Η παρακολούθηση του ρεύματος διαρροής, και ειδικά της κυματομορφής του, είναι μια ευρύτατα διαδεδομένη τεχνική για την παρακολούθηση της επιφανειακής δραστηριότητας και κατάστασης των μονωτήρων υψηλής τάσης. Η παρακολούθηση στο πεδίο είναι απαραίτητη για να υπάρξει μια πιστή καταγραφή της δραστηριότητας και συμπεριφοράς σε πραγματικές συνθήκες, παρουσιάζει όμως σημαντικές δυσκολίες. Το πρόβλημα συνήθως παρακάμπτεται με την καταγραφή και μελέτη εξαγόμενων μεγεθών όπως η τιμή κορυφής και το φορτίο, μία προσέγγιση που οδηγεί όμως σε αμφίβολα αποτελέσματα. Η παρούσα διατριβή επικεντρώνεται στην διερεύνηση και ταξινόμηση κυματομορφών ρεύματος διαρροής καταγεγραμμένων στο πεδίο. Αρχικά, παρατίθεται μια λεπτομερής ανασκόπηση της καταγραφής και ανάλυσης ρεύματος διαρροής σε εργαστηριακές και πραγματικές συνθήκες. Στην συνέχεια, περιγράφεται το πεδίο μετρήσεων, δύο Υποσταθμοί Υψηλής Τάσης 150kV, το αναπτυχθέν λογισμικό αλλά και ο Υπαίθριος Σταθμός Δοκιμών όπου πρόκειται να αξιοποιηθούν τα αποτελέσματα. Μελετώνται περισσότερες από 100.000 κυματομορφές, που έχουν καταγραφεί σε μια περίοδο που ξεπερνάει τα δέκα έτη. Εξετάζεται και αξιολογείται το πρόβλημα του θορύβου και ταυτοποιούνται τρεις διαφορετικοί τύποι θορύβου. Εξετάζεται η επίδρασή τους στο πρόβλημα συσσώρευσης δεδομένων αλλά και στην ποιότητα της εξαγόμενης πληροφορίας. Για την αντιμετώπιση του προβλήματος εφαρμόζονται και αξιολογούνται τρεις διαφορετικές τεχνικές. Για την περαιτέρω ταξινόμησή των κυματομορφών που απεικονίζουν δραστηριότητα, χρησιμοποιούνται διάφορες τεχνικές επεξεργασίας σήματος, εξαγωγής και επιλογής χαρακτηριστικών καθώς και αναγνώρισης προτύπων όπως η Wavelet Multi-Resolution Ανάλυση, η Ανάλυση Fourier, τα Νευρωνικά Δίκτυα, το t-test, ο αλγόριθμος mRMR, ο αλγόριθμος κ-πλησιέστερων γειτόνων, ο απλός Μπεϋζιανός ταξινομητής και οι Μηχανές Διανυσμάτων Υποστήριξης. Συγκεντρωτικά, δίνεται μια συνολική εικόνα των διαφορετικών ζητημάτων που σχετίζονται με την παρακολούθηση του ρεύματος διαρροής. Παρατίθεται μια πλήρης εικόνα των κυματομορφών όπως αυτές καταγράφονται σε πραγματικές συνθήκες, υπογραμμίζοντας ιδιαιτερότητες που σχετίζονται με την φύση της εφαρμογής. Εφαρμόζονται και αξιολογούνται νέες προσεγγίσεις για την ταξινόμηση των κυματομορφών. Τα συνολικά αποτελέσματα προσφέρουν σημαντική ενίσχυση στην αποτελεσματικότητα της τεχνικής της παρακολούθησης του ρεύματος διαρροής, συμβάλλοντας σημαντικά στην μελέτη της επιφανειακής δραστηριότητας και συμπεριφοράς των μονωτήρων υψηλής τάσης. / Leakage current monitoring is a widely applied technique for monitoring surface activity and condition of high voltage insulators. Field monitoring is necessary to acquire an exact image of activity and performance in the field. However, recording, managing and interpreting leakage current waveforms, the shape of which is correlated to surface activity, is a major task. The problem is commonly by-passed with the extraction, recording and investigation of values related to peak and charge, an approach reported to produce questionable results. The present thesis focuses on the investigation and classification of field leakage current waveforms. At first, a detailed background of measuring and analyzing leakage current both in lab and field conditions is provided. Then, the monitoring sites, two 150kV Substations, as well as the developed custom-made software and the newly constructed High Voltage Test Station where the results of this thesis are to be implemented, is briefly described. More than 100.000 waveforms are investigated, recorded through a period exceeding ten years. Field related noise is thoroughly described and evaluated. Three different types of noise are identified and their impact on the size of accumulated data and on data interpretation is investigated. Three different techniques to overcome the problem are applied and evaluated. Activity portraying waveforms are further investigated. Further classification of activity portraying waveforms is performed employing signal processing, feature extraction and selection algorithms as well as pattern recognition techniques such as Wavelet Multi-Resolution Analysis, Fourier Analysis, Neural Networks (NNs), student’s t-test, minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), Naive Bayesian Classifier and Support Vector Machines (SVMs). Overall results provide a full image of the various aspects of field leakage current monitoring. A detailed image of field waveforms, revealing several new attributes, is documented. New approaches for the classification of leakage current waveforms are introduced, applied on field waveforms and evaluated. Results described in this thesis significantly enhance the effectiveness of the leakage current monitoring technique, providing a powerful tool for the investigation of surface activity and performance of high voltage insulators.

Submitted by Gustavo Nascimento (gustavo.diniz@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-01-29T11:51:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELLA CIBELE BEZERRA - TESE PPGCMAT 2014.pdf: 4550868 bytes, checksum: d91b2b560040e4f5f101c7f129c13aab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-29T11:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELLA CIBELE BEZERRA - TESE PPGCMAT 2014.pdf: 4550868 bytes, checksum: d91b2b560040e4f5f101c7f129c13aab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-03 / CNPq / Um dos principais problemas do isolamento elétrico externo é o acúmulo de contaminantes em sua superfície. A ocorrência deste evento faz com que a resistência da superfície diminua, aumentando a presença de correntes de fuga pela superfície. Entre as técnicas desenvolvidas para diminuir esse tipo de efeito, está o revestimento do isolador existente convencional (porcelana ou vidro, conforme o caso) com uma borracha de silicone que é vulcanizada à temperatura ambiente (BS). O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma mistura de borracha de silicone/alumina trihidratada/nanosílica (BS/ATH:NS) para ser usada em revestimento de isoladores elétricos de vidro. Cargas de ATH e NS foram adicionadas à BS, produzindo uma mistura feita em diferentes proporções mássicas (79/21; 77/23 e 75/25) de BS/ATH:NS, utilizada nos revestimento dos isoladores elétricos de vidro. As cargas e os revestimentos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), teste de inflamabilidade, ensaio na câmara de névoa salina, molhabilidade e avaliação da hidrofobicidade. As cargas apresentaram características morfológicas bem distintas, o que interferiu diretamente na morfologia dos revestimentos. A silanização das cargas favoreceu uma interação entre elas, assim como houve uma pequena melhora na interação das cargas com a BS. Observou-se também que no teste de inflamabilidade, os revestimentos que continham ATH, apresentaram resultados mais significativos, não havendo queima. Para os ensaios na câmara de névoa salina, o revestimento com BS/20:1 e os revestimentos com cargas silanizadas apresentaram os menores valores de corrente de fuga, o que foi comprovado com a avaliação da hidrofobicidade, na qual estes conseguiram recuperar a hidrofobicidade até HC=1 (nível de hidrofobicidade), de acordo com o guia STIR (Swedish Transmission Research Institute). / One of the main problems of external electrical isolation is due to accumulation of contaminants on its surface. The occurrence of this event causes the insulation resistance of the surface decreases, increasing the flow of leakage currents on the surface. Among the techniques developed to reduce this type of event is the coating of the conventional existing insulator (porcelain or glass, as appropriate) with a silicone rubber vulcanized at room temperature (BS). The aim of this study was to develop a mixture of silicone rubber/ alumina trihydrate/nanosílica (BS/ATH:NS) for use in coating glass electrical insulators. Loads of ATH and NS were added to BS, producing a mixture made in different mass ratios (79/21, 77/23 and 75/25) BS/ATH:NS used in the coating of glass electrical insulators. Loads and coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), flammability test, measurement salt spray chamber, test of wettability and hydrophobicity. Loads showed distinct morphological features, which directly affects the morphology of the coatings. The silanization loads favored interaction among them, as there was a small improvement in the interaction of the loads with the BS. It was also observed that the flammability test, the coatings containing ATH showed more significant results, without burning. For tests of the salt spray chamber, coat with BS/20:1 and with silanized fillers had the lowest leakage current, which was confirmed by measuring the hydrophobicity, where they managed to recover the hydrophobicity HC = 1 (level of hydrophobicity) according to STIR (Swedish Transmission Research Institute) guide.

Cette thèse traite de la manipulation de l'énergie dans trois systèmes quantiques ouverts différents dans la limite de couplage faible système-environnement, et leurs dynamiques respectives sont décrites par une équation maîtresse quantique markovienne. Dans le premier chapitre, le calcul d'une telle équation est réalisé pour un système particulier, et diverses notions de thermodynamique quantique sont introduites. Pour le premier système physique, on analyse le transport d'énergie le long de chaînes atomiques (entre 2 et 7 atomes) soumises à un rayonnement de corps noir proche de la température ambiante. Il est montré que l'efficacité du transport peut atteindre des valeurs remarquables, surpassant 100% et atteignant jusqu'à 1400% dans certaines configurations. De plus, lorsque l'efficacité est amplifiée, la portée du transport est également considérablement augmentée. Le chapitre suivante traite aussi du transport d'énergie dans des chaînes atomiques. Le système quantique est placé à l'interface d'un isolant topologique photonique (ITP), qui supporte un plasmon polariton de surface (PPS) insensible à la réflexion. Le PPS se propage le long de la chaîne atomique et assiste le transport d'énergie. La comparaison est faite entre PPSs réciproque et unidirectionnel en termes d'efficacité du transport, et il est démontré que ce dernier produit une meilleure efficacité, de plus d'un ordre de grandeur. De surcroît, divers aspects pratiques dus aux propriétés des ITPs sont mis en avant, notamment la robustesse du transport d'énergie en présence de défauts sur le parcours du PPS. Enfin, un système quantique immergé dans un champ électromagnétique hors équilibre thermique est étudié. Il est composé d'un système à trois niveaux d'énergie, jouant le rôle de machine thermique quantique à absorption, ainsi que de N atomes à deux niveaux ("qubits") qui sont affectés par l'action de la machine. Il est montré que la machine est capable de délivrer des tâches thermiques d'intensité significative sur les qubits, y compris lorsque leur nombre augmente. De plus, il est mis en évidence qu'en raison d'interactions qubit-qubit, les tâches réalisées par la machine sont distribuées parmi l'ensemble du système des qubits en interaction, de sorte que dans certains cas, même les qubits complètement découplés de la machine subissent une modification de température considérable. Ce mécanisme de distribution des tâches est analysé à travers les corrélations entre différentes partitions du système quantique. Par ailleurs, le contrôle des tâches thermiques est également discuté. / This thesis deals with energy management in open quantum systems. Three different systems are under study in the limit of weak system-environment coupling, and their dynamics is described by Markovian quantum master equations. In the first chapter, the complete derivation of such equation is performed in a specific case, and several notions of quantum thermodynamics are introduced. In the first system, energy transport is investigated along atomic chains (between 2 and 7 atoms) embedded in blackbody radiation around room temperature. It is shown that the transport efficiency can reach remarkable values, exceeding 100% and reaching 1400% in some configurations. Moreover, when the efficiency is amplified, the transport range is also considerably increased. The following chapter also deals with energy transport in atomic chains. The quantum system is located at the interface of a photonic topological insulator (PTI), supporting a unidirectional surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) immune to backscattering. The SPP propagates along the chain and assists energy transport. Comparison is made between reciprocal and unidirectional SPPs in terms of transport efficiency, and it is shown that the latter can yield an efficiency larger by one order of magnitude. In addition, several practical aspects stemming from PTIs are highlighted, including the robustness of energy transport in the presence of defects on the SPP path. In the last chapter, a quantum system embedded in an out-of-thermal-equilibrium electromagnetic field is investigated. It is composed of a three-level atom playing the role of an absorption quantum thermal machine, as well as N two-level atoms ('qubits'), with N=1,...,6, which are the target bodies. It is demonstrated that the machine is able to perform significant thermal tasks on the qubits, even when their number is increased. Moreover, it is pointed out that due to qubit-qubit interactions, the tasks delivered by the machine are distributed throughout the system of interacting qubits, such that in some cases the temperature of the qubits which are completely decoupled from the machine can still be considerably affected by it. This task-distribution mechanism is investigated by means of the correlations between different subparts of the system. In addition, the tuning of thermal tasks is discussed.

Cette thèse présente une étude sur les hétérostructures à base de mercure, cadmium et tellure (HgCdTe ou MCT) pour l'émission et la détection de radiations Térahertz (THz). En raison de leurs propriétés physiques spécifiques, les hétérostructures à base de HgCdTe devraient en effet jouer un rôle important dans les futurs dispositifs Térahertz. Parmi les autres propriétés remarquables de ces structures, les puits quantiques de HgTe/CdTe à l'épaisseur critique (environ 6,3 nm) présentent un état sans gap caractérisé par la relation de dispersion linéaire propre aux fermions Dirac sans masse. Lorsque la largeur du puits quantique dépasse la valeur critique, la structure de la bande s’inverse. Dans ce cas, ces puits deviennent des isolants topologiques bidimensionnels qui passionnent la communauté scientifique depuis une décennie. Cette inversion de bande peut être brisée en variant plusieurs paramètres physiques tels que le champ magnétique ou la température. Ces transitions de phases topologiques pourraient être très intéressantes en vue d’applications à l’électronique haute fréquence et à basse consommation d'énergie.Dans ce travail, l’accent est mis sur des dispositifs munis de grilles et présentant une structure de bande inversée. Premièrement, nous mettons en évidence la possibilité de détecter la lumière incidente Térahertz à des températures cryogéniques. Nous rapportons également une amélioration de la détection Térahertz au voisinage de la transition de phase topologique induite par le champ magnétique et proche du point de neutralité de charge. Deuxièmement, nous observons sans ambiguïté la transition de phase induite par la température entre l'état isolant topologique et l'état isolant de l’effet Hall quantique, par des expériences de magnéto-transport. Ensuite, en utilisant la technique de détection Térahertz non résonnante, nous avons retracé avec succès les niveaux de Landau du puits et défini précisément le champ magnétique critique correspondant à la transition de phase quantique. Nous avons constaté que cette technique Térahertz peut être utilisée dans chaque échantillon avec grille sans besoin de quatre contacts de mesure ni de traitement de données mathématiques.En ce qui concerne les émetteurs Térahertz, nous présentons ici nos résultats sur l'émission stimulée d'hétérostructures de HgCdTe dans leur état semi-conducteur conventionnel à des fréquences supérieures à 30 THz. Nous discutons des mécanismes physiques impliqués et des voies prometteuses vers le domaine de fréquence entre 5 et 15 THz. Malgré le fait que les principaux matériaux pour les lasers solides à grandes longueurs d'ondes sont des hétérostructures basées sur les semi-conducteurs III-V, leurs bandes Reststrahlen rendent cette gamme de fréquences inaccessible pour les lasers à base de III-V (y compris les lasers à cascade quantique) même à des températures cryogéniques. Étant donné que la bande d'absorption du réseau cristallin dans les hétérostructures à base de Hg1-xCdxTe est décalée vers des longueurs d'onde plus grandes, ces composés (avec x <0,21) semblent être très prometteurs en tant que lasers solides Térahertz. / This thesis presents an investigation of mercury-cadmium-telluride (HgCdTe or MCT) based heterostructures for emission and detection of Terahertz (THz) radiations. Due to their specific physical properties, HgCdTe-based heterostructures are indeed expected to play an important role in future terahertz systems. Among other remarkable properties, HgTe/CdTe-based quantum wells (QWs) at the critical thickness (about 6.3 nm), exhibit a gapless state characterized by the linear energy-momentum law of massless Dirac fermions. When the QW width exceeds this critical value, the energy band structure becomes inverted. In this case, these QWs are shown to be two-dimensional topological insulators that attract since the last decade a great fundamental interest. This band inversion can be broken by varying several external physical parameters as magnetic field or temperature. These so-called topological phase transitions could be of high interest for future low-energy consumption and high frequency electronics.Here, focusing on gated devices presenting inverted band ordering, we first evidence the possibility to detect THz incident light at cryogenic temperatures. We also report on an enhancement of the terahertz photoconductive response in the vicinity of the magnetic field driven topological phase transition and close to the charge neutrality point. Secondly, we observed unambiguously the temperature driven phase transition between the topological insulator state and the usual quantum Hall insulator state by magneto-transport experiments. Then, using the non-resonant THz detection technique, we successfully imaged the QWs Landau levels and defined precisely the critical magnetic field corresponding to the quantum phase transition. We found that this THz technique can be used in every gated sample without need neither for four contacts devices nor mathematical data processing.Regarding terahertz emitters, we present here our results on stimulated emission of HgCdTe heterostructures in their conventional semiconductor state above 30 THz, discussing the physical mechanisms involved and promising routes towards the 5–15 THz frequency domain. Despite the fact that the leading materials for long wavelength solid-state lasers are heterostructures based on III-V semiconductors, their Reststrahlen bands makes this frequency range inaccessible for III-V-based lasers (including quantum cascade lasers) even at cryogenic temperatures. Since the lattice absorption band in Hg1-xCdxTe-based heterostructures is shifted to longer wavelengths, these compounds with (x<0.21) seem to be very promising as interband solid-state THz lasers.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-17T16:49:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RENATA GARCIA DUTRA DE OLIVEIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEE) 2017.pdf: 2837305 bytes, checksum: 244c93af337ec0f89cf4eb7ae057d905 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T16:49:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RENATA GARCIA DUTRA DE OLIVEIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEE) 2017.pdf: 2837305 bytes, checksum: 244c93af337ec0f89cf4eb7ae057d905 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Capes / A análise da variação de temperatura ao longo do isolador, por meio da termografia, pode consistir em um dos métodos mais eficazes de avaliação de isoladores em serviço, pois considera o efeito combinado da poluição, do estresse elétrico, defeitos internos e das condições ambientais. No entanto, analisar apenas de modo visual imagens termográficas é difícil e, muitas vezes, apenas os engenheiros especializados são capazes de fazer julgamentos corretos. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma técnica para análise de imagens termográficas baseada em expansão não-linear de sinais, equalização de histogramas e análise de componentes principais com o objetivo de auxiliar no diagnóstico do nível de degradação de isoladores poliméricos. O processamento digital das imagens termográficas permitiu a obtenção dos valores de temperatura que indicam o comportamento térmico dos isoladores sob inspeção. Ensaios em laboratório foram realizados com isoladores poliméricos de 230 kV, com diferentes níveis de degradação, com a finalidade de captar imagens utilizando uma câmera de detecção de radiação infravermelha. Os resultados evidenciam a eficiência da metodologia desenvolvida, atuando de forma semiautomática no processamento digital de imagens termográficas, para obtenção do perfil térmico dos isoladores inspecionados. Com base nos produtos do processamento digital das imagens termográficas, tem-se uma melhor avaliação dos níveis de degradação em que se encontram os isoladores, além de auxiliar de forma eficiente a tomada de decisão para a classificação dos seus estados operacionais. / The analysis of the temperature variation along the insulator through thermography can be one of the most effective methods of evaluating insulators in service, for it considers the combined effect of pollution, electrical stress, internal defects and environmental conditions. However, analyses based only on visual inspection of images are not enough. In fact, only specialized engineers are able to make correct judgments. In this work a computational routine was developed, based on the digital image processing. The routine utilizes the signal nonlinear expansion technique, histogram equalization and principal component analysis. The digital processing of the thermographic images is used to obtain the temperature values that indicate the thermal behavior of the insulators under inspection. Laboratory tests were performed with 230 kV polymeric insulators with different levels of degradation in order to capture images using an infrared radiation detection camera. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the digital thermographic imaging technique to obtain the thermal profile of the insulators inspected. Based on the products of the digital processing of the thermographic images, we have a better evaluation of the degradation levels of the insulators, besides efficiently support to the classification of the operational states of the insulators.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-25T18:49:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GIRLENE LIMA RIBEIRO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEE) 2017.pdf: 3769966 bytes, checksum: 1e2c04beeac23084837591c1bfec0869 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-25T18:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GIRLENE LIMA RIBEIRO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEE) 2017.pdf: 3769966 bytes, checksum: 1e2c04beeac23084837591c1bfec0869 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / CNPq / Nesta pesquisa é desenvolvida uma metodologia para aprimoramento da classificação de isoladores poliméricos por medições termográficas e radiação UV utilizando o Processamento Digital de Imagens (PDI) e Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs). A metodologia é baseada na análise da ocorrência de descargas corona e nas variações de temperatura ao longo do isolador a fim de classificá-los quanto seu estado de degradação. Cada isolador utilizado foi submetido à tensão de 133 kV fase-terra durante um período de 30 minutos, com o objetivo de ocasionar aquecimento e evidenciar descargas corona nos isoladores. As medições foram realizadas utilizando um detector de corona para medição de UV e os dados de temperatura foram adquiridos utilizando-se um termovisor. As imagens adquiridas pelos instrumentos de monitoramento, durante os ensaios, foram submetidas a um processamento digital de imagem, para extrair informações de densidade de pixels, persistência das descargas e distâncias relativas das áreas de descargas ao isolador. A partir de informações obtidas de imagens de infravermelho (temperatura) foi aplicada a estatística descritiva e o teste discriminante de Fisher, para apresentar ao sistema de classificação, parâmetros objetivos e com alto nível de separabilidade. O sistema de classificação utilizou RNA para determinar o estado de degradação dos isoladores. A classificação foi realizada de forma individual e combinada, com vetores formados pelos atributos UV e infravermelho. O sistema desenvolvido permitiu o auxílio à tomada de decisões quanto à necessidade de intervenção ou não aos isoladores. A classificação dos isoladores, de forma individual, obteve acurácia média para temperatura de 80,00% e UV 74,05%. A classificação dos isoladores, de forma combinada (UV e infravermelho), obteve acurácia média de 92,58%, evidenciando o aprimoramento na classificação. / This research presents a methodology for the improvement of the classification of polymeric insulators by using thermographic measurements and UV radiation in combination with Digital Image Processing (DIP) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The methodology is based on the analysis of the occurrence of corona discharges and temperature variations along the insulator in order to classify their stage of degradation. Each insulator was subjected to the 133 kV phase-to-ground voltage over a period of 30 minutes, in order to cause heating and corona discharges in the insulators. The experiments were performed using a corona detector for UV measurement and the temperature data were acquired using a thermal imager. The images acquired by the monitoring instruments during the tests were subjected to digital image processing to extract information of pixel density, persistence of discharges and relative distances from the discharge areas to the insulator. From information obtained through infrared (temperature) images descriptive statistics and Fisher's discriminant test were applied to present objective parameters with high level of separability to the classification system. The classification system used ANN to determine the insulators degradation state. The classification was performed in individual and in combination ways, with vectors formed by UV and infrared attributes. The developed system helped on the decision making, concerning to the necessity of intervention or not to the insulators. The classification of the insulators, in an individual way, obtained accuracy for temperature of 80.00% and UV 74.05%. The classification of the isolators, combined (UV and infrared), obtained an average accuracy of 92.58%, evidencing the improvement in the classification.

Neste trabalho foram estudadas as fases topológicas não triviais presentes em sistemas formados pela deposição de átomos de grafeno. Encontramos que quando um átomo hibridiza fortemente com o grafeno, apresenta um momento magnético e um forte spin-órbirta é possível a formação de uma rede hexagonal de baricentros que efetivamente gera uma estrutura de bandas característica de um efeito hall quântico anômalo. Especificamente, determinamos que o Ru satisfaz estas características. Quando este metal é depositado em uma configuração triangular no grafeno ocorrem picos na densidade de estados localizados no centro geométrico (baricentro) dos triângulos formados pelos Ru. Estes picos estão distribuídos de forma hexagonal e efetivamente geram uma estrutura de bandas que nas proximidades do nível de Fermi apresenta uma configuração de spin característica do efeito Hall quântico anômalo. Adicionalmente, encontramos que o sistema composto pela absorção de Ba ou Sr no grafeno favorece a formação do efeito Hall quântico de spin. Neste sistema, o acoplamento spin-órbita (SOC) gera um gap mais de 1000 vezes maior ao período no grafeno prístino. Para o estudo destes sistemas, implementamos no código SIESTA a aproximação on-site do acoplamento spin-órbita via o formalismo dos pseudopotenciais relativísticos de norma conservada. Nossa implementação foi testada a partir do estudo de fenômenos já conhecidos: i) o strong spin-splitting gerado no grafeno pela adsorção de Au, ii) o efeito hall quântico de spin no poço quântico de HgTe/CdTe e, iii) a formação de estados topológicos na superfície do Bi2Se3 e as fases magnéticas deste material com átomos de Mn adsorvidos. / In this work, were studied the non-trivial topological phases present in systems formed by deposition of atoms in graphene. We found that when an atom hybridizes strongly with grapheme, has a magnetic moment and a strong spin-orbit it is possible the formation of a hexagonal network of barycentres that effectively generates a structure band characteristic of a quantum anomalous Hall effect. Specifically, we determined that Ru satisfies these characteristics. When this metal is deposited in a triangular configuration in grapheme, peaks occur in the density of localized states in the geometric center (centroid) of the triangles formed by Ru. These peaks are distributed in a hexagonal structure and effectively generates a band structure that near the Fermi level has a spin configuration characteristic of the spin quantum Hall effect anomalous. Additionally, we found that the system composed by the adsorption of Ba or Sr in grapheme, promotes the formation of spin quantum Hall effect. In this system, the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) generates a gap more than 1000 times grater that predicted in pristine praphene. To study these systems, wu implemented in the code SIESTA the on-site approach of the spin-orbit coupling throught the formalism of norm conserved relativistic pseudo potentials. Our implementation was tested from the study of phenomena already known: i) the strong spin-splitting generated in graphene by adsorption of Au, ii) the quantum spin Hall effect in quantum well of HgTe / CdTe and, iii) formation of topological states in the surface of Bi2Se3 and the magnetic of this material with Mn atoms adsorved.

O presente trabalho faz um estudo do efeito do campo elétrico sobre a eficiência de separação de buracos e elétrons gerados, por um pulso de luz, numa camada próxima da superfície de um isolante. Obtém-se a fração de portadores que é retirada da camada superficial, pelo campo elétrico aplicado, e que entra no interior da amostra. Assume-se que o excesso de carga é instantaneamente produzido por um pulso de luz fortemente absorvido, e que os eletrodos são bloqueantes, evitando injeção secundária. A solução analítica exata é obtida para o caso em que os elétrons e buracos são criados aos pares, e estão sujeitos à recombinação do tipo bimolecular. Num segundo caso, considera-se o mecanismo de fotogeração extrínseco, e os buracos livres podem se recombinar indiretamente com elétrons aprisionados e os elétrons livres podem ser capturados por armadilhas profundas. Impondo-se a condição de que os buracos são muito mais móveis que os elétrons, obtêm-se uma solução numérica que é apresentada graficamente / The effect of the electric field on the efficiency of separation of electrons and holes generated by a strongly absorbed light pulse is studied in two cases. The fraction of carriers that enters the electrode and the one that goes into the sample is calculated assuming instantaneous generation. In the first, carriers are created in pairs and bimolecular recombination prevails. In the second, a photo-generation extrinsic mechanism is assumed, in which generated free holes recombine with trapped electrons present at the surface and electrons excited, out of traps may be captured again. In this last case, the mobility of the holes is assumed to be much larger than the one of the electrons. The numerical solution was found and conveniently ploted

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The observation of the quantum spin Hall effect in the HgTe/CdTe heterostructure triggered the study of materials exhibiting a spin polarized electronic current at their surfaces/ interfaces. These states are topologically protected against perturbations preserving time reversal symmetry and presenting a linear dispersion, forming a Dirac cone. However, non-magnetic perturbations (that preserve time reversal symmetry) will certainly affect these surface/interface states. In this work we user the density functional theory to characterize the topologically protected states of the (001) HgTe/CdTe heterostructure. We observed that for a correct description of the HgTe band structure we use a GGA+U method. The topological states showed a Rashba-like in-plane spin texture. We analyzed the effects of external pressures and electric fields in the HgTe/CdTe heterostructures. We show that these perturbations modify the energetics and dispersion of the protected states, although not destroying the topological phase. Also, we study defects like antisite, vacancy and a Fe magnetic impurity at the interface of the (001) HgTe/CdTe heterostructure. We show that the antisite and the vacancy do not affect the spin polarization nor the energy dispersion of the protected states. On the other hand, the magnetic impurity significantly affects the topological states, degrading the spin polarization for the states close to the magnetic impurity and inducing out-of-plane spin components. Further, we study the (001) HgTe surface for different thicknesses of the HgTe sample, and with different terminations (Hg and Te). To the (001) HgTe samples with a thickness of 38 Å , the spin polarized states do not show a linear dispersion, however, when the thickness is increased we observe the formation of spin-polarized surface states with linear dispersion, characterizing the formation of a Dirac cone. Also, we show that biaxial pressures modify the energy dispersion of the spin polarized states. Finally, we study materials that turn topological insulators under external pressures as the anti-perovskite structures Sr3BiN and Ca3BiN, using the self-consistent GW method. We show that these materials present an inversion of the Bi-pz and Bi-s band edge states when subjected to biaxial tensile stress. We conclude that these materials can be characterized Topological Insulators under pressure. / A observação do efeito Spin Hall Quântico na heteroestrutura HgTe/CdTe motivou o estudo de materiais que exibem uma corrente eletrônica spin-polarizada nas suas interfaces/ superfícies. Estes estados são topologicamente protegidos frente a perturbações que preservam a simetria de reversão temporal e apresentam uma dispersão linear formando um Cone de Dirac. Entretanto, perturbações não-magnéticas (que preservam a reversão temporal) irão certamente afetar estes estados de interface/superfície. Neste trabalho, usamos a Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT), para caracterizar os estados topologicamente protegidos da heteroestrutura HgTe/CdTe (001), que é um Isolante Topológico (IT) 2D. Para uma descrição mais correta das posições dos níveis na estrutura de bandas do HgTe, nós usamos o método GGA+U. Na heteroestrutura, a caracterização dos estados topologicamente protegidos mostrou uma textura de spin no plano da interface, do tipo Rashba. Analisamos os efeitos de perturbações externas na heteroestrutura HgTe/CdTe (001), como pressões e campo elétrico. Mostramos que ambas perturbações modificam a energia do ponto de cruzamento e a dispersão dos estados protegidos, mas não destroem a fase topológica. Estudamos também a presença de defeitos na interface HgTe/CdTe (001), como um anti-sítio, uma vacância e uma impureza magnética de Fe. A presença de um anti-sítio e de uma vacância não afetam a polarização de spin dos estados protegidos e nem sua dispersão. Por outro lado, a presença de uma impureza magnética afeta significantemente estes estados, degradando a polarização de spin para os estados próximos a impureza magnética e fazendo que o sistema apresente componentes de spin fora do plano da interface/superfície. Além disso, estudamos a superfície de HgTe com diferentes espessuras (38, 64, e 129 Å ) e terminações (Hg e Te). Para as estruturas com uma espessura de 38 Å , os estados com polarização de spin não apresentam uma dispersão linear, entretanto, quando aumentamos a espessura do material, observamos a formação dos estados de superfície com uma dispersão linear e polarização de spin, caracterizando a formação do cone de Dirac. Mostramos também, que pressões biaxiais modificam a dispersão dos estados com polarização de spin. Realizamos um estudo de materiais que são Isolantes Topológicos quando submetidos a pressões externas. Neste caso estudamos as estruturas antiperovsquitas Sr3BiN e Ca3BiN, usando método GW auto-consistente. Mostramos que esses materiais apresentam uma inversão dos níveis de energia Bi-pz e Bi-s quando sujeitos a pressão externa biaxial distensiva. Concluímos que estes materiais podem ser caracterizados como Isolantes Topológicos sob pressão.

Cette thèse présente de nouveaux développements en détection de particules chargées et traitement tout-numérique d'impulsions pour application à l'analyse avec des faisceaux d'ions rapides (IBA). Un ensemble de 16 détecteurs gravés sur une puce de Si est mis en œuvre, ce qui fournit un angle solide de détection environ 100 fois plus grande que celle des détecteurs utilisés auparavant pour l'IBA. Seize chaines d'acquisition sont également mises en œuvre avec une approche 'tout-numérique' pour le traitement des signaux issus des détecteurs. Dans son ensemble, le système ainsi développé a une résolution en énergie équivalent à celle des détecteurs standards. La considérable quantité d'information ainsi générée est traitée de manière cohérente en ajustant des spectres en énergie simulé aux spectres mesurés grâce à un algorithme de recuit simulé, avec le NDF DataFurnace. Les grandes angles solides disponibles sont exploitées pour des études par rétrodiffusion de Rutherford (RBS) et canalisation d'ions de l'isolant topologique Bi2Se3 enrichi en fer en vue d'études de l'effet thermoélectrique, de spintronique ou encore la computation quantique, ainsi que pour des études par RBS et analyse par réactions nucléaires (NRA) de matériaux pour la photovoltaïque organique, basés sur tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) comme photo-absorbant avec oxydes de métaux de transition pour injection de charge. / This thesis presents new developments in charged particle detection and digital pulse processing for application in analysis with fast ion beams - Ion Beam Analysis (IBA). In particular a charged particle detector array, consisting of 16 independent charged particle detectors on a single silicon chip is implemented giving an overall solid angle of detection around two orders of magnitude greater than the standard charged particle detectors used in IBA. Sixteen parallel data acquisition channels are implemented using a fully digital approach for nuclear pulse processing. The overall system has an energy resolution equivalent to that of standard detectors. The large amount of data generated is handled in a self-consistent way by spectrum fitting with a simulated annealing algorithm via the NDF DataFurnace. The large solid angles thus achieved are exploited in Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and ion channelling studies of the topological insulator Bi2Se3 enriched in Fe, in view of studies of the thermo-electric effect, spintronics and quantum computing, and in RBS and Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) studies of organic photovoltaic materials based on tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) as the photo-absorber and transition metal oxide charge injectors.