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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

Principes du repliement de la chromatine dévoilés par la microscopie super-résolue multi-couleurs / Principles of the Higher-Order Chromatin Folding Unveiled by Multicolor Superresolution Microscopy

Georgieva, Mariya 08 December 2015 (has links)
La relation entre le repliement du génome et les processus cellulaires majeurs, notamment la transcription, la réparation de l’ADN et la réplication est une question biologique centrale. De nouvelles méthodes de la génomique ont révélé un niveau inconnu de l’architecture tridimensionnelle de la chromatine. A l’échelle en dessous de la mégabase, certaines séquences génomiques se trouvent préférentiellement à proximité les unes des autres formant ainsi des domaines topologiques associés (TAD). Les gènes situés dans le même TAD ont des propriétés épigénétiques similaires, et leur expression au cours de la différentiation semble corrélée, ce qui suggère un lien fort entre la structure de la chromatine et la transcription. Les TADs sont à leur tour séparés par des régions avec peu de contacts, appelées frontières, qui sont généralement occupées par des protéines dites isolatrices. Les déterminants de cette organisation chromatinienne particulière et ses implications fonctionnelles sont largement méconnus. Selon une hypothèse récente, les TADs seraient formés par des contacts entre les séquences des frontières, stabilisés par la formation de boucles via les protéines isolatrices. Les travaux présentés ici ont pour but d’étudier le rôle des protéines isolatrices dans le mécanisme de formation des TADs chez la drosophile. La microscopie super-résolue a été implémentée et une série de développements ont été réalisés en microscopie à illumination structurée (SIM) et la microscopie à localisation de molécules uniques (SMLM), avec une attention particulière sur le marquage fluorescent. Ces développements ont directement été appliqués à l’étude de l’organisation nucléaire de la protéine associée aux éléments frontières (BEAF), une des 11 protéines isolatrices identifiées à ce jour chez la drosophile. Le fort enrichissement aux frontières des TADs, ainsi que son activité dans la formation de boucles d’ADN font de BEAF un candidat intéressant pour tester l’hypothèse de regroupement de frontières comme mécanisme général de repliement de la chromatine. La technique SMLM multi-couleurs a systématiquement localisé BEAF à la périphérie des larges domaines portant la marque épigénétique H3K27me3. L’analyse quantitative des images SMLM a révélé que BEAF forme des centaines de foyers d’une taille de 45 nm, composés en moyenne de 5 molécules, ce qui est en désaccord avec la présence de boucles de chromatine à large échelle. Afin de tester le regroupement de gènes directement au niveau de l’ADN, des frontières ont été marquées par des oligonucléotides fluorescents. Le nombre de foyers détectés par SIM s’est à nouveau révélé incompatible avec le modèle de contacts entre les frontières tout le long du génome. Par ailleurs, les distances entre paires de frontières au niveau de deux régions génomiques ont montré <5% de contacts. Ensemble, ces résultats sont en désaccord avec l’établissement d’interactions entre barrières chez la drosophile. Enfin, ces travaux de thèse ont contribué au développement méthodologique de la microscopie super-résolue, ce qui a permis d’apporter des preuves expérimentales invalidant le modèle de regroupement des frontières comme mécanisme général du repliement chromatinien. / The interplay between genome folding and key cellular functions such as transcription, DNA repair and replication is a fundamental question in chromatin biology. Recent genome-wide developments unveiled a new level of three-dimensional chromatin architecture. At the sub-megabase scale, some genome sequences are preferentially found in proximity with one another forming Topologically Associating Domains (TADs). Genes located within the same TAD display common epigenetic properties and tend to have coordinated dynamics of expression during differentiation, suggesting a strong link between chromatin structure and transcription. TADs are in turn separated by regions of low contact, termed TAD borders, which are generally occupied by factors called chromatin insulators. What are the determinants of this particular type of chromatin organization and what are the functional implications is still largely unknown. In an emerging hypothesis, TADs could be formed through contacts between TAD border sequences stabilized by the looping activity of insulator proteins. This thesis investigates the roles of insulator proteins in the TAD formation mechanism using Drosophila melanogaster as model system. Superresolution imaging was implemented and a series of developments were performed in Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) and Single-molecule Localization Microscopy (SMLM), with particular attention on fluorescent labeling for single-molecule detection. These developments were directly applied to study the nuclear organization of the Boundary Element Associated Factor (BEAF), one of the 11 insulator proteins discovered to date in Drosophila. The strong enrichment on TAD borders and its demonstrated looping activity make BEAF a potent candidate to test for the clustering of TAD borders as a general mechanism of chromatin folding. Multicolor SMLM systematically located BEAF foci at the periphery of large H3K27me3 chromatin domains. Quantitative analysis of SMLM images indicated BEAF forms hundreds of 45 nm foci, containing a mean of 5 molecules, which argues against a large-scale looping of BEAF-bound chromatin. To directly probe for gene clustering at the DNA level, TAD borders were labeled using fluorescent oligonucleotide probes. The number of foci detected by SIM was once more incompatible with a model of chromosome-wide contacting of multiple TAD borders. Furthermore, TAD border pairs distances were measured in two genomic regions, resulting in <5% of paired contacts among the measured barriers. Taken together, these results are inconsistent with constitutive interactions between consecutive or non-consecutive barriers in Drosophila.In conclusion, this study contributed to the methodological development of super-resolution microscopy which was applied to provide experimental evidence invalidating the TAD border clustering model as a general mechanism of chromatin folding.
222

Magneto-spectroscopy of Dirac matter : graphene and topological insulators / Magnéto-spectroscopie de la matière de Dirac : graphène et isolants topologiques

Phuphachong, Thanyanan 20 September 2017 (has links)
Ce travail consiste en l'étude sous champ magnétique des propriétés électroniques des fermions de Dirac relativistes dans deux systèmes: graphène et isolants topologiques. Leur analogie avec la physique des hautes énergies et leurs applications potentielles ont suscité récemment de nombreux travaux. Les états électroniques sont donnés par un Hamiltonien de Dirac et la dispersion est analogue à celle des particules relativistes. La masse au repos est liée au gap du matériau avec une vitesse de Fermi remplaçant la vitesse de la lumière. Le graphène a été considéré comme un " système école " qui nous permet d'étudier le comportement relativiste des fermions de Dirac sans masse satisfaisant une dispersion linéaire. Quand un système de Dirac possède un gap non nul, nous avons des fermions de Dirac massifs. Les fermions de Dirac sans masse et massifs ont été étudiés dans le graphène épitaxié et les isolants topologiques cristallins Pb1-xSnxSe et Pb1-xSnxTe. Ces derniers systèmes sont une nouvelle classe de matériaux topologiques où les états de bulk sont isolants mais les états de surface sont conducteurs. Cet aspect particulier résulte de l'inversion des bandes de conduction et de valence du bulk ayant des parités différentes, conduisant à une transition de phase topologique. La magnéto-spectroscopie infrarouge est une technique idéale pour sonder ces matériaux de petit gap car elle fournit des informations quantitatives sur les paramètres du bulk via la quantification de Landau des états électroniques. En particulier, la transition de phase topologique est caractérisée par une mesure directe de l'indice topologique. / This thesis reports on the study under magnetic field of the electronic properties of relativistic-like Dirac fermions in two Dirac systems: graphene and topological insulators. Their analogies with high-energy physics and their potential applications have attracted great attention for fundamental research in condensed matter physics. The carriers in these two materials obey a Dirac Hamiltonian and the energy dispersion is analogous to that of the relativistic particles. The particle rest mass is related to the band gap of the Dirac material, with the Fermi velocity replacing the speed of light. Graphene has been considered as a “role model”, among quantum solids, that allows us to study the relativistic behavior of massless Dirac fermions satisfying a linear dispersion. When a Dirac system possesses a nonzero gap, we have massive Dirac fermions. Massless and massive Dirac fermions were studied in high-mobility multilayer epitaxial graphene and in topological crystalline insulators Pb1-xSnxSe and Pb1-xSnxTe. The latter system is a new class of topological materials where the bulk states are insulating but the surface states are conducting. This particular aspect results from the inversion of the lowest conduction and highest valence bulk bands having different parities, leading to a topological phase transition. Infrared magneto-spectroscopy is an ideal technique to probe these zero-gap or narrow gap materials since it provides quantitative information about the bulk parameters via the Landau quantization of the electron states. In particular, the topological phase transition can be characterized by a direct measurement of the topological index.
223

Mott-Hubbard Phenomena : Studies Within The Local Approximation

Majumdar, Pinaki 10 1900 (has links)
No description available.
224

Developmental Studies On Separately Cooled Sheet Wound Gas Insulated Transformer - Modeling Of Electromagnetic Forces, Surge Voltage And Steady State Current Distribution In The Windings

Ray, Ayonam 03 1900 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
225

Supercondutividade em semimetais e isolantes topológicos / Superconductivity in semimetals and topological insulators

Báring, Luís Augusto Gomes, 1983- 22 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Iakov Veniaminovitch Kopelevitch / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T01:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baring_LuisAugustoGomes_D.pdf: 21081310 bytes, checksum: 275f0ba5ff80d6f9f19f53cf8316e1a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: No presente trabalho estudamos os semimetais bismuto Bi, antimônio Sb e Bi1-xSbx, materiais com propriedades topologicamente não triviais. Observamos a ocorrência de supercondutividade intrínseca em bismuto com TC »= 8:5K. Construímos, a partir dos dados de magnetização e resistência, o diagrama de fase do campo crítico H versus a temperatura T. Esse diagrama de fase, pode ser ajustado segundo modelos da literatura válidos para supercondutividade granular. Detectamos, no bismuto, o aumento da corrente Josephson e acoplamento intergranular no limite quântico devidos à quantização de Landau. Isso se manifesta como uma supercondutividade reentrante. Foi também encontrada transição tipo metal-isolante induzida por campo magnético em todos os materiais estudados. O diagrama de fase H versus T mostra uma extraordinária semelhança entre os três materiais. A amostra Bi1-xSbx, com x = 0:052, revelou a ocorrência de transição semimetal-isolante topológico já em campo magnético zero. Fizemos uma comparação com resultados anteriores da literatura, analisando a dependência da temperatura em que ocorre essa transição em relação à concentração de antimônio x e ao campo magnético B e demonstramos a similaridade entre eles. Observamos, também, supercondutividade nos semimetais bismuto, antimônio e no Bi1-xSbx, induzida por dopagem com os metais ouro e índio, e mostramos que a supercondutividade está associada à interface entre os metais e os semimetais. Finalmente, encontramos a indução de supercondutividade mediante a aplicação de campo magnético em bismuto, consistente com a ocorrência de férmions de Majorana na interface entre esse material e a tinta prata usada para os contatos. Tal observação pode ser devida, também, à ocorrência de um estado supercondutor fora do equilíbrio. / Abstract: In this work we studied the semimetals bismuth Bi, antimony Sb and Bi1-xSbx, all of them with non-trivial topologic properties. We observed an intrinsic superconductivity in bismuth, with TC »= 8:5 K. The phasediagram of the critical field H versus the temperature T, based upon the magnetization and resistance data, may be well fitted according to theoretical models valid for granular superconductivity. We also detected, in bismuth, the increase of the Josephson current and interganular coupling in the quantum limit due to Landau quantization. This manifests itself as a reentrant superconducting state. Our results revealed a metal-insulator transition triggered by magnetic field, for all the studied materials. The phase diagram H ¡T shows a striking similarity between them. The sample Bi1-xSbx with x = 0:052 demonstrated a semimetal-insulator transition even at zero field. We compared our results with previous results of other groups and analyzed the temperature dependence of the transition as a function of the antimony amount x and the magnetic field B and demonstrated their similarity. We also observed supeerconductivity in the semimetals bismuth, antimony and Bi1-xSbx, triggered by doping with the metals gold and indium, and showed that the superconductivity is associated to the interface between the metals and the semimetals. Finally, we found the superconductivity induced by the aplication of magnetic field in bismuth, consistent with the Majorana fermions present in the interface between this material and the silver paste contacts. This may also be related to a non-equilibrium superconduting state. / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências
226

Développement de composites bio-sourcés destinés à l’isolation des bâtiments / Development of bio-based composites for building insulation

Viel, Marie 23 November 2018 (has links)
L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer de nouveaux matériaux isolants bio-sourcés pour le bâtiment qui contribuent à réduire leurs impacts environnementaux. Les matériaux développés doivent avoir une faible énergie grise et une faible empreinte carbone. Ils doivent également contribuer à réduire les besoins énergétiques des bâtiments tout en assurant un confort hygrothermique élevé des utilisateurs. Tout d'abord, des matières premières d'origine agricole (chènevottes, anas de lin, paille de blé, paille de colza et rafles de maïs) sont caractérisées d'un point de vue chimique, physique, hygrothermique et mécanique, dans la perspective de développer des composites bio-sourcés destinés à l’isolation des bâtiments. Leur composition chimique se révèle intéressante pour le développement d'un liant vert. Une étude visant à évaluer cette aptitude est donc réalisée. A l'issue de cette dernière, deux liants correspondants à des extractions réalisées sur les rafles de maïs et sur les fines de lin sont retenus. D'autres liants provenant de l’industrie sont également sélectionnés pour la confection de composites. Puis des composites sont fabriqués pour étudier l'influence des granulats, du liant, de la granulométrie des granulats, de la réalisation d'un pré-traitement alcalins des granulats et de la pression de compaction appliquée lors de la mise en œuvre des composites sur leurs performances hygrothermiques ainsi que leurs propriétés mécaniques. Enfin, la résistance à l'immersion accidentelle et à l'humidité ainsi que la réaction au feu des formulations les plus prometteuses sont étudiées. / The aim of this thesis is to develop new bio-based building insulating materials which contribute to reduce their environmental impacts. The developed materials shall have low embodied energy and low carbon footprint. They shall contribute to reduce energy needs of buildings and to ensure high hygrothermal comfort of users. First, raw materials from agricultural resources (hemp shiv, flax shiv, wheat straw, rape straw and corn cobs) are characterized from a chemical, physical, hygrothermal and mechanical point of view, with a aim of developing bio-based composites for the thermal insulation of buildings. Their chemical composition is interesting for the development of green binder. A study to assess this ability is carried out. At the end of the study, two binders corresponding to extractions performed on corn cobs and flax fines are developped. Other binders from industry are also selected for composite production. Then, composites are produced to study the influence of aggregates, binder, granulometry of aggregates, alkaline pre-treatment of aggregates and compaction pressure applied during the processing of composites on their hygrothermal performances and mechanical properties. Finally, the resistance to accidental immersion and humidity and the reaction to fire of the most promising formulations are studied.
227

Untersuchungen zu Gasphasentransporten in quasibinären Systemen von Bi2Se3 mit Bi2Te3, Sb2Se3, MnSe und FeSe zur Erzeugung von Nanokristallen

Nowka, Christian 19 December 2016 (has links)
In Topologischen Isolatoren (TI) werden metallische Zustände an der Oberfläche beobachtet, während die entsprechenden Volumenzustände eine Bandlücke aufweisen. Der Volumenbeitrag zur Leitfähigkeit von TI-Materialien macht eine Synthese von Nanokristallen bzw. eine Dotierung nötig. Der Fokus der Untersuchungen dieser Arbeit liegt dabei auf der Erzeugung von Nanokristallen der TI-Materialien Bi2Te3- und Bi2Te2Se sowie dotierter Bi2Se3-Nanokristallen. Die Synthese der Nanokristalle erfolgte durch den Gasphasentransport im geschlossenen System über den Mechanismus einer Zersetzungssublimation bzw. unter dem Einsatz eines Transportmittels. Für eine erfolgreiche Erzeugung der Nanokristalle sind im Vorfeld thermodynamische Modellierungen des Gasphasentransports sowie Versuche zum chemischen Transport für die quasibinären Systeme Bi2Se3-Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3-Sb2Se3 und Bi2Se3-FeSe sowie für das ternäre System Mn-Bi-Se durchgeführt worden. Durch Versuche zum chemischen Transport konnten die Aussagen der Modellierung bestätigt und im Weiteren der Dotandengehalt in den abgeschiedenen Kristallen sowie der Einlagerungsmechanismus durch Ergebnisse aus XRD- und ICP-OES-Untersuchungen beschrieben werden. Die Synthese bzw. Dotierung der Nanokristalle wurde hauptsächlich durch die Transportrate und den Dampfdruck des Dotanden bestimmt. In den Systemen Bi2Se3-Bi2Te3 und Bi2Se3-Sb2Se3 ist ein Gasphasentransport über eine Zersetzungssublimation durchführbar und resultierte in einer erfolgreichen Darstellung von Bi2Te3- und Bi2Te2Se-Nanokristallen sowie von dotierten (SbxBi1-x)2Se3-Nanokristallen. Entgegen dessen erfolgte der Gasphasentransport in den Systemen Bi2Se3-FeSe und Mn-Bi-Se unter Verwendung eines Transportmittels. Hierbei verringerten die gesteigerten Transportraten das Wachtum von Nanokristallen. Im Weiteren gelang es dotierte (Fe,Mn)xBi2-xSe3-Volumenkristalle sowie MnBi2Se4-Einkristalle darzustellen und mittels XRD, ICP-OES, magnetischer Messungen sowie elektrischem Transport zu charakterisieren.
228

Topological k · p Hamiltonians and their applications to uniaxially strained Mercury telluride

Kirtschig, Frank 26 June 2017 (has links)
Topological insulators (TIs) are a new state of quantum matter that has fundamentally challenged our knowledge of insulator and metals. They are insulators in the bulk, but metallic on the edge. A TI is characterized by a so-called topological invariant. This characteristic integer number is associated to every mapping between two topological spaces and can be defined for an electronic system on the lattice. Due to the bulk-edge correspondence a non-trivial value leads to topologically protected edge states. To get insight into the electronic characteristics of these edge/surface states, however, an effective continuum theory is needed. Continuum models are analytical and are also able to model transport. In this thesis we will address the suitability of continuum low-energy theories to describe the topological characteristics of TIs. The models which are topologically well-defined are called topological k.p Hamiltonians. After introducing a necessary background in chapter 1 and 2, we will discuss in the methodological chapter 3 the strategies that have to be taken into account to allow for studying topological surface states. In chapter 4 we will study two different model classes associated to a spherical basis manifold. Both have an integer topological invariant, but one shows a marginal bulk-edge correspondence. In chapter 5 we will study a different continuum theory where the basis manifold corresponds to a hemisphere. We then apply all these ideas to a time-reversal invariant TI -- uniaxially strained Mercury Telluride (HgTe). We determine the spin textures of the topological surface states of strained HgTe using their close relations with the mirror Chern numbers of the system and the orbital composition of the surface states. We show that at the side surfaces with $C_{2v}$ point group symmetry an increase in the strain magnitude triggers a topological phase transition where the winding number of the surface state spin texture is flipped while the four topological invariants characterizing the bulk band structure are unchanged. In the last chapter we will give a summary.
229

Heat transport in strongly anharmonic solids from first principles

Knoop, Florian 27 April 2022 (has links)
In dieser Arbeit beschreiben wir wie nicht-störungstheoretischer Wärmetransport im Rahmen von ab initio-Simulationen und linearer Antworttheorie formuliert werden kann. Die daraus resultierende ab initio-Green-Kubo-Methode ermöglicht die Simulation von Wärmetransport in Festkörpern beliebiger Anharmonizität und ist besonders geeignet um "stark anharmonische" Systeme zu beschreiben in denen störungstheoretische Ansätze unzuverlässig werden. Um die systematische Unterscheidung von harmonischen und anharmonischen Materialien zu ermöglichen führen wir ein "Anharmonizitätsmaß" ein, welches die anharmonischen Beiträge zu den interatomaren Kräften unter thermodynamischen Bedingungen quantifiziert. Mit diesem Anharmonizitätsmaß untersuchen wir typische dynamische Effekte die in stark anharmonischen Materialien auftreten, sowie die Grenzen störungstheoretischer Methoden zur Berechnung von Wärmetransporteigenschaften. Wir zeigen, dass eine negative Korrelation des Anharmonizitätsmaßes mit der Wärmeleitfähigkeit einfacher Kristalle besteht, was die intuitive Auffassung bestärkt, wonach harmonische Materialien bessere Wärmeleiter sind und umgekehrt. Auf diesen Erkenntnissen aufbauend identifizieren wird anharmonische Materialien als Kandidaten für Wärmetransport-Simulationen auf der Suche nach neuen thermischen Isolatoren. Auf diesem Wege identifizieren wir mehrere neue thermische Isolatoren welche potentielle technologische Relevanz als thermische Barrieren oder Thermoelektrika aufweisen könnten, und schlagen diese zur experimentellen Untersuchung vor. / In this work, we describe how a non-perturbative heat transport formalism for solids emerges in the framework of ab initio simulations coupled with linear response theory. The resulting ab initio Green Kubo method allows for studying heat transport in solids of arbitrary anharmonic strength, and is particularly suited to describe “strongly anharmonic” systems where per- turbative approaches become unreliable. In order to discern harmonic from anharmonic materials in a systematic way, we introduce an “anharmonicity measure” which quantifies the anharmonic contribution to the interatomic forces under thermodynamic conditions. Using this anharmonicity measure, we investigate typical dynamical effects occurring in strongly anharmonic compounds and investigate the limits of perturbative approaches for the study of thermal transport. We show that this measure negatively correlates with bulk thermal conductivities in simple solids, supporting the intuitive notion that more harmonic materials are better heat conductors and vice versa. Based on these findings, we identify anharmonic compounds as candidates for thermal transport simulations in the search for novel thermal insulators. In this way, we identify several new thermal insulators of potential technological relevance as thermal barriers or thermoelectric materials which we suggest for experimental study.
230

Quantum Transport in Topological Insulator Nanowires / Kvanttransport i topologiska isolator nanotrådar

Pradas Rodriguez, Sergi January 2023 (has links)
Three-dimensional topological insulators are materials that have a bulk band gap like a traditional insulator, but which hold topologically protected conducting surface states. In this thesis we present a numerical analysis of the surface states of topological insulator nanowires in the tight-binding approximation. We carry out the calculations at zero temperature under the presence of coaxial and perpendicular magnetic fields using Dirac Hamiltonians to model the surface. The results are obtained using Kwant, a Python package first developed in 2014 by Groth et al. for the purpose of aiding in the creation of quantum transport simulations in tight-binding models. The main focus is the self-contained and complete study of the behaviour of the conductance in clean and disordered systems, as well as to serve as an introduction to Kwant. We first study the main properties of quantum transport in mesoscopic systems, and present the scattering problem in the tight-binding approximation, which is the one treated in Kwant. We review the main properties of topological insulators, as well as the history of their discovery. We then present Kwant in detail, and illustrate its inner workings by considering the example of a clean wire. We study clean wires and show the existence of the perfectly transmitted mode under a coaxial magnetic field, obtain the quantisation of the conductance expected from the Laundauer-Büttiker formalism, and recover Fabry-Pérot oscillations when considering highly doped leads. We discuss how disorder can be introduced in our systems to simulate more realistic models, analyse its effects in the period of the conductance oscillations, and recover the robustness to disorder of the perfectly transmitted mode. Finally, we comment on how this thesis can be expanded to cover a wider range of systems and phenomena. / Tredimensionella topologiska isolatorer är material som har ett bulkbandgap som traditionella isolatorer, men som har topologiskt skyddade ledande yttilstånd. I detta arbete presenterar vi en numerisk analys av yttilstånden hos topologiska isolator nanotrådar i tight-binding approximationen vid nolltemperatur, under närvaron av koaxiala och vinkelräta magnetfält med användning av Dirac-Hamiltonians för att modellera ytan. Resultaten erhålls med hjälp av Kwant, ett Python-paket som först utvecklades 2014 av Groth et al. i syfte att underlätta skapandet av simuleringar för kvanttransport i tight-binding modeller. Huvudfokus ligger på en självständig och komplett studie av beteendet hos konduktansen i rena och oordnade system, samt att fungera som en introduktion till Kwant. Vi studerar först de huvudsakliga egenskaperna hos kvanttransport i mesoskopiska system och presenterar spridningsproblemet i tight-binding approximationen, vilket är det som behandlas i Kwant. Dessutom går vi igenom de viktigaste egenskaperna hos topologiska isolatorer, samt deras upptäckthistoria. Sedan pre- senterar vi Kwant i detalj och illustrerar dess inre funktioner genom att titta på en ren tråd. Vi studerar rena trådar och visar förekomsten av det perfekt överförda läget under ett koaxialt magnetfält, erhåller kvantiseringen av den förväntade konduktansen från Laundauer-Büttiker-formalismen och återfår Fabry-Pérot-oscillationer när vi överväger starkt dopade ledare. Sedan diskuterar vi hur oordning kan införas i våra system för att simulera mer realistiska modeller, analysera dess effekter under tiden för oscillationer vid konduktans och återfå robustheten mot oordning av det perfekt överförda läget. Slutligen kommenterar vi hur detta arbete kan utvidgas för att täcka ett bredare spektrum av system och fenomen.

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