Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / El tema que se presenta al lector, es altamente complejo, puesto que tiene una multiplicidad de enfoques jurídicos desde donde se puede observar y analizar la creación intelectual en la empresa en relación al trabajador. Partiendo desde una visión general dada por la Constitución, en relación a principios tales como: la libertad de empresa, trabajo, el derecho de propiedad sobre las creaciones intelectuales, y donde existen una serie de principios a conjugar, asimismo regulaciones especiales en derecho de propiedad industrial, en la competencia desleal, la libre competencia y en el legislación laboral, tanto del área privada y pública en la regulación de la creación intelectual en la empresa. Es difícil hacer un análisis que conjugue las diversas fuentes y áreas del derecho, por la existencia de cierta dispersión normativa, por lo que se presta para confusiones interpretativas y contractuales laborales.

La presente investigación "NIC 38 Activos Intangibles y su Impacto Financiero y Tributario en las empresas de tecnologías informáticas en San Isidro, año 2018" plantea determinar el impacto financiero como tributario que tiene esta NIC, es por ello que necesitamos reconocer y medir un intangible dentro de una organización. En el Marco Teórico, realizamos la investigación a través de fuentes primarias en las cuales se desarrollan conceptos generales de la NIC 38 como son definiciones, objetivos, alcance, reconocimiento, medición e información a revelar y su relación con las empresas de tecnologías informáticas, también el impacto financiero y tributario de la NIC. Luego, en el Plan de investigación, mostraremos los problemas, objetivos e hipótesis generales como específicos. En la metodología se define la población y muestra para aplicar el método de investigación mixta, que se encarga de obtener la información tanto cualitativa y cuantitativa, a través de entrevistas en profundidad a expertos en NIIF y tributación; y encuestas a contadores de empresas del sector. En el Desarrollo, plasmaremos la aplicación de la metodología y se desarrollará el caso práctico antes y después de aplicar la NIC. Posteriormente, en el Análisis de Resultados, realizamos el análisis de los instrumentos aplicados en las entrevistas, encuestas y el resultado del caso práctico. Concluyendo con la validación de las hipótesis generales y específicas con la aplicación correcta de la NIC 38 y con ello verificar si impacta financieramente y tributariamente y ante ello planteamos recomendaciones para un correcto uso de la norma. / This research entitled "IAS 38: Intangible Assets and their Financial and Tax Effect in Information Technology Companies located in San Isidro, 2018" proposes to determine both the financial and tax effect of this IAS. For this purpose, we need to identify, recognize and measure an intangible asset within an organization. In the Theoretical Framework, research is carried out through primary sources in which the general concepts of IAS 38 are developed. This includes definitions, objectives, scope, recognition, measurement, data and their association with the IT companies as well as the financial and tax effect of the aforementioned IAS. In the Research Plan, we will describe the problems, objectives and hypotheses both general and specific. In the Methodology, we define the population and sample in order to apply the mixed methods research, which collects and analyzes qualitative and quantitative data using in-depth interviews with IAS and taxation experts; and surveys conducted to accountants currently working in the relevant field. In the Research Development, the application of the methodology will be shown and the case study will be developed before and after the application of the IAS 38. Subsequently, in the Analysis of Results, we study the instruments applied in the interviews, surveys and the outcome of the case study. To conclude, the general and specific hypotheses are validated by applying the IAS 38 and we can determine if they impact the IT companies financially and tributarily. If this is the case, we will propose recommendations for the correct use. / Tesis

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Safety and security have emerged as a major force driving change in the multinational hotel industry. As a problem area not well-developed in the literature but considered a crucial force influencing hotel firms' value by the multinational hotel community, safety and security provide an excellent opportunity for industry professionals and academic researchers to improve the value creation of multinational hotel firms. A research need is more urgent in the upscale sector of the industry, and thus, an upscale brand of multinational hotel firm was selected for this study. This case study investigated how a multinational hotel firm developed a process of valuing its investments in safety and security for its properties under an upscale brand. This European hotel firm operates in twenty countries with a variety of business climates. The differences in the remote environments, namely the political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, and ecological environments, presented a great opportunity to gather different views regarding safety and security investments from hotel managers. The dimensions of hotel safety and security were identified by management teams running the firm's hotels to provide scope for decision-making. With this scope, the management teams continued to develop a framework for assessing the value generated from investments in safety and security by identifying the components of an investment decision-making model. A framework as a result of this exploratory study is suggested for future research where causality can be specified and a descriptive decision-making model can be built. / Ph. D.

Los activos inmateriales o intangibles que las empresas gestionan son denominados Capital Intelectual y actualmente pocas empresas miden o realizan una gestión adecuada de los mismos, por ello, el objetivo general de la presente investigación es diagnosticar la gestión del capital intelectual en la empresa PRONATUR S.A.C. y los específicos diagnosticar la gestión del capital humano, estructural, relacional y de emprendimiento e innovación en la empresa de estudio mediante un nuevo cuestionario basado en el modelo Intellectus que medirá las percepciones de los colaboradores. Se determinó que la organización agroindustrial le da más énfasis a su capital relacional mediante la obtención de certificaciones, el cuidado del medio ambiente y de su comunidad, sin embargo, descuida la motivación de su capital humano y el conocimiento que ellos pueden generar, siendo un factor clave para el desarrollo de los otros capitales.

The most known and widely used methods use cash flows and tangible assets to measure the impact of investments in the organization’s outputs. But in the last decade many newer organizations whose outputs are heavily dependent on information technology utilize knowledge as their main asset. These organizations’ market values lie on the knowledge of its employees and their technological capabilities. In the current technology-based business landscape the value added by assets utilized for generation of outputs cannot be appropriately measured and managed without considering the role that intangible assets and knowledge play in executing processes. The analysis of processes for comparison and decision making based on intangible value added can be accomplished using the knowledge required to execute processes. The measurement of value added by knowledge can provide a more realistic framework for analysis of processes where traditional cost methods are not appropriate, enabling managers to better allocate and control knowledge-based processes. Further consideration of interactions and complexity between proposed process alternatives can yield answers about where and when investments can improve value-added while dynamically providing higher returns on investment

The primary reason for mergers and acquisitions is to achieve synergy and establish competitive advantages. A firms’ innovation in form of intangible assets gets accumulated over time depending upon its R&D intensity. Such a strategic bundle of intangible assets that a firm possesses is an indicator of future synergies if the firm were to merge. The current study examines whether intangible intensive firms more likely to make acquisitions or are more likely to be acquired and how the market reacts to M&A deals involving intangible intensive acquirers and targets. We explore these issues with a sample of U.S. M&A deals over a period of 2001-2017. We find that intangible assets serve as one of the primary motives for the M&A and are the drivers of M&A activity in recent times. The results from the event study show that target firms’ intangible assets have a significant negative effect on target firms’ cumulative abnormal returns. Subsequently, we carry out further analyses to understand various drivers of market reaction to M&A deals. We find that, for target firms, the relation between target firms’ intangible assets and market reaction is positively influenced by the use of cash and negatively impacted when the target firm is from high-tech industry. For the acquiring firms, we find that the relation between acquirer firms’ intangible assets and market reaction is negatively impacted when the acquirer is from high-tech industry and positively impacted when a public target is acquired. It appears that market reactions to the acquisition of high intangible targets are primarily driven by investor skepticism about the prospects of the deal. Lastly, the study does not find any significant effect of (mis)valuation on M&A deals by intangible intensive firms.

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Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-15T23:34:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CarolineDalSottoBoff.pdf: 985951 bytes, checksum: 9d755abfbe9920145ba558da1946fc19 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T23:34:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarolineDalSottoBoff.pdf: 985951 bytes, checksum: 9d755abfbe9920145ba558da1946fc19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-06 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo reconhecer os custos intangíveis vinculados a fatores intangíveis existentes nos relatórios de administração das empresas da Bovespa do segmento tradicional, durante os anos de 2007 a 2009. O referencial teórico foi fundamentado no valor de mercado das empresas, nos fatores intangíveis (positivos e negativos), esses sendo os recursos ativos e passivos intangíveis e, por fim, nos custos intangíveis. Através dos relatórios de administração das empresas listadas no segmento tradicional da Bovespa, utilizou-se o programa Wordstat para verificar quais eram as palavras mais citadas, das quais se utilizaram somente as quinhentas primeiras. Dentre as mais citadas, foram extraídas as que possuíam vínculo a fatores intangíveis. Dessas foram feitas associações resultando em seis fatores intangíveis. Identificaram-se os três mais citados em cada setor da Bovespa e os custos intangíveis vinculados a eles. Concluiu-se que as evidências encontradas nos relatórios de administração relativas aos custos intangíveis variam entre os setores, pois os fatores prioritários eram igualmente distintos por setor. Entretanto, os custos destacados por cada fator eram muito semelhantes ou de mesma origem. Pode-se observar que, dentre as empresas consultadas, nem todas apresentaram em seus relatórios de administração informações suficientes para uma análise dos fatores e dos custos intangíveis. / This study aimed to recognize the intangible costs related to intangible factors existing in the reports of directors of companies in the traditional segment of the Bovespa during the years 2007 to 2009. The theoretical framework was based on market value offirms in intangible factors (positive and negative), these resources are intangible assets and liabilities and, finally, the intangible costs. Through the reports of directors of companies listed on Bovespa traditional segment, we used the program Wordstat to see which were the most frequently cited of which used only the 500 / 1. Among the most cited are from those Who had ties tointangibles. These associations were made resulting in six intangibles. Identified the three most cited in each sector of the Bovespa and the intangible costs associated with them. It was concluded that the evidence found in the reports of directors relating to intangible costs vary across sectors, since these factors were also distinguished by priority sector. However, the costshighlighted by each factor were very similar or the same source. It can be observed that among the companies surveyed, not allreports submitted in his administration enough information for an analysis of factors and intangible costs.

This master’s thesis compares the OECD transfer pricing recommendations with the transfer pricing rules of the US. The main focus is the ethical pharmaceutical industry and intangible property, in particular marketing intangibles. The Glaxo case is used to illustrate how the US takes advantage of areas of uncertainty to increase the country’s tax revenue. The US shows little consideration for the OECD’s objectives of having a set of universally applicable transfer pricing rules. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to explain and analyze why the IRS took a new approach on marketing intangibles in the Glaxo case, evaluate the global effect of the Glaxo case, and discuss how similar situations should be dealt with in the future. The natural forum to achieve universally harmonized transfer pricing rules is the OECD. When the OECD fails to provide adequate recommendations, the US and other countries take matters into their own hands by constructing rules deviating from the recommendations of the OECD. These rules tend to put the countries’ interests first creating a competitive international transfer pricing community harmful to MNEs. The consequence is a negative effect on global trade and investment. In the Glaxo case the US took advantage of the area of uncertainty regarding intangible property and marketing intangibles to serve its own purpose and came up with a new approach on marketing intangibles. This approach has consequences for all MNEs with affiliates in the US and distributors outside the US. The new approach states that the value of a product is attributable to the marketing activities conducted by a US subsidiary rather than to R&D carried out by a UK parent. The new approach may affect distributors outside the US since the value they have can be allocated to a US affiliate conducting marketing and sales activities. The ethical pharmaceutical industry depends on intangible property and R&D is the most important value-driver in this industry. In addition, the characteristics of the ethical pharmaceutical industry are such that ethical pharmaceutical companies are priority targets of the IRS’s audits. If the IRS’s new approach prevails, the negative consequences for the ethical pharmaceutical industry as well as the society as a whole may be severe. There are three main conclusions and recommendations in this master’s thesis. First, the Member countries of the OECD have to respect the principle of transfer pricing as neutral concept. Second, tax authorities must take into consideration the sound business reasons of MNEs and understand their need for tax predictability. Finally, it is in the interest of all countries to cooperate and establish a uniform interpretation and application of transfer pricing thereby avoiding double taxation and creating a balance in the international transfer pricing community. / Denna magisteruppsats jämför OECD:s rekommendationer gällande internprissättning med de amerikanska internprissättningsreglerna. I uppsatsen fokuserar författarna på internprissättningsproblematiken gällande immateriella tillgångar i läkemedelbranschen, med särskilt fokus på den typ av immateriella tillgångar som uppstår genom försäljning och marknadsföring (marketing intangibles). USA använder sig av områden där rättsläget är osäkert för att öka sina skatteintäkter. För att illustrera detta beskrivs och analyseras Glaxo-fallet. USA visar på så sätt lite hänsyn till ett av OECD:s viktigaste mål; att skapa en universellt harmoniserad tolkning och tillämpning av internprissättning för att motverka dubbelbeskattning och öka möjligheten för multinationella företag att förutse och planera sin skatt. Syftet med denna magisteruppsats är att förklara och analysera varför den amerikanska skattemyndigheten (IRS) valde en ny inställning till marketing intangibles i Glaxo-fallet, utvärdera den globala effekten av Glaxo-fallet och diskutera hur liknande situationer bör hanteras i framtiden. OECD är det mest lämpliga instrumentet för att skapa en internationell konsensus på internprissättningsområdet. Eftersom internprissättning av transaktioner som involverar immateriella tillgångar och särskilt marketing intangibles utgör ett osäkert område med endast lite vägledning från OECD finns det stort utrymme för länder att skapa egna regler och rättspraxis på området. När länder som USA tar saken i egna händer och skapar sina egna regler inom internprissättning tenderar de att sätta sina egna intressen i första rummet. Konsekvensen blir en internationell internprissättningsmiljö där konkurrensen om de multinationella företagens vinster är stor, vilket skadar den internationella handeln och investeringsviljan hos företag. Det är just detta som skett i Glaxo-fallet. Resultatet av Glaxo-fallet blev en ny inställning till hanteringen av denna typ av transaktioner, något som USA länge eftersökt för att lösa problemet med en minskande skattebas. Den nya amerikanska inställningen får konsekvenser för alla multinationella företag med företag i intressegemenskap i USA och distributörer utanför USA. USA sänder nu ut en signal att värdet av en produkt inte styrs utav de år av forskning och utveckling som krävdes för att skapa ett patent av det brittiska moderbolaget i Glaxo-fallet. Istället är det de immateriella tillgångar som uppkommer av försäljnings- och marknadsföringsaktiviteter som tillför en produkt det egentliga värdet. I Glaxo-fallet innebar detta att en majoritet av vinsten av försäljningen av läkemedlet Zantac skulle hänföras till det amerikanska dotterbolaget och därmed beskattas i USA. Inställningen innebär att distributörer utanför USA kan komma att påverkas genom att värdet de tillfört genom forskning och utveckling eller andra viktiga funktioner kan bli mindre betydelsefullt än värdet som tillförs av marknadsföring. Läkemedelsbranschen är beroende av immateriella tillgångar för att kunna fungera och forskning och utveckling är den mest betydelsefulla värdeskapande funktionen inom industrin. Företag i läkemedelsbranschen är dessutom mycket benägna att hamna i blickfånget för internprissättningsrevisioner. Om den nya amerikanska inställningen vinner mark är det mycket troligt att konsekvenserna blir allvarliga både för läkemedelsindustrin och för samhället i stort. I denna magisteruppsats har författarna antagit tre huvudsakliga slutsatser med rekommendationer. Den första är att OECD:s medlemsländer måste respektera principen om en neutral inställning till internprissättning. Som en andra slutsats kan sägas att skattemyndigheter måste beakta de affärsmässiga skälen till de transaktioner som företas av multinationella företag och förstå multinationella företags behov av förutsebarhet beträffande beskattning. Slutligen ligger ett internationellt samarbete i alla länders intresse och en internationell konsensus gällande tolkning och tillämpning av internprissättning skapar balans och motverkar dubbelbeskattning.