, relying on government subsidies. The geographic analysis provided by this dissertation highlights the distinctive features of poverty: the profiles of affected families, as well as the characteristics of the impoverished populations in terms of access to employment, skills and training, and health. The territorial dimensions of the dynamics of poverty will also be studied, thus emphasizing the link between social space and geographic space, as poverty, insecurity and exclusion will be analyzed at the level of spontaneous settlement areas (shantytowns / squatter homes). Indeed, poverty and segregation are primarily found in these spontaneous settlements – which are still very numerous in the French overseas departments – in both urban and rural environments.

Les objectifs de la thèse sont de comprendre : 1) les mécanismes de diffusion, d’adoption et d’institutionnalisation des accréditations internationales, 2) les comportements stratégiques mobilisés à l’égard notamment du processus initial d’accréditation institutionnelle AACSB, 3) les réponses stratégiques et organisationnelles pour gérer les demandes institutionnelles conflictuelles provoquées par les injonctions des 21 standards AACSB (2003) et 4) les changements opérés en vue de l’alignement aux injonctions du processus initial prescrit et des 21 standards AACSB (2003). Dans une perspective néo-institutionnaliste, nous mobilisons un cadre d’analyse alliant les comportements stratégiques et le changement institutionnel. Pour répondre aux objectifs de la recherche, une étude de cas longitudinale rétrospective et en temps réel sur 15 ans d’une business school universitaire française est menée. Les résultats de la recherche permettent d’enrichir notamment le cadre d’analyse d’Oliver (1991) d’une sixième réponse stratégique et de trois tactiques dans le cas d’un processus initial d’accréditation institutionnelle AACSB. / This research aims to understand: 1) the mechanisms of diffusion, adoption and institutionalization of international accreditations, 2) the strategic behaviors adopted to respond to the initial AACSB accreditation process, 3) the strategic and organizational responses to the conflictual demands originated by the 21 AACSB 2003 standards and 4) the changes occurred in order to ensure the organizations’ alignment to the 21 AACSB 2003 standards and to the required process.Based on a neo-institutional perspective, we used two conceptual frameworks about strategic responses and institutional change. In order to comply with our objectives, we have conducted a 15-year longitudinal case study both retrospectively and in real time within the only French business school operating inside a university. The principal result of the research is the identification of a 6th new strategic response for Oliver’s (1991) framework as well as three tactics to be adopted in the initial AACSB accreditation process.

Kooperasies, as werktuie ter doelwitbereiking vir graanprodusente, het sedert hul totstandkoming onderskeibare ontwikkelingsfases deurgegaan. Die toepassing van kooperasie as mededingingstrategie deur graanprodusente is grootliks bei"nvloed deur die veranderings wat tydens die ontwikkelingsfases voorgekom het. Aksies wat in die loop van hierdie ontwikkellngsfases ingestel was, het mettertyd onduidelikhede oor die bestaansgrondslag van die kooperasies laat ontstaan. Die klJmaat van politieke veranderings wat tans in die land heers, kan ook belangrike veranderings meebring ten opsigte van die grondslag waarop kooperasies funksioneer. Pie uitwerking van die verwagte veranderings kan kooperasies forseer om strategiese aanpassings in hul strukture te maak ten einde steeds suksesvol te kan bly voortbestaan. · Graanprodusente verkeer in 'n posisie wat vereis dat daar besin moet word oor strategiee wat gevolg kan word ten einde steeds suksesvol in die onsekere markomstandighede mee te ding. Die toepassing van kooperasie as mededingingstrategie waarvolgens graanprodusente deur lidmaatskap van die kooperasies in die mark deelgeneem het, kom nou ook onder die loep. Die hoofprobleem waarop daar dus in hierdie studie gefokus word, is om te bepaal of kooperasie as mededingingstrategie geskik is om die individuele en kollektiewe belange van graanprodusente te bevorder. Van die belangrikste bevindings van die studie is: Graanprodusente voorsien dat kooperasie individuele graanprodusente se markoptrede kan versterk. Graanprodusente is van mening dat hulle deur middel van kooperasie wat manifesteer in selfstandige besigheidsondernemings, genaamd ''kooperasies", 'n positiewe invloed vir graanprodusente op die mark kan uitoefen. Daar kcan nie 'n beduidende negatiewe, of positiewe persepsie oor onderlinge mededinging en die invloed wat die vryemarkbedeling daarop uitoefen, by graanprodusente gei"dentifiseer word nie. Dit blyk egter dat sommige graanprodusente die vryemarkbedeling as 'n belangrike markfaktor bejeen. Ander graanprodusente huldig 'n meer buigsame benadering jeens die vryemarkbedeling. Graanprodusente is, met enkele klemverskille, van mening dat die kooperasies nie daarin slaag om die tradisionele kooperasiebeginsels in die wyse waarop kooperasies hul besigheid bedryf, volledig toe te pas nie. Graanprodusente het oor die algemeen gesien duidelike menings oor die noodsaaklikheid daa.rvan dat die staat nie by die graanbedryf meet inmeng nie. Ander tipes ondersteuningstrategiee, soos die oprigting van beslote korporasies of maatskappye, geniet wisselende steun. 'n Beduidende groep graanprodusente is onseker oor moontlikhede om maatskappye met kapitaalgroei as basis te skep, om sodoende in geheel met kooperasies weg te doen. / Co-operatives have experienced distinguishable changes. The application of co-operation as a competitive strategy by g~in producers was largely influenced by the changes. The prevailing political changes can also instigate important changes with regard to co-operatives. Grain producers must revise strategies to maintain successful competition in the market. The study investigates co-operation as a competitive strategy to advance the individual and collective interests of grain producers, Findings are: Grain producers are convinced that co-operation enhances the market related actions of individual grain producers. Grain producers can, through co-operation, exercise a positive influence in the market. No definite negative or positive perception concerning the influence of the free market system upon mutual competition could be identified. Grain producers are convinced that the state should not interfere with the grain industry. / Business Management / M. Admin. (Business Management)

Kooperasies, as werktuie ter doelwitbereiking vir graanprodusente, het sedert hul totstandkoming onderskeibare ontwikkelingsfases deurgegaan. Die toepassing van kooperasie as mededingingstrategie deur graanprodusente is grootliks bei"nvloed deur die veranderings wat tydens die ontwikkelingsfases voorgekom het. Aksies wat in die loop van hierdie ontwikkellngsfases ingestel was, het mettertyd onduidelikhede oor die bestaansgrondslag van die kooperasies laat ontstaan. Die klJmaat van politieke veranderings wat tans in die land heers, kan ook belangrike veranderings meebring ten opsigte van die grondslag waarop kooperasies funksioneer. Pie uitwerking van die verwagte veranderings kan kooperasies forseer om strategiese aanpassings in hul strukture te maak ten einde steeds suksesvol te kan bly voortbestaan. · Graanprodusente verkeer in 'n posisie wat vereis dat daar besin moet word oor strategiee wat gevolg kan word ten einde steeds suksesvol in die onsekere markomstandighede mee te ding. Die toepassing van kooperasie as mededingingstrategie waarvolgens graanprodusente deur lidmaatskap van die kooperasies in die mark deelgeneem het, kom nou ook onder die loep. Die hoofprobleem waarop daar dus in hierdie studie gefokus word, is om te bepaal of kooperasie as mededingingstrategie geskik is om die individuele en kollektiewe belange van graanprodusente te bevorder. Van die belangrikste bevindings van die studie is: Graanprodusente voorsien dat kooperasie individuele graanprodusente se markoptrede kan versterk. Graanprodusente is van mening dat hulle deur middel van kooperasie wat manifesteer in selfstandige besigheidsondernemings, genaamd ''kooperasies", 'n positiewe invloed vir graanprodusente op die mark kan uitoefen. Daar kcan nie 'n beduidende negatiewe, of positiewe persepsie oor onderlinge mededinging en die invloed wat die vryemarkbedeling daarop uitoefen, by graanprodusente gei"dentifiseer word nie. Dit blyk egter dat sommige graanprodusente die vryemarkbedeling as 'n belangrike markfaktor bejeen. Ander graanprodusente huldig 'n meer buigsame benadering jeens die vryemarkbedeling. Graanprodusente is, met enkele klemverskille, van mening dat die kooperasies nie daarin slaag om die tradisionele kooperasiebeginsels in die wyse waarop kooperasies hul besigheid bedryf, volledig toe te pas nie. Graanprodusente het oor die algemeen gesien duidelike menings oor die noodsaaklikheid daa.rvan dat die staat nie by die graanbedryf meet inmeng nie. Ander tipes ondersteuningstrategiee, soos die oprigting van beslote korporasies of maatskappye, geniet wisselende steun. 'n Beduidende groep graanprodusente is onseker oor moontlikhede om maatskappye met kapitaalgroei as basis te skep, om sodoende in geheel met kooperasies weg te doen. / Co-operatives have experienced distinguishable changes. The application of co-operation as a competitive strategy by g~in producers was largely influenced by the changes. The prevailing political changes can also instigate important changes with regard to co-operatives. Grain producers must revise strategies to maintain successful competition in the market. The study investigates co-operation as a competitive strategy to advance the individual and collective interests of grain producers, Findings are: Grain producers are convinced that co-operation enhances the market related actions of individual grain producers. Grain producers can, through co-operation, exercise a positive influence in the market. No definite negative or positive perception concerning the influence of the free market system upon mutual competition could be identified. Grain producers are convinced that the state should not interfere with the grain industry. / Business Management / M. Admin. (Business Management)