O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de examinar a influência do quadro institucional criado pelo Governo Federal na estruturação e na organização da cadeia de suprimento do biodiesel no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Por se tratar de uma cadeia de suprimento ainda em fase de consolidação, existem pontos descobertos que necessitam de estudos e análises, como é o caso dos temas relacionados à atuação do governo. Primeiramente, foram levantadas as questões teóricas acerca das abordagens que enfatizam a Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos, das instituições e sua influência sobre as organizações e as cadeias, assim como os elementos referentes às transações que ocorrem entre os membros da cadeia. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, que tratou dos conceitos referentes às cadeias de suprimentos, da Teoria Institucional e da Teoria dos Custos de Transação. A partir desta revisão, foi elaborado um esquema de análise para a verificação das respostas da cadeia de suprimento do Rio Grande do Sul frente às pressões do quadro institucional criado pelo Governo Federal e como estas influenciaram na estruturação e organização da cadeia. Na análise, optou-se pela realização de um estudo de casos múltiplos, para os quais foram utilizadas várias técnicas e fontes de evidência para a coleta dos dados, tais como : entrevistas, documentos, registros de reuniões e observações diretas. Os resultados da fase exploratória permitiram levantar os elementos que compõem o quadro institucional do biodiesel, além de possibilitar a caracterização da cadeia de suprimento do biodiesel no Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa identificou as principais pressões institucionais que incidem sobre a cadeia de suprimento do biodiesel, provenientes do quadro institucional do governo, e os atributos da transação e os pressupostos comportamentais que tiveram maior incidência nas transações que ocorrem na cadeia. Os resultados indicaram que o quadro institucional do biodiesel direcionou, de certa forma, a maneira como a cadeia de suprimento se estruturou. Observou-se, também, que o grupo de consumo da cadeia sofreu maior influência das pressões, por ter maior presença de leis, regras e normas, definidas pelo governo, regulamentando as operações e transações que ocorrem neste grupo. Apesar de não atuar de forma tão incisiva no grupo de fornecimento, a pesquisa indicou que a existência do Selo Combustível Social foi fundamental para a aproximação das usinas produtoras de biodiesel aos produtores familiares, fazendo com que estes passassem a atuar como membro da cadeia, modificando a estrutura da mesma e a forma como estes membros transacionam. Nas transações entre esses membros foi possível identificar a presença marcante do oportunismo, que é amenizado pelo tipo de contrato e de negociações que passam a ser realizados dentro do Selo Combustível Social. Assim, o estudo dos casos mostrou como o quadro institucional criado pelo governo influenciou a maneira como a cadeia de suprimento do biodiesel se estruturou. / This work had as objective examine the influence of institutional framework built up by the Federal Government over the Rio Grande do Sul State biodiesel supply chain’s arrangement and organization. As this chain is already in the consolidation phase, there are aspects that need to be studied and examined, as for instance the premise related to the government actuation. Fist of all, were identify the theoretical questions associated to the Supply Chain Management, the Institutions and their influence over the organizations and chains, as well as the elements linked with transaction between the chain members. To accomplish this purpose was elaborated a literature revision on the subject of Supply Chains, the Institutional Theory and the Transaction Cost Theory. From this revision was built a scheme for the analyses to verify the answers of the supply chain in Rio Grande do Sul State towards the pressure from institutional framework created by the federal government and how they influenced the structure and the organization of the chain. In the analyses, it was chose the realization of a study of multiple cases by using several techniques and proof sources for data compilation, such as: interviews, documents, meeting records and direct observation. The exploratory phase’s results allowed the identification of the elements that compose the biodiesel institutional framework, besides it permitted the Rio Grande do Sul State supply chain characterization. This research identified the main institutional pressures that work over the biodiesel supplying chain, not only the ones that come from the government institutional framework but also the transaction attributions and behavior presupposition that have more influence in the trades occurred in the chain. The results indicated that the biodiesel institutional framework drove, in a certainty way, the supply chain arrangement. It was also observed that the chain’s consume group was major influenced by the institutional pressures, because it has a great presence of laws, rules and norms, defined by the government, which regulate the operation and transaction that occur in the group. Although this search did not actuate intensively in the supplying group, it indicated that the existence of the Selo Combustível Social (Social Fuel Brand) was fundamental for the approximation of the biodiesel production factories with the family manufacturers, allowing them to act as the chain members, modifying its structure and the way how its members trade with each other. Through the relations among these members, it was possible to identify the remarkable presence of the opportunism, which is reduced by the contract and the negotiations under the Selo Combustível Social rules. The study of the cases demonstrated how the institutional framework created by the government influenced the way how the biodiesel supply chain has been structured.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de examinar a influência do quadro institucional criado pelo Governo Federal na estruturação e na organização da cadeia de suprimento do biodiesel no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Por se tratar de uma cadeia de suprimento ainda em fase de consolidação, existem pontos descobertos que necessitam de estudos e análises, como é o caso dos temas relacionados à atuação do governo. Primeiramente, foram levantadas as questões teóricas acerca das abordagens que enfatizam a Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos, das instituições e sua influência sobre as organizações e as cadeias, assim como os elementos referentes às transações que ocorrem entre os membros da cadeia. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, que tratou dos conceitos referentes às cadeias de suprimentos, da Teoria Institucional e da Teoria dos Custos de Transação. A partir desta revisão, foi elaborado um esquema de análise para a verificação das respostas da cadeia de suprimento do Rio Grande do Sul frente às pressões do quadro institucional criado pelo Governo Federal e como estas influenciaram na estruturação e organização da cadeia. Na análise, optou-se pela realização de um estudo de casos múltiplos, para os quais foram utilizadas várias técnicas e fontes de evidência para a coleta dos dados, tais como : entrevistas, documentos, registros de reuniões e observações diretas. Os resultados da fase exploratória permitiram levantar os elementos que compõem o quadro institucional do biodiesel, além de possibilitar a caracterização da cadeia de suprimento do biodiesel no Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa identificou as principais pressões institucionais que incidem sobre a cadeia de suprimento do biodiesel, provenientes do quadro institucional do governo, e os atributos da transação e os pressupostos comportamentais que tiveram maior incidência nas transações que ocorrem na cadeia. Os resultados indicaram que o quadro institucional do biodiesel direcionou, de certa forma, a maneira como a cadeia de suprimento se estruturou. Observou-se, também, que o grupo de consumo da cadeia sofreu maior influência das pressões, por ter maior presença de leis, regras e normas, definidas pelo governo, regulamentando as operações e transações que ocorrem neste grupo. Apesar de não atuar de forma tão incisiva no grupo de fornecimento, a pesquisa indicou que a existência do Selo Combustível Social foi fundamental para a aproximação das usinas produtoras de biodiesel aos produtores familiares, fazendo com que estes passassem a atuar como membro da cadeia, modificando a estrutura da mesma e a forma como estes membros transacionam. Nas transações entre esses membros foi possível identificar a presença marcante do oportunismo, que é amenizado pelo tipo de contrato e de negociações que passam a ser realizados dentro do Selo Combustível Social. Assim, o estudo dos casos mostrou como o quadro institucional criado pelo governo influenciou a maneira como a cadeia de suprimento do biodiesel se estruturou. / This work had as objective examine the influence of institutional framework built up by the Federal Government over the Rio Grande do Sul State biodiesel supply chain’s arrangement and organization. As this chain is already in the consolidation phase, there are aspects that need to be studied and examined, as for instance the premise related to the government actuation. Fist of all, were identify the theoretical questions associated to the Supply Chain Management, the Institutions and their influence over the organizations and chains, as well as the elements linked with transaction between the chain members. To accomplish this purpose was elaborated a literature revision on the subject of Supply Chains, the Institutional Theory and the Transaction Cost Theory. From this revision was built a scheme for the analyses to verify the answers of the supply chain in Rio Grande do Sul State towards the pressure from institutional framework created by the federal government and how they influenced the structure and the organization of the chain. In the analyses, it was chose the realization of a study of multiple cases by using several techniques and proof sources for data compilation, such as: interviews, documents, meeting records and direct observation. The exploratory phase’s results allowed the identification of the elements that compose the biodiesel institutional framework, besides it permitted the Rio Grande do Sul State supply chain characterization. This research identified the main institutional pressures that work over the biodiesel supplying chain, not only the ones that come from the government institutional framework but also the transaction attributions and behavior presupposition that have more influence in the trades occurred in the chain. The results indicated that the biodiesel institutional framework drove, in a certainty way, the supply chain arrangement. It was also observed that the chain’s consume group was major influenced by the institutional pressures, because it has a great presence of laws, rules and norms, defined by the government, which regulate the operation and transaction that occur in the group. Although this search did not actuate intensively in the supplying group, it indicated that the existence of the Selo Combustível Social (Social Fuel Brand) was fundamental for the approximation of the biodiesel production factories with the family manufacturers, allowing them to act as the chain members, modifying its structure and the way how its members trade with each other. Through the relations among these members, it was possible to identify the remarkable presence of the opportunism, which is reduced by the contract and the negotiations under the Selo Combustível Social rules. The study of the cases demonstrated how the institutional framework created by the government influenced the way how the biodiesel supply chain has been structured.

As developed markets have become saturated to a greater extent, companies have instead targeted emerging economies. In recent years, a substantial number of companies have recognized the opportunities in the Sub-Saharan market, which has led to an increasing number of foreign firms entering this market. Nevertheless, companies are still experiencing numerous challenges in relatively unexplored markets like the Sub-Saharan region. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate challenges for Swedish manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) when entering the Sub-Saharan African market. Additionally, the thesis will examine how these challenges affect the entry modes as well as further market commitments. The aim is to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that influence the choice of entry mode of SMEs in volatile environments. This study has adopted a qualitative research method with an abductive approach to allow for an elaborate and flexible research process. The empirical data have been collected from multiple cases, by conducting five semi-structured interviews. The outcome of this thesis demonstrates that the major challenges in the Sub-Saharan market are related to underdeveloped institutional frameworks. Although, by cooperating with institutional actors and providing valuable resources to the local environment, firms are able to relieve institutional pressures. Finally, innovation, adaptability, and flexibility are vital factors that influence the extent to which companies are able to commit to the Sub-Saharan market.

Investment incentive policies have been major policy instruments used in Canada and elsewhere to achieve economic growth and stabilization. In this study an attempt is made to isolate the specific effects contained in these policies, and to measure their impact on investment expenditures in Canada. There are three major sections to the study. First, various well-known models of investment behaviour are used to illustrate how investment incentive policies may be expected to influence investment expenditures. Secondly, a group of major Canadian incentive policies are described in detail, together with an outline of the institutional framework in which the policies were conceived and operated. Thirdly, these major policies are incorporated into investment functions to test for their impact on investment expenditures. From the empirical analysis, the investment incentive policies do not appear to have influenced investment expenditures to any substantial degree. At the same time the cost of these policies in terms of revenue foregone has been substantial. The major conclusion is that the case for investment incentive policies as instruments of short run stabilization policy is extremely weak. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No / This chapter proposes the application of the people, context, deal and opportunities (PCDO) model to support entrepreneurship advancement in Africa. This proposal recognises patterns of conflicts and crises fuelled by both internal and external forces in some African countries, and that this pattern inhibits entrepreneurship advancement. However, undaunted by the seemingly unfavourable conditions, in 2013, African leaders set Africa on a 50-year journey towards an integrated, peaceful, progressive and prosperous Africa of the future in what is known as Agenda 2063. The proposal is anchored by Aspirations 4 and 6 of Agenda 2063, which propose that people, peaceful and secured environment are necessary for the achievement of the ‘Africa we want’, which arguably, will in turn promote entrepreneurship advancement in Africa. The chapter argues that reforms in the legal and institutional framework of the Africa Union (AU) should consider the application of the PCDO model to maximise opportunities for entrepreneurship development in Africa.

This thesis overviews and discusses the issue of nonperforming loans in general and in China, and financial sector development from the beginning of Deng Xiaoping's reform era in 1978. The focus is put on the underlying institutional framework as it is found to be one of key contributing factors of NPLs in China. Utilizing a sample of 23 countries over the period 2000-2009, we estimate the impact of macroeconomic determinants on nonperforming loans. One of the regressors, output gap, is estimated via Kalman filtering technique based on the multivariate unobserved component (MUC) method. Consequently, out-of-sample method forecasts for five subgroups of countries, thus providing different benchmarks for China, are compared with official data. The conclusion argues the NPLs ratio to be understated in official statistics, especially towards the end of the series, which might be a sign of increasing macroeconomic instability in China.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-05-25T13:00:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jocelaine Oliveira dos Santos_.pdf: 1798880 bytes, checksum: ab06459a9fe445476785c33a34fc2ab7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T13:00:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jocelaine Oliveira dos Santos_.pdf: 1798880 bytes, checksum: ab06459a9fe445476785c33a34fc2ab7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-09 / IFRR - Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Roraima / Tensões e contradições nos processos identitários do professor da Educação Básica, Técnica e Tecnológica é uma proposta de discussão e compreensão sobre os processos de identidades dos docentes do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Roraima (IFRR), pensados no bojo da (inter) relação de dinâmicas subjetivas, profissionais e institucionais que, amalgamadas, constroem os sentidos de ser professor do IFRR. Consideramos que para entender os processos de identidades do docente EBTT não podemos perder o horizonte do cruzamento inter-relacional das dinâmicas subjetivas, como processos biográficos, de valores, de afetos, de cidadania político-ideológica, de formação e trajetórias de vida, entre outros; das dinâmicas profissionais, como a relação com a escolha ou não da docência como profissão, da socialização com seus pares, com os demais docentes e com as linhas pedagógicas da Instituição; e as dinâmicas institucionais, forjadas pelos documentos norteadores que instituem/constituem a rotina do docente do IFRR. Assim, para tentar responder a estas questões, construí neste trabalho a concepção de processos identitários a partir do aporte teórico de autores como: Dubar (2005, 2009, 2010), Hall (2000, 2011), Bajoit (2006), Bauman (2001, 2005), Follman (2001, 2012). Para trabalhar a noção de docência como ação orientada ao Outro e com o Outro, utilizei autores como Arroyo (2001), Tardiff e Lessard (2009, 2011), Imbernón (1999, 2010) e Nóvoa (1992). Já para delinear a ideia de subjetividade como espaço de construção dos processos identitários dos docentes EBTT, me apoiei, principalmente, em Bajoit (2006). Pretende-se, a partir deste trabalho e da análise dos processos identitários dos docentes, configurar uma pesquisa que possa contribuir para a compreensão das dinâmicas identitárias no âmbito institucional e profissional, ampliando a discussão necessária sobre o objeto das identidades docentes. Intencionamos, também, trazer a possibilidade de um entrecruzamento teórico para a noção de processos identitários, necessário à compreensão da profissão docente. Vislumbramos, ainda dentro de nossas expectativas, contribuir com as discussões sobre a formação de professores, especialmente para Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Técnica e Tecnológica. Para tanto, construímos um corpus de análise discursiva a partir da coleta de dados utilizando-se da observação participante, análise documental e entrevista compreensiva, a fim de construir três categorias analíticas: instituição ornitorrinca, docências incertas e futuro flutuante que, juntas, ajudaram a elucidar a questão central do estudo. / Tensions and contradictions in identity processes Professor of Basic Education, Technical and Technological is a proposal for discussion and understanding of the identity processes of teachers of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Roraima (IFRR), thinking these processes in the midst of (inter) relationship of subjective dynamic, professional and institutional that amalgamated, build the sense of being a teacher of IFRR. We believe that to understand the EBTT teaching identities processes can not lose the horizon of inter-relational intersection of subjective dynamics, as biographic processes, values, emotions, political and ideological citizenship, training and life trajectories, among others ; professional dynamics, the relationship with the choice or not of teaching as a profession, socialization with their peers, with the other teachers and the pedagogical lines of the institution; and institutional dynamics, forged by guiding documents establishing / constitute the routine of teaching IFRR. So to try to answer these questions, we will build on this work to design identity processes from the theoretical contribution of authors such as: Dubar (2005, 2009, 2010), Hall (2000, 2011), Bajoit (2006), Bauman (2001, 2005), Follman (2001, 2012). To work the notion of teaching as action oriented to the Other and the Other use authors as Arroyo (2001), Tardiff and Lessard (2009, 2011), Imbernon (1999, 2010) and Nóvoa (1992). Have to outline the idea of subjectivity as a building space of identity processes of EBTT teachers will support us, especially in Bajoit (2006). We plan, from this work and the analysis of the identity processes of teachers, set up a research which may contribute to the understanding of identity dynamics in the institutional and professional framework, expanding the necessary discussion on the subject of teachers' identities. We intend also bring the possibility of a theoretical intersection to the notion of identity processes necessary to the understanding of the teaching profession. We see, still within our expectations, contribute to discussions on teacher training, especially for the Federal Professional Education Network, Technical and Technological. Therefore, we constructed a discursive analysis of corpus from the date collection using participant observation, document analysis and comprehensive interview in order to build three analytical categories: duckbill institution uncertain teaching and buoyant future that together helped elucidate the central question of the study.

Dans le contexte du développement rapide des villes chinoises, l’expansion de la ville et les nouvelles zones de développement entraînent de forte besoins de mobilité. Le transport public ne peut satisfaire toutes les demandes des déplacements des citadins. Ils organisent leurs propres services, les transports semi-collectifs, par une approche de bas en haut. Avec les avantages de l’adaptation locale, du service à la demande et de la flexibilité, ce type de transport devient un mode important pour leurs vies moderne. Pourtant, ce transport est en dehors du système du transport traditionnel. Le cadre juridique et institutionnel actuel n’est pas adapté à l’exploitation de ces transports spontanés. La réglementation gouvernementale sur ce type de transport montre aussi une difficulté en raison du manque d’un cadre convenable. De plus, le système du transport urbain durable demande une intégration des divers modes des transports. La relation entre le transport semi-collectif et les autres moyens du transport devient une question essentielle. De ce fait, nous proposons des approches de l’évolution du cadre juridique et institutionnel, de l’amélioration de l’organisation et l’exploitation ainsi que de l’intégration dans le système du transport urbain, afin de créer un environnement innovant pour l’avenir du transport semi-collectif / In the context of the rapid development of Chinese cities, the expansion of the city and the new areas of developments lead the strong mobility needs. Public transport cannot meet all the demands of movement of citizens. They organize their own services, paratransit, with an approach bottom-up. With the advantages of local adaptation, on-demand service and flexibility, this transport becomes important to their modern lives. However, this transport is out of the traditional transport system. The current legal and institutional framework is not suitable for the operation of this spontaneous transport. Government regulations on this type of transport also show difficult because of lack of suitable frames. In addition, the sustainable urban transport system requires integration of various modes of transport. The relationship between the paratransit and other transportation modes is another key issue. Therefore, we propose approaches to change legal and institutional framework, to improve organization and operation and integrate this mode in the system of urban transport, to create an innovative environment for future of paratransit

This study investigates the extent and nature of the interaction between the political, institutional andeconomical development in the Swedish railway sector 1920-1980. The work deals with two main issuse,which may be summarized in the following question: has the Swedish railway policy contributed to orcounterbalanced the stagnation of the railways, especially in the post-war period? The basic premise has beenthat the institutional framework from the 19th century, was well adjusted to the requirements in thecontemporary industrialization process. The adaption of the regulations, obligations and economic principlesfrom the inter-war years and henceforth was more problematic. A growing discrepancy between economicconditions and policy goals emerged. Ulis affected the function of the Sate Railways (SJ).The interesting issue is to explain the process of renewal and abandonment of the original institutionalarrangements. There are two distinctive driving forces in this process. Firstly the demand for transport in theeconomy of the society changed. This interacted with the expansion of motorvehicles. Motor vehicles, and lateron civil aviation, have taken over parts of traditional railway transports. Of greater significance though, is thefact that railways have not been able to compete with motorvehicles on a number of growing markets in theeconomy of society. This has been of major importance to the diminishing economic returns and the decliningcompany profitability in the railway sector. The second driving force is to be found in the institutional setting inthe railway sector. The institutional principles and the railway policy gave social and economic responsibilitypriority over business profitability as the managerial strategy for SJ. SJ was used to fulfil regional and generaleconomic policy goals. As a consequence the unprofitable private railways were nationalized to save theregional transport system. To succeed on the competitive transport market in the post-war period it becamenecessary for SJ to act as a profit-seeking company. This created a long period of political struggle inParliament concerning the institutional principles. In order to keep the social economic principles, the monetaryclaims were reduced. Subsidies were given to try to save SJ s profitability as a business company. The mixtureof social and monetary principles from 1960 and onwards, could neither solve the railway's market problems,nor could they keep the regional railway system intact. This failure led to the abandonment of the originalinstitutional framework. In the late 1980 s it was totally replaced. Hie guiding rules for the State Railways arenow concentrated on competition and company profitability. / digitalisering@umu

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / Corruption is a global problem, which poses a serious threat to the development of countries and their people. Although its impact varies, all nations are facing the evils of corruption and, therefore, the international community calls upon states to take preventive and deterrent measures against corruption. For example, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AU Convention) obligate their member states to have both legal and institutional frameworks for effectively fighting corruption.