Syftet med mitt examensarbete är att ge ett bidrag till analysen av ungdomars grundläggande värderingar, genom att undersöka hur elever rangordnar och diskuterar tio instrumentella värden. Undersökningen är utförd med flermetodsforskning, där både en kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod använts, enkät och fokusgrupp. En pilotstudie används för att säkerställa god validitet och reliabilitet. Undersökningen gjordes på 20 ungdomar, tio pojkar och tio flickor, fördelade i tre åttondeklasser i samma skola. Resultatet i undersökningen visar att ungdomar mellan 14 till 15 år anser att familjen, tillsammans med frihet och rättvisa är viktigast av de tio värdena jag undersökt och att det skett vissa förändringar i jämförelse vilka värden som är viktiga idag hos ungdomar jämfört med från SOM undersökningsserie (1986-2000)

Os estereótipos que as pessoas tendem a desenvolver com relação a outras pessoas e países e, conseqüentemente, aos produtos fabricados nesses países, podem transcender as avaliações de marcas ou produtos específicos e determinar, até certo ponto, as suas intenções de compra e o seu comportamento. Este é o chamado efeito país de origem. Os trabalhos efetuados sobre o tema indicam que o efeito país de origem pode ser moderado por uma variedade de informações intrínsecas e extrínsecas sobre o produto, e por fatores ambientais e culturais. Como existem poucas pesquisas acadêmicas sobre a influência dos valores pessoais nas avaliações de diferentes países e de produtos estrangeiros, torna-se relevante um estudo que investigue esta relação. Neste contexto, a presente tese aborda o seguinte problema de pesquisa: quais valores pessoais afetam as avaliações dos consumidores sobre produtos estrangeiros, com base na imagem dos países de origem desses produtos? Especificamente, procurou-se verificar se existem diferenças na referida relação, dependendo de características demográficas dos consumidores, como sexo, idade, familiaridade com o país e formação educacional. A pesquisa empírica caracterizou-se como sendo predominantemente exploratória, utilizando o método transversal simples para a coleta dos dados. A população-alvo foi definida como sendo os alunos e ex-alunos de cursos de pós-graduação de três instituições localizadas no estado de São Paulo, representando potenciais compradores dos produtos estrangeiros. Os produtos analisados foram eletrodomésticos chineses. Como resultado, cabe destacar que os valores pessoais são um construto multidimensional, com cada dimensão exercendo uma influência diferente nas avaliações dos produtos estrangeiros. Os valores pessoais que mais afetam a avaliação de produtos estrangeiros são aqueles relacionados à dimensão Civilidade (Amoroso, Animado, Asseado, Responsável, Polido, Prestativo e Honesto). Em seguida, vêm os valores da dimensão Auto-direção (Lógico, Intelectual, Capaz, Imaginativo, Independente, Corajoso, Liberal e Ambicioso). Por último, têm-se os valores da dimensão Conformidade (Obediente, Auto-controlado e Tolerante). Concluiu-se, também, que os valores pessoais dos consumidores afetam de forma diferente a avaliação de produtos estrangeiros, dependendo de características demográficas dos consumidores, como idade, sexo, familiaridade com o país de origem e formação educacional. Previa-se que, nos consumidores mais jovens, haveria uma influência mais favorável dos valores pessoais no efeito país de origem do que nos consumidores mais velhos. No entanto, esta hipótese não foi confirmada. Outra hipótese era de que, nos consumidores do sexo masculino, haveria também uma influência mais favorável dos valores pessoais no efeito país de origem do que nos consumidores do sexo feminino. Contudo, tal hipótese também não foi confirmada. Foram também verificadas diferenças com relação aos valores pessoais que mais influenciam o efeito país de origem, dependendo do nível de familiaridade dos respondentes com a China, e da área de formação educacional (Ciências Exatas, Humanas ou Biológicas). Os resultados encontrados fornecem uma compreensão adicional sobre as influências sofridas pelo consumidor em um processo de decisão de compra. Considera-se, portanto, que foi realizado um avanço no estado da arte nas pesquisas sobre o tema efeito país de origem, uma vez que foram investigados aspectos não mensurados em outras pesquisas. A partir dos resultados da presente tese, acredita-se que profissionais e teóricos de marketing podem melhor gerenciar o uso do país de origem de um produto como uma ferramenta de marketing. Além disso, os achados desta pesquisa podem ajudar as agências governamentais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da imagem de um país a ajustar as estratégias de marca aos diferentes grupos de indivíduos no mundo, de acordo com os valores pessoais predominantes em cada grupo. / Stereotypes people tend to develop towards other people and countries and, consequently, towards the products made in these countries, can transcend specific brand or products evaluations and determine, to some extent, their purchase intentions and behavior. This is the so-called country-of-origin effect. The researches done on this subject indicate that the country-of-origin effect can be moderated by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic information about the product, and also by environmental and cultural factors. Since there are few academic papers on the influence that personal values exert on the evaluations of different countries and foreign products, a study that focuses this relation becomes relevant. In this context, the present thesis approaches the following research problem: what are the personal values that affect the consumers? evaluations of foreign products, based on these products? countries image? Specifically, it was verified if there were differences in the referred relation, depending on demographic characteristics such as gender, age, familiarity with the country and education background. The empirical research was predominantly exploratory, using the survey method for collecting the data. The target population was defined as post-graduation students and former students from three institutions located at São Paulo state, representing potential buyers of foreign products. The products under analysis were Chinese household appliances. As a result, it is worth mentioning that personal values are a multi-dimensional construct, with each dimension exerting a different influence on foreign products evaluation. The personal values that most affect foreign products evaluation are those related to the Civility dimension (Loving, Cheerful, Clean, Responsible, Polite, Helpful and Honest). Next, come the values from the Self-direction dimension (Logical, Intellectual, Capable, Imaginative, Independent, Courageous, Broad-minded and Ambitious). Last, there are the values from the Conformity dimension (Obedient, Self-controlled and Forgiving). It was concluded, moreover, that consumers? personal values differently affect the evaluation of foreign products, depending on consumers? demographic characteristics such as age, gender, familiarity with the country and education background. It was foreseen that, in younger consumers, there would be a more favorable influence of personal values in the country-of-origin effect than in the older ones. However, this hypothesis was not confirmed. Other hypothesis was that in male consumers, there would also be a more favorable influence of personal values in the country-of-origin effect than in the female ones. Nevertheless, such hypothesis was not confirmed either. There were also verified differences concerning the personal values that most influence the country-of-origin effect, depending on respondents? familiarity level with China and education background (Exact, Humanity and Biological Sciences). The results provide an additional understanding with regards to the influences consumers suffer during a purchase decision process. Therefore, it is considered that it was made an advance in the state of the art of researches about the country of origin theme, since aspects not measured in other works were investigated. With the results obtained, it is believed that marketing professionals and researchers can better manage the use of a products? country of origin as a marketing tool. Additionally, these research findings can help governmental agencies that are responsible for developing a country?s image to adjust the branding strategies to different groups of people in the world, depending on the personal values that predominate in each group.

Os estereótipos que as pessoas tendem a desenvolver com relação a outras pessoas e países e, conseqüentemente, aos produtos fabricados nesses países, podem transcender as avaliações de marcas ou produtos específicos e determinar, até certo ponto, as suas intenções de compra e o seu comportamento. Este é o chamado efeito país de origem. Os trabalhos efetuados sobre o tema indicam que o efeito país de origem pode ser moderado por uma variedade de informações intrínsecas e extrínsecas sobre o produto, e por fatores ambientais e culturais. Como existem poucas pesquisas acadêmicas sobre a influência dos valores pessoais nas avaliações de diferentes países e de produtos estrangeiros, torna-se relevante um estudo que investigue esta relação. Neste contexto, a presente tese aborda o seguinte problema de pesquisa: quais valores pessoais afetam as avaliações dos consumidores sobre produtos estrangeiros, com base na imagem dos países de origem desses produtos? Especificamente, procurou-se verificar se existem diferenças na referida relação, dependendo de características demográficas dos consumidores, como sexo, idade, familiaridade com o país e formação educacional. A pesquisa empírica caracterizou-se como sendo predominantemente exploratória, utilizando o método transversal simples para a coleta dos dados. A população-alvo foi definida como sendo os alunos e ex-alunos de cursos de pós-graduação de três instituições localizadas no estado de São Paulo, representando potenciais compradores dos produtos estrangeiros. Os produtos analisados foram eletrodomésticos chineses. Como resultado, cabe destacar que os valores pessoais são um construto multidimensional, com cada dimensão exercendo uma influência diferente nas avaliações dos produtos estrangeiros. Os valores pessoais que mais afetam a avaliação de produtos estrangeiros são aqueles relacionados à dimensão Civilidade (Amoroso, Animado, Asseado, Responsável, Polido, Prestativo e Honesto). Em seguida, vêm os valores da dimensão Auto-direção (Lógico, Intelectual, Capaz, Imaginativo, Independente, Corajoso, Liberal e Ambicioso). Por último, têm-se os valores da dimensão Conformidade (Obediente, Auto-controlado e Tolerante). Concluiu-se, também, que os valores pessoais dos consumidores afetam de forma diferente a avaliação de produtos estrangeiros, dependendo de características demográficas dos consumidores, como idade, sexo, familiaridade com o país de origem e formação educacional. Previa-se que, nos consumidores mais jovens, haveria uma influência mais favorável dos valores pessoais no efeito país de origem do que nos consumidores mais velhos. No entanto, esta hipótese não foi confirmada. Outra hipótese era de que, nos consumidores do sexo masculino, haveria também uma influência mais favorável dos valores pessoais no efeito país de origem do que nos consumidores do sexo feminino. Contudo, tal hipótese também não foi confirmada. Foram também verificadas diferenças com relação aos valores pessoais que mais influenciam o efeito país de origem, dependendo do nível de familiaridade dos respondentes com a China, e da área de formação educacional (Ciências Exatas, Humanas ou Biológicas). Os resultados encontrados fornecem uma compreensão adicional sobre as influências sofridas pelo consumidor em um processo de decisão de compra. Considera-se, portanto, que foi realizado um avanço no estado da arte nas pesquisas sobre o tema efeito país de origem, uma vez que foram investigados aspectos não mensurados em outras pesquisas. A partir dos resultados da presente tese, acredita-se que profissionais e teóricos de marketing podem melhor gerenciar o uso do país de origem de um produto como uma ferramenta de marketing. Além disso, os achados desta pesquisa podem ajudar as agências governamentais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da imagem de um país a ajustar as estratégias de marca aos diferentes grupos de indivíduos no mundo, de acordo com os valores pessoais predominantes em cada grupo. / Stereotypes people tend to develop towards other people and countries and, consequently, towards the products made in these countries, can transcend specific brand or products evaluations and determine, to some extent, their purchase intentions and behavior. This is the so-called country-of-origin effect. The researches done on this subject indicate that the country-of-origin effect can be moderated by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic information about the product, and also by environmental and cultural factors. Since there are few academic papers on the influence that personal values exert on the evaluations of different countries and foreign products, a study that focuses this relation becomes relevant. In this context, the present thesis approaches the following research problem: what are the personal values that affect the consumers? evaluations of foreign products, based on these products? countries image? Specifically, it was verified if there were differences in the referred relation, depending on demographic characteristics such as gender, age, familiarity with the country and education background. The empirical research was predominantly exploratory, using the survey method for collecting the data. The target population was defined as post-graduation students and former students from three institutions located at São Paulo state, representing potential buyers of foreign products. The products under analysis were Chinese household appliances. As a result, it is worth mentioning that personal values are a multi-dimensional construct, with each dimension exerting a different influence on foreign products evaluation. The personal values that most affect foreign products evaluation are those related to the Civility dimension (Loving, Cheerful, Clean, Responsible, Polite, Helpful and Honest). Next, come the values from the Self-direction dimension (Logical, Intellectual, Capable, Imaginative, Independent, Courageous, Broad-minded and Ambitious). Last, there are the values from the Conformity dimension (Obedient, Self-controlled and Forgiving). It was concluded, moreover, that consumers? personal values differently affect the evaluation of foreign products, depending on consumers? demographic characteristics such as age, gender, familiarity with the country and education background. It was foreseen that, in younger consumers, there would be a more favorable influence of personal values in the country-of-origin effect than in the older ones. However, this hypothesis was not confirmed. Other hypothesis was that in male consumers, there would also be a more favorable influence of personal values in the country-of-origin effect than in the female ones. Nevertheless, such hypothesis was not confirmed either. There were also verified differences concerning the personal values that most influence the country-of-origin effect, depending on respondents? familiarity level with China and education background (Exact, Humanity and Biological Sciences). The results provide an additional understanding with regards to the influences consumers suffer during a purchase decision process. Therefore, it is considered that it was made an advance in the state of the art of researches about the country of origin theme, since aspects not measured in other works were investigated. With the results obtained, it is believed that marketing professionals and researchers can better manage the use of a products? country of origin as a marketing tool. Additionally, these research findings can help governmental agencies that are responsible for developing a country?s image to adjust the branding strategies to different groups of people in the world, depending on the personal values that predominate in each group.

This thesis uses the case study of the Fallas festival in the city of Valencia (Spain), to assess the value of intangible cultural heritage. Within this framework the thesis explores a number of different issues: for example how social agents frame different qualities and benefits of cultural heritage in order to describe the value and claims for funding the arts. It finds that value assessment for claiming funds presents many challenges such as: identifying the values of the heritage in question; describing them; and ranking them according to their contribution to the public welfare. It examines the methodological techniques for assessing heritage values and goes on to discuss a number of tools that are, or could be, used for assessment. The thesis also explores how public bodies legitimise cultural funding. It examines the role of non-government arts organisations in supporting the arts. It proposes the analysis of donor decisions through a multi-attribute technique where donors state their importance to donor situations under specific conditions or attributes. Finally, it describes how the stakeholder approach can be applied for searching new ways of funding festivals. It also considers how intangible cultural heritage goods can be assessed within the process of cost-benefit evaluation. It also analyses how public bodies, as the principal supporters of culture, deal with the problem of valuing intangibles on social investments. The study uses the Fallas festival to test the research hypothesis. It uses a number of economic and statistical techniques to evaluate the Fallas Festival, these include Contingent Valuation, Choice Experiment and Descriptive and Multiatribute Statistics. The statistical techniques reveal that historical benefits are intrinsically valuable in the Fallas festival. The historical value that the members of the neighbourhood associations place on the Fallas festival justify that local social agents should support this festival. / Sánchez Royo, B. (2011). AN APPROACH TOWARDS HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/12269

The argument advanced is this thesis is that the entities that make up the environment are those that do not owe their origin to any willful creative activity but have evolved through accidental natural processes. This fact of not being willfully created makes the environment ontologically independent and confers on it intrinsic value as opposed to instrumental value. This intrinsic value is one that all the entities that make up the environment share. It is further argued that this intrinsic value is aesthetic rather than moral. Only beings that are specially endowed with certain capacities, like reflection and understanding, could be said, in the context of this work, to have intrinsic moral value in the sense of being moral agents. But as moral agents, we need to give moral considerability to all the natural entities in the environment since they share the same natural right with us, based on our common origin. So, even though the nonhuman, natural entities in the environment do not have moral rights, they have natural rights. It is further argued that this natural right could be best safeguarded in a legal framework.

The argument advanced is this thesis is that the entities that make up the environment are those that do not owe their origin to any willful creative activity but have evolved through accidental natural processes. This fact of not being willfully created makes the environment ontologically independent and confers on it intrinsic value as opposed to instrumental value. This intrinsic value is one that all the entities that make up the environment share. It is further argued that this intrinsic value is aesthetic rather than moral. Only beings that are specially endowed with certain capacities, like reflection and understanding, could be said, in the context of this work, to have intrinsic moral value in the sense of being moral agents. But as moral agents, we need to give moral considerability to all the natural entities in the environment since they share the same natural right with us, based on our common origin. So, even though the nonhuman, natural entities in the environment do not have moral rights, they have natural rights. It is further argued that this natural right could be best safeguarded in a legal framework.

This study assesses the loyalty behaviour of consumers in fast-food restaurants in Saudi Arabia by studying the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour. The sample consisted of 231 Saudis and non-Saudis living in Saudi Arabia. They were approached using the “snowball” technique. Participants were all over the age of eighteen, and they were customers of Al-Baik restaurants. Data was collected through a face-to-face questionnaire, and analyzed using SPSS software. Specifically, Cronbach’s Alpha test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis were used. Results show that significant relationships exist between the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour. It is also indicated that participants’ personalities and values were significantly related to the loyalty behaviour of consumers in Saudi Arabia. The major limitation of this study is that it was conducted in only one city, Jeddah. Therefore, additional research should be carried out in other cities with larger samples. The research results offer compelling evidence that Saudi loyalty behaviour differs from Western behaviour. Therefore, it suggests that international fast-food operators in Saudi Arabia should take local factors into account when formulating marketing strategies, such as the role of women and youth in Saudi society. This thesis makes a novel contribution to the literature, as it is the first to model the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour of consumers in a single study. It is also the first to study contributed to the literature to examine the relation between the Six Dimensional Achievement Motivation Scale (Jackson, Ahmed, and Heapy, 1976), Rokeach Value System (1973), and loyalty behaviour of consumers.