This dissertation explains the extent and durability of the institutions of territorial autonomy in multinational states. Its main argument is that the viability of territorial autonomy hinges on the relative economic importance of the minority-inhabited region for the central government. If the fiscal resources of the minority-inhabited region are critical for the funding of the central government’s policy objectives, autonomy is likely to be limited and short lived. If those resources are not as crucial for the governability of the entire state, autonomy is likely to be more extensive and durable. The importance of the minority-inhabited region depends on two sets of factors. The first is the relative level of economic development of majority and minority-inhabited areas. The second is the strategy of governance adopted by the central state elites. Strategies of governance determine the extent of the fiscal burden that the central government will place on the population of the state, thereby exerting significant influence on accommodative outcomes. The theoretical framework developed in this dissertation refers to statist (high spending) and laissez-faire (low spending) strategies of governance. The framework is tested in four multinational states: the former Yugoslavia, the former Czechoslovakia, Canada and Spain. The empirical chapters combine structured-focused comparison with longitudinal case study analysis. The cases largely bear out the hypotheses presented in the dissertation. However, analysis of the cases also demonstrates the importance of minority-group influence at the central state level in accounting for accommodative outcomes. In cases where minority elites have extensive influence at the centre, attempts at limiting the autonomy of minority-inhabited regions tend to be unsuccessful. This thesis contributes to a greater understanding of the design and durability of the institutions of territorial autonomy, which have important consequences for the stability and viability of multinational states.

This dissertation explains the extent and durability of the institutions of territorial autonomy in multinational states. Its main argument is that the viability of territorial autonomy hinges on the relative economic importance of the minority-inhabited region for the central government. If the fiscal resources of the minority-inhabited region are critical for the funding of the central government’s policy objectives, autonomy is likely to be limited and short lived. If those resources are not as crucial for the governability of the entire state, autonomy is likely to be more extensive and durable. The importance of the minority-inhabited region depends on two sets of factors. The first is the relative level of economic development of majority and minority-inhabited areas. The second is the strategy of governance adopted by the central state elites. Strategies of governance determine the extent of the fiscal burden that the central government will place on the population of the state, thereby exerting significant influence on accommodative outcomes. The theoretical framework developed in this dissertation refers to statist (high spending) and laissez-faire (low spending) strategies of governance. The framework is tested in four multinational states: the former Yugoslavia, the former Czechoslovakia, Canada and Spain. The empirical chapters combine structured-focused comparison with longitudinal case study analysis. The cases largely bear out the hypotheses presented in the dissertation. However, analysis of the cases also demonstrates the importance of minority-group influence at the central state level in accounting for accommodative outcomes. In cases where minority elites have extensive influence at the centre, attempts at limiting the autonomy of minority-inhabited regions tend to be unsuccessful. This thesis contributes to a greater understanding of the design and durability of the institutions of territorial autonomy, which have important consequences for the stability and viability of multinational states.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Industrial symbiosis is an industrial concept that points to the exchange of resources between companies. Among several cases around the world as Kalundborg, TEDA and Styria none of these had a program on a national level encouraged by the government. In the United Kingdom the concept was funding from 2005 to 2014. The National Industrial Symbiosis Programme (NISP) born in 2000 by International Synergies Ltd and has excellent results in economic, environmental and social space. The British institutional context has become highly competitive and ever more dependent on others in a continue changing, so this work aims to understand if institutional dynamics in the UK support or impede the development of industrial symbiosis? Based on this research question the study followed the general objective of understanding the development of industrial symbiosis in the UK overtime influenced by institutional context. The study was conducted as a case study of industrial symbiosis in the UK using a series of open-end interviews with the actors involved. Through a content analysis were individuated key categories and concepts related to them which resulted in the construction of a conceptual framework for UK industrial symbiosis. The UK institutional context encouraged the creation of NISP which produces with satisfactory results the development of industrial symbiosis participating in the development of institutional capacities between organizations involved, although they were not completely fomented. Industrial symbiosis in the UK is struggling to move forward because the government is not financing the NISP and a short-term view of the companies made this batch process and probably for a review of development mechanisms. This study has appointed to a strengthening of cooperation between government and company accompanied by cultural change of the waste management as source of opportunity for companies, so an educational process that promotes this is fundamental to the future of industrial symbiosis in the UK. Finally, this study has appointed to the continuation of funding by government and the dissemination and sharing of results and practices at the national level for the institutionalization of industrial symbiosis. / A simbiose industrial à um conceito industrial que aponta à troca de recursos entre empresas. Entre vÃrios casos ao redor do mundo como Kalundborg, TEDA e Styria nenhum desses teve um programa em nÃvel nacional fomentado pelo governo. No Reino Unido a simbiose industrial foi financiada pelo governo desde 2005 atà 2014. Em 2000 nasceu o Programa Nacional de Simbiose Industrial (NISP) pela International Synergies Ltd. Desde 2000, o NISP teve excelentes resultados na Ãrea econÃmica, ambiental e social. O ambiente institucional britÃnico à altamente competitivo e sempre mais dependente de outros em continua mudanÃas, portanto esse trabalho visa responder de que forma as dinÃmicas institucionais no Reino Unido suportam ou impedem o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial? Com base nessa pergunta de pesquisa o estudo seguiu o objetivo geral de entender o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido ao longo dos anos influenciado pelo contexto institucional. O estudo foi desenvolvido como estudo de caso da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido utilizando uma serie de entrevistas semiabertas com os atores envolvidos. Mediante uma analise de conteÃdo foram individuadas as categorias chaves e os conceitos ligados a elas que resultaram na construÃÃo de um framework conceptual de simbiose industrial do Reino Unido. O contexto institucional incentivou a criaÃÃo do NISP que promoveu com resultados satisfatÃrios o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial participando do desenvolvimento das capacidades institucionais entre as organizaÃÃes envolvidas, embora com algumas dificuldades na atraÃÃo de novas firmas no processo. A simbiose industrial no Reino Unido està tendo dificuldade de avanÃar, pois o governo nÃo esta mais financiando o NISP e uma visÃo em curto prazo das empresas tornou esse processo descontinuo e provavelmente destinado a uma revisÃo dos mecanismos de desenvolvimento. Esse estudo aponta para um fortalecimento da colaboraÃÃo entre o governo e empresa acompanhada de uma mudanÃa cultural do gerenciamento do resÃduo como fonte de oportunidade para as empresas, portanto um processo educacional que promovesse isso à fundamental para o futuro da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido. Por fim, esse estudo aponta para a continuaÃÃo do financiamento por parte do governo e a divulgaÃÃo e compartilhamento dos resultados e praticas em nÃvel nacional para que a simbiose industrial possa se institucionalizar.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / This study explores institutional dynamics within an organic farming organisation, the Ezemvelo Farmers' Organisation (EFO), based in uMbumbulu in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). The main objective of the study was to identify the institutional and governance factors that impact on the sustainability of the organic production programme of the EFO. A variety of research methods were employed, including a small sample survey of 50 households, in-depth interviews with key respondents, and a critical assessment of the existing literature on the EFO. The study established that many rural households in uMbumbulu maintain their livelihoods through a diverse array of activities that include social grants. Agriculture remains an important livelihood strategy for many households. It presents opportunities for income generation, access to food, job creation and increased asset accumulation. Communal land tenure systems do not constrain agricultural development, and kinship ties and social relations determine affordable and flexible land access for farming and residential use. The EFO initiave regenerated agricultural production in uMbumbulu. Many households have rights to cropping fields and these fields were revitalised and put under productive use as the organic farming initiative gained momentum. The EFO marketed its produce to Farmwise, a packhouse that distributes produce to various retailers. The agro-food industry is dominated by large business interests and maintained exploitative relations with the EFO. Organic production and marketing to such businesses imposed high transaction costs on members of the EFO as onerous quality standards were enforced throughout the value chain. Rural development interventions that are driven by external stakeholders such as academic institutions, government departments and other agencies tend not to provide sustainable solutions to help support the development of smallholder farmers. In the case of the EFO, such support saw abuses of power, elite capture, free-rider problems, conflict and weak management systems. The thesis argues that the agrarian transformation imperative means that policy frameworks must be re-examined, and adapted to the needs and local practices of smallholder farmers such as members of the EFO. Proper extension support that provides accurate market information, effective coordination of production and transport services, and relevant infrastructure, is also required. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Swedish municipalities increasingly prioritize blue-green infrastructure in response to the changing climate and precipitation. This study focuses on Norrköping, Huddinge, Nyköping, and Kalmar and how urban planning develops strategies for implementing blue-green infrastructure. Through document content analysis, the municipalities recognize the importance of blue-green infrastructure for stormwater management. However, challenges with implementation remain. Clashes with higher legal and economic interests impede progress. There are issues with responsibility allocation and operation. Most of the challenges can be ascribed to the absence of a comprehensive framework for sustainable stormwater management. Each municipality has developed unique practices to handle this, which have emerged through the interviews. The strategies break down to collaborative models involving multiple stakeholders. These findings advocate for a holistic approach suggest potential for a unified framework, and a path forward in sustainable urban planning.

A partir de uma abordagem institucionalista, com ênfase na Nova Economia Institucional de Douglass North e no conceito de path dependence, o estudo teve por objetivo compreender o papel das instituições locais na trajetória da agricultura do Vale do Taquari, com ênfase no processo de modernização nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, e com a emergência de políticas de desenvolvimento rural sustentável, a partir da década de 1990. A região está localizada no centro-leste do Rio Grande do Sul e se caracteriza por uma agricultura familiar implementada a partir de um processo de colonização por imigrantes europeus, em meados do século XIX. A partir da segunda metade do século XX, com a modernização da agricultura, profundas mudanças, para além do padrão técnico, provocaram transformações na dinâmica institucional local, imprimindo um novo padrão de produção e de relação com os mercados externos. Com a emergência da abordagem do desenvolvimento sustentável, a partir da década de 1990, e sua repercussão nas políticas públicas para a agricultura e o rural, e tomando-se o Pronaf como objeto, é analisado o grau de internalização dos princípios da sustentabilidade na dinâmica regional. Conclui-se que ao contrário do que ocorreu com as políticas modernizantes dos anos setenta, a região apresenta uma considerável impermeabilidade às políticas com viés da sustentabilidade. / From an institutionalist approach, emphasizing the New Institutional Economics of Douglass North and the concept of path dependence, the study aimed to understand the role of institutions in the path of Taquari Valley’s agriculture, with emphasis on the process of modernization in the 70s and 80s, and the emergence of policies for sustainable rural development from the 90s. The region is located in east-central of Rio Grande do Sul, the most meridional State from Brazil, and characterized by a family farming implemented as a process of colonization by European immigrants in the mid-nineteenth century. From the second half of the twentieth century with the modernization of agriculture, profound changes, in addition to the technical standard, led to changes in local institutional dynamics, giving a new pattern of production and relations with external markets. With the emergence of the sustainable development approach from the 90s and its implications for public policy for agriculture and rural development, and taking the Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf) as the object, we analyzed the degree of internalization of sustainability principles in regional dynamics. We conclude that contrary to what happened with the modernizing policies of the seventies, the region presents a considerable impermeability to the policies with sustainable features.

A partir de uma abordagem institucionalista, com ênfase na Nova Economia Institucional de Douglass North e no conceito de path dependence, o estudo teve por objetivo compreender o papel das instituições locais na trajetória da agricultura do Vale do Taquari, com ênfase no processo de modernização nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, e com a emergência de políticas de desenvolvimento rural sustentável, a partir da década de 1990. A região está localizada no centro-leste do Rio Grande do Sul e se caracteriza por uma agricultura familiar implementada a partir de um processo de colonização por imigrantes europeus, em meados do século XIX. A partir da segunda metade do século XX, com a modernização da agricultura, profundas mudanças, para além do padrão técnico, provocaram transformações na dinâmica institucional local, imprimindo um novo padrão de produção e de relação com os mercados externos. Com a emergência da abordagem do desenvolvimento sustentável, a partir da década de 1990, e sua repercussão nas políticas públicas para a agricultura e o rural, e tomando-se o Pronaf como objeto, é analisado o grau de internalização dos princípios da sustentabilidade na dinâmica regional. Conclui-se que ao contrário do que ocorreu com as políticas modernizantes dos anos setenta, a região apresenta uma considerável impermeabilidade às políticas com viés da sustentabilidade. / From an institutionalist approach, emphasizing the New Institutional Economics of Douglass North and the concept of path dependence, the study aimed to understand the role of institutions in the path of Taquari Valley’s agriculture, with emphasis on the process of modernization in the 70s and 80s, and the emergence of policies for sustainable rural development from the 90s. The region is located in east-central of Rio Grande do Sul, the most meridional State from Brazil, and characterized by a family farming implemented as a process of colonization by European immigrants in the mid-nineteenth century. From the second half of the twentieth century with the modernization of agriculture, profound changes, in addition to the technical standard, led to changes in local institutional dynamics, giving a new pattern of production and relations with external markets. With the emergence of the sustainable development approach from the 90s and its implications for public policy for agriculture and rural development, and taking the Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf) as the object, we analyzed the degree of internalization of sustainability principles in regional dynamics. We conclude that contrary to what happened with the modernizing policies of the seventies, the region presents a considerable impermeability to the policies with sustainable features.

A partir de uma abordagem institucionalista, com ênfase na Nova Economia Institucional de Douglass North e no conceito de path dependence, o estudo teve por objetivo compreender o papel das instituições locais na trajetória da agricultura do Vale do Taquari, com ênfase no processo de modernização nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, e com a emergência de políticas de desenvolvimento rural sustentável, a partir da década de 1990. A região está localizada no centro-leste do Rio Grande do Sul e se caracteriza por uma agricultura familiar implementada a partir de um processo de colonização por imigrantes europeus, em meados do século XIX. A partir da segunda metade do século XX, com a modernização da agricultura, profundas mudanças, para além do padrão técnico, provocaram transformações na dinâmica institucional local, imprimindo um novo padrão de produção e de relação com os mercados externos. Com a emergência da abordagem do desenvolvimento sustentável, a partir da década de 1990, e sua repercussão nas políticas públicas para a agricultura e o rural, e tomando-se o Pronaf como objeto, é analisado o grau de internalização dos princípios da sustentabilidade na dinâmica regional. Conclui-se que ao contrário do que ocorreu com as políticas modernizantes dos anos setenta, a região apresenta uma considerável impermeabilidade às políticas com viés da sustentabilidade. / From an institutionalist approach, emphasizing the New Institutional Economics of Douglass North and the concept of path dependence, the study aimed to understand the role of institutions in the path of Taquari Valley’s agriculture, with emphasis on the process of modernization in the 70s and 80s, and the emergence of policies for sustainable rural development from the 90s. The region is located in east-central of Rio Grande do Sul, the most meridional State from Brazil, and characterized by a family farming implemented as a process of colonization by European immigrants in the mid-nineteenth century. From the second half of the twentieth century with the modernization of agriculture, profound changes, in addition to the technical standard, led to changes in local institutional dynamics, giving a new pattern of production and relations with external markets. With the emergence of the sustainable development approach from the 90s and its implications for public policy for agriculture and rural development, and taking the Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf) as the object, we analyzed the degree of internalization of sustainability principles in regional dynamics. We conclude that contrary to what happened with the modernizing policies of the seventies, the region presents a considerable impermeability to the policies with sustainable features.

Esta tese propõe uma contribuição para as análises do campo obstétrico pré-natal sendo o seu objeto a transmissão e circulação do "saber autorizador" a partir das experiências de mediação tecnológica com a cardiotocografia num contexto institucional local. O principal objetivo é mostrar que o campo obstétrico contemporâneo se constrói a partir da afirmação do feto/bebê como seu símbolo dominante. Para tanto direcionei o meu olhar para a dinâmica dos agentes institucionais em torno da tecnologia da cardiotocografia, observando as relações entre o conceito de "saber autorizador" e o simbolismo dominante contextual. Embora o conceito de "saber autorizador" tenha sido originalmente proposto para a compreensão da dinâmica dos agentes do campo obstétrico, ele foi atribuído apenas aos profissionais médicos que dominam as tecnologias de controle da condição fetal, portanto, supondo que a autoridade deste saber se encontra circunscrito a este grupo de agentes. No entanto, quando se apresenta a perspectiva da incorporação deste saber pelos múltiplos agentes do campo incluindo as gestantes, encontramos o direcionamento conjunto para uma categoria central híbrida que confere autoridade tanto ao saber quanto à experiência do grupo articulado à tecnologia obstétrica. A metodologia consistiu na observação participante da dinâmica da cardiotocografia numa Maternidade Pública do município do Rio de Janeiro, incluindo entrevistas semi-estruturadas com cinco médicos, agentes a quem o saber autorizador é originalmente atribuído. As representações dos entrevistados disponibilizaram quatro categorias: a história, os valores, os instrumentos tecnológicos e as emoções que são incorporadas/corporificadas em torno da relação do saber e da experiência de cuidado com o feto/bebê. Estas categorias serviram para a análise da observação do campo, resultando na construção da nova categoria - a vitalidade fetal - que verifica o simbolismo dominante conferido pelo feto/bebê e que mostra de maneira aprofundada o movimento contemporâneo do campo obstétrico em direção à perinatologia. / This theses aims to contribute to the analysis of the prenatal obstetrical field concerning its object which is the transmission and circulation of the authoritative knowledge from technological mediated experiences with cardiotocography in a local institutional context. The main purpose is to show how the obstetrical field is built within the affirmation of the fetus/baby as its dominant symbol. To reach this consent I turned my gaze to the dynamics of cardiotocography and its relationship between the authoritative knowledge and the contextual symbolism. Although the authoritative knowledge was a concept originally intended to explain the dynamics of the obstetrical field in regard to technology, it was only attributed to medical professionals who were able to deal with the obstetrical technology, disregarding the multiple agents who embody knowledge and experience which eventually enact a central hybrid category attached to the obstetrical technology. The methodology was based on the participant observation of a public maternity in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where I also interviewed five medical professionals to whom the authoritative knowledge is attributed. Their representations disposed four categories: their history, values, technological instruments and emotions, which are all, embodied around the relationship of knowledge and experience with the fetus/baby care. These categories were used in the fieldwork analysis to verify the dominant symbolism concerning the fetus/baby and also to demonstrate the construction of a new category the fetal vitality that explains the movement of the obstetrical field towards perinatology.

Esta tese propõe uma contribuição para as análises do campo obstétrico pré-natal sendo o seu objeto a transmissão e circulação do "saber autorizador" a partir das experiências de mediação tecnológica com a cardiotocografia num contexto institucional local. O principal objetivo é mostrar que o campo obstétrico contemporâneo se constrói a partir da afirmação do feto/bebê como seu símbolo dominante. Para tanto direcionei o meu olhar para a dinâmica dos agentes institucionais em torno da tecnologia da cardiotocografia, observando as relações entre o conceito de "saber autorizador" e o simbolismo dominante contextual. Embora o conceito de "saber autorizador" tenha sido originalmente proposto para a compreensão da dinâmica dos agentes do campo obstétrico, ele foi atribuído apenas aos profissionais médicos que dominam as tecnologias de controle da condição fetal, portanto, supondo que a autoridade deste saber se encontra circunscrito a este grupo de agentes. No entanto, quando se apresenta a perspectiva da incorporação deste saber pelos múltiplos agentes do campo incluindo as gestantes, encontramos o direcionamento conjunto para uma categoria central híbrida que confere autoridade tanto ao saber quanto à experiência do grupo articulado à tecnologia obstétrica. A metodologia consistiu na observação participante da dinâmica da cardiotocografia numa Maternidade Pública do município do Rio de Janeiro, incluindo entrevistas semi-estruturadas com cinco médicos, agentes a quem o saber autorizador é originalmente atribuído. As representações dos entrevistados disponibilizaram quatro categorias: a história, os valores, os instrumentos tecnológicos e as emoções que são incorporadas/corporificadas em torno da relação do saber e da experiência de cuidado com o feto/bebê. Estas categorias serviram para a análise da observação do campo, resultando na construção da nova categoria - a vitalidade fetal - que verifica o simbolismo dominante conferido pelo feto/bebê e que mostra de maneira aprofundada o movimento contemporâneo do campo obstétrico em direção à perinatologia. / This theses aims to contribute to the analysis of the prenatal obstetrical field concerning its object which is the transmission and circulation of the authoritative knowledge from technological mediated experiences with cardiotocography in a local institutional context. The main purpose is to show how the obstetrical field is built within the affirmation of the fetus/baby as its dominant symbol. To reach this consent I turned my gaze to the dynamics of cardiotocography and its relationship between the authoritative knowledge and the contextual symbolism. Although the authoritative knowledge was a concept originally intended to explain the dynamics of the obstetrical field in regard to technology, it was only attributed to medical professionals who were able to deal with the obstetrical technology, disregarding the multiple agents who embody knowledge and experience which eventually enact a central hybrid category attached to the obstetrical technology. The methodology was based on the participant observation of a public maternity in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where I also interviewed five medical professionals to whom the authoritative knowledge is attributed. Their representations disposed four categories: their history, values, technological instruments and emotions, which are all, embodied around the relationship of knowledge and experience with the fetus/baby care. These categories were used in the fieldwork analysis to verify the dominant symbolism concerning the fetus/baby and also to demonstrate the construction of a new category the fetal vitality that explains the movement of the obstetrical field towards perinatology.