Continued growth of the aquaculture industry is needed in the 21st century in response to increasing demand from inflated populations and declining wild fisheries capture. Meeting this demand will require bridging the gap between industrialized countries including the United States, and developing and least developed countries (e.g. Mexico, Uruguay, and Uganda). As the aquaculture industry becomes more globally interconnected, industrialized nations will likely be pressured to develop more sustainable practices which are natural resource conservative while developing countries will be pressured to increase production capacity and develop more intensive operations. Albeit with many inherent challenges, a globalized strategic plan is needed to bridge this gap. This dissertation identifies and discusses several of these inherent challenges. Firstly, potential business models are explored with the concept of how information technology can be utilized to integrate small-scale farms in multi-national agribusiness and also coordinate multi-national supply with global demand. Next, the economic impact of aquaculture development is explored. Economic multiplying models may be utilized to predict where aquaculture development will have the most significant and rapid economic impact on rural communities. Lastly, new systems of aquaculture technology are developed which are resource conservative and also have the potential to be scaled to meet industry needs. Re-circulating integrated agriculture-aquaculture (RIAA) systems combine fish and plant production whereby the nutrient rich aquaculture effluent is utilized to irrigate plants. The advantages and disadvantages of these experiments were discussed. While further research is needed to maximize the benefits of RIAA technology, the results demonstrate that these systems provide both economic and environmental benefits over traditional farming methods. Ultimately, this dissertation explores how novel technology can be implemented in strategic locations to provide a sustainable food supply capable of promoting economic growth through the distribution of seafood products to satisfy domestic and global demand.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O cultivo de camarÃes apresentou, a nÃvel mundial, um crescimento bastante significativo nos Ãltimos anos, principalmente em regiÃes tropicais e subtropicais, no entanto, esta expansÃo vem causando diversos impactos ambientais negativos, principalmente relacionados aos efluentes dos cultivos, os quais sÃo ricos em nitrogÃnio e fÃsforo, que muitas vezes sÃo descartados no ambiente sem qualquer tratamento prÃvio. Visando a melhoria de suas tÃcnicas, a indÃstria da aqÃicultura necessita desenvolver novos mÃtodos de cultivo, os quais podem melhorar sua eficiÃncia e remediar as conseqÃÃncias de suas atividades, para manter a saÃde dos ecossistemas aquÃticos. Neste contexto surge a aqÃicultura integrada, a qual, envolve o cultivo de diferentes organismos no processo de produÃÃo, e pode ser uma alternativa ambiental e economicamente viÃvel. Buscando estudar a eficiÃncia desta tecnologia, foi avaliada a qualidade da Ãgua, em um sistema de aqÃicultura integrada com camarÃes, ostras e macroalgas em condiÃÃes laboratoriais, utilizando trÃs diferentes tempos de residÃncia da Ãgua. O sistema integrado foi composto por cinco aquÃrios de 50 L, sendo um para o cultivo de camarÃes, um destinado à sedimentaÃÃo de restos de raÃÃo e dejetos, um para o cultivo de ostras, outro para o cultivo de macroalgas e um Ãltimo para armazenar a Ãgua durante a recirculaÃÃo, a qual foi movida no sistema atravÃs de bombeamento apÃs 48, 72 e 96 horas de residÃncia da Ãgua. Os parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos temperatura, salinidade e oxigÃnio dissolvido foram monitorados diariamente e as concentraÃÃes de amÃnia, nitrito, nitrato e fosfato, a turbidez e o pH foram avaliados semanalmente. O crescimento dos organismos tambÃm foi acompanhado semanalmente e, apÃs o tÃrmino do experimento, foi realizada a determinaÃÃo do conteÃdo de proteÃna total nos camarÃes, ostras e macroalgas. Os resultados mostraram que a sedimentaÃÃo reduziu as concentraÃÃes de nitrito e nitrato, bem como a turbidez da Ãgua de cultivo. A etapa das ostras reduziu as concentraÃÃes de amÃnia e tambÃm a turbidez, alÃm de manter baixas as concentraÃÃes de nitrito na Ãgua, enquanto a etapa das macroalgas nÃo interferiu nos nÃveis de amÃnia, nitrito, nitrato e turbidez. Com exceÃÃo do fosfato que praticamente nÃo variou no perÃodo experimental, todos os parÃmetros avaliados, em todos os tempos de residÃncia da Ãgua testados, foram eficientemente reduzidos pelo sistema integrado. Os camarÃes apresentaram um Ãtimo desenvolvimento e sobrevivÃncia, principalmente com 72 horas de residÃncia da Ãgua no sistema e as ostras praticamente mantiveram sua biomassa inicial. Apesar das macroalgas nÃo terem se desenvolvido bem e nÃo alterarem significativamente os nÃveis de nutrientes na Ãgua, foram capazes de acumular nitrogÃnio na forma de proteÃnas e aumentar sua capacidade de absorÃÃo, quando cultivadas com limitaÃÃo de nutrientes. Os resultados sugerem que o estabelecimento de sistemas de aqÃicultura integrada pode ser uma alternativa viÃvel para os aqÃicultores, visto que à possÃvel minimizar os impactos ambientais, reduzir custos evitando o bombeamento de Ãgua e aumentar os lucros com a diversificaÃÃo da produÃÃo. / Shrimp culture presented at a world-wide level a significant growth in recent years, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, however, this expansion comes with diverse environment negative impacts, mainly related to the cultures effluents, which are rich in nitrogen and phosphorous, that are many times discarded in the environment without any previous treatment. Aiming the improvement of its techniques the aquaculture industry needs to develop new culture methods, which can improve its efficiency and attenuate the consequences of its activities to keep the health of aquatic ecosystems. In this context appears the integrated aquaculture, witch involves the culture of different organisms in the production process, and can be an ambient and economic viable alternative. In order to study this technology efficiency, the water quality of an integrated aquaculture system with shrimps, oysters and macroalgae was evaluated in laboratory conditions, using three different water residence times. The integrated system was composed of five 50 L aquariums, one for shrimps culture, one destined to ration remaining portions and dejections sedimentation, one for oysters culture, another one for macroalgae culture and a last one to store the recirculation water, which was carried through the system by pumping after 48, 72 and 96 hours of water residence. The physical-chemical parameters temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were daily monitored and the concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate, turbidity and pH evaluated weekly. Cultivated organisms growth was also weekly attended and after the end of the experiment, shrimps, oysters and macroalgae total protein content were determined. The results showed that sedimentation reduced nitrite and nitrate concentrations, as well as the turbidity of the culture water. Oysters stage reduced ammonium concentrations and also the turbidity, beyond had kept low levels of nitrite concentrations in the water, while macroalgae stage did not interfered with ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and turbidity levels. With exception of phosphate, witch practically did not varied throughout the experimental period all the evaluated parameters at all water residence tested times were efficiently reduced by the integrated system. Shrimps presented an excellent development and survival mainly with 72 hours of water residence in the system, and the oysters practically kept its initial biomass. Although macroalgae did not showed a good development and significantly not modify the nutrients levels of the water, they were capable to accumulate nitrogen in the protein form and to increase their absorption capacity when cultivated with nutrients limitation. The results suggest that the establishment of aquaculture integrated systems can be a viable vii alternative for aquafarmers, since it is possible to minimize the environment impacts, provide the costs reduction without water pumping and increase the profits by the production diversification.

CAVALCANTE JÚNIOR, Valdemar. Reuso de água em um sistema integrado com peixes, sedimentação, ostras e macroalgas. 2006. 56 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2006 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-22T13:35:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_vcavalcantejúnior.pdf: 798516 bytes, checksum: e6e72e0be76d7e9e806c45e94f8677e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-22T13:35:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_vcavalcantejúnior.pdf: 798516 bytes, checksum: e6e72e0be76d7e9e806c45e94f8677e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-22T13:35:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_vcavalcantejúnior.pdf: 798516 bytes, checksum: e6e72e0be76d7e9e806c45e94f8677e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Intensive culture effluents have high levels of dissolved nutrients mainly ammonia and others suspended solids. The objective of this work was to use integrated aquaculture with fishes, sedimentation, oysters and macroalgae to improve water quality from a salt water tilapia culture. The fishes water was distributed in three sedimentation aquariums to a 24 h period. Then, water was removed to three oysters aquariums to a equal 24 h period. Later, oysters water was removed to three macroalgae aquariums to more 24 h. Finally, macroalgae water returned to the fishes aquariums. Water turbidity and ammonia, nitrates, nitrites and phosphates concentrations were determined daily. The system was efficient to significantly reduce turbidity and ammonia and phosphates water levels. Nitrates and nitrites levels only were reduced during the sedimentation after system stabilization / Os efluentes de cultivo intensivo contêm elevadas concentrações de nutrientes dissolvidos, principalmente amônia, além de outros sólidos em suspensão. O objetivo desse trabalho foi utilizar a aqüicultura integrada com sedimentação, ostras e macroalgas para melhorar a qualidade da água proveniente de um cultivo de tilápias em água salgada. A água dos peixes foi distribuída em três aquários para sedimentação por 24 horas. Em seguida, a água foi transferida para três aquários com ostras, por igual período de 24 horas. Posteriormente, a água das ostras foi transferida para três aquários com macroalgas por mais 24 horas. Finalmente, a água das macroalgas retornou para os aquários com os peixes. Diariamente, foram avaliados a turbidez da água e as concentrações de amônia, nitratos, nitritos e fosfatos. O sistema foi eficiente em reduzir significativamente a turbidez e os níveis de amônia e fosfatos da água. Os níveis de nitratos e nitritos só foram reduzidos na sedimentação, após a estabilização do sistema. i

nÃo hà / Os efluentes de cultivo intensivo contÃm elevadas concentraÃÃes de nutrientes dissolvidos, principalmente amÃnia, alÃm de outros sÃlidos em suspensÃo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi utilizar a aqÃicultura integrada com sedimentaÃÃo, ostras e macroalgas para melhorar a qualidade da Ãgua proveniente de um cultivo de tilÃpias em Ãgua salgada. A Ãgua dos peixes foi distribuÃda em trÃs aquÃrios para sedimentaÃÃo por 24 horas. Em seguida, a Ãgua foi transferida para trÃs aquÃrios com ostras, por igual perÃodo de 24 horas. Posteriormente, a Ãgua das ostras foi transferida para trÃs aquÃrios com macroalgas por mais 24 horas. Finalmente, a Ãgua das macroalgas retornou para os aquÃrios com os peixes. Diariamente, foram avaliados a turbidez da Ãgua e as concentraÃÃes de amÃnia, nitratos, nitritos e fosfatos. O sistema foi eficiente em reduzir significativamente a turbidez e os nÃveis de amÃnia e fosfatos da Ãgua. Os nÃveis de nitratos e nitritos sà foram reduzidos na sedimentaÃÃo, apÃs a estabilizaÃÃo do sistema. i / Intensive culture effluents have high levels of dissolved nutrients mainly ammonia and others suspended solids. The objective of this work was to use integrated aquaculture with fishes, sedimentation, oysters and macroalgae to improve water quality from a salt water tilapia culture. The fishes water was distributed in three sedimentation aquariums to a 24 h period. Then, water was removed to three oysters aquariums to a equal 24 h period. Later, oysters water was removed to three macroalgae aquariums to more 24 h. Finally, macroalgae water returned to the fishes aquariums. Water turbidity and ammonia, nitrates, nitrites and phosphates concentrations were determined daily. The system was efficient to significantly reduce turbidity and ammonia and phosphates water levels. Nitrates and nitrites levels only were reduced during the sedimentation after system stabilization

The continuing industrialisation of global society, specifically in developing countries, has resulted in the ongoing extraction of the earth's resources to feed the ever increasing demand for economic growth. What will happen when resources become scarce and unobtainable? What will happen when population growth becomes unmanageable? What will happen when the quality of life becomes displaced by the quantity thereof? The effects of such exploitation are already evident, and the longer solutions toward growing global populations and diminishing natural resources are postponed, the bleaker the future for modern human civilisation becomes. Many tipping points are being approached; some have already been passed. Now is the time to innovate and to find alternatives, as ways to redefine the relationships between people and resources. This dissertation is an investigation of a post-industrial artefact, an obsolete clay brick quarry and brickworks amidst the suburbs on the southern edge of Pretoria. It has undergone constant changes over the last century and quite noticeably during the last decade, as it lies latent in its obsolescence. The effects of time can be observed in the natural processes of decay, entropy and change, as well as in human development and growth. The history imprinted onto the site tells us about the dynamic patterns and relationships between man and his natural environment, seen in this now Post-Industrial Latent Artefact (P.I.L.A.), and hints toward a path for its future. The principles of Regenerative Design are employed to assist in finding and utilising potential within the P.I.L.A. A new life for the site is found by accessing its inherent potential, while the importance of Industrial Heritage is acknowledged. The programme, as latent potential, is generated through the uncovering of the site's patent potentials, in response to global resource concerns and urban resilience. The architectural design is generated through the conceptual basis of exchanges between knowledge, heritage, the social, the bio-physical, the programmatic, and the tectonic. A social spine is intersected and paralleled by areas of new production, in contrast with areas of historical production, which are all supported by an enhanced ecology and tied together into a new synthetic landscape. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

ROCHA, Nayana Moura da. Tempo de residência da água em um sistema experimental de aquicultura integrada com camarões, ostras e macroalgas. 2009. 97 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departemento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2009 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-20T12:42:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_nmrocha.pdf: 1596577 bytes, checksum: b038df8495915b1a6a78859b019fa251 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-20T12:42:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_nmrocha.pdf: 1596577 bytes, checksum: b038df8495915b1a6a78859b019fa251 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T12:42:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_nmrocha.pdf: 1596577 bytes, checksum: b038df8495915b1a6a78859b019fa251 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Shrimp culture presented at a world-wide level a significant growth in recent years, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, however, this expansion comes with diverse environment negative impacts, mainly related to the cultures effluents, which are rich in nitrogen and phosphorous, that are many times discarded in the environment without any previous treatment. Aiming the improvement of its techniques the aquaculture industry needs to develop new culture methods, which can improve its efficiency and attenuate the consequences of its activities to keep the health of aquatic ecosystems. In this context appears the integrated aquaculture, witch involves the culture of different organisms in the production process, and can be an ambient and economic viable alternative. In order to study this technology efficiency, the water quality of an integrated aquaculture system with shrimps, oysters and macroalgae was evaluated in laboratory conditions, using three different water residence times. The integrated system was composed of five 50 L aquariums, one for shrimps culture, one destined to ration remaining portions and dejections sedimentation, one for oysters culture, another one for macroalgae culture and a last one to store the recirculation water, which was carried through the system by pumping after 48, 72 and 96 hours of water residence. The physical-chemical parameters temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were daily monitored and the concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate, turbidity and pH evaluated weekly. Cultivated organisms growth was also weekly attended and after the end of the experiment, shrimps, oysters and macroalgae total protein content were determined. The results showed that sedimentation reduced nitrite and nitrate concentrations, as well as the turbidity of the culture water. Oysters stage reduced ammonium concentrations and also the turbidity, beyond had kept low levels of nitrite concentrations in the water, while macroalgae stage did not interfered with ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and turbidity levels. With exception of phosphate, witch practically did not varied throughout the experimental period all the evaluated parameters at all water residence tested times were efficiently reduced by the integrated system. Shrimps presented an excellent development and survival mainly with 72 hours of water residence in the system, and the oysters practically kept its initial biomass. Although macroalgae did not showed a good development and significantly not modify the nutrients levels of the water, they were capable to accumulate nitrogen in the protein form and to increase their absorption capacity when cultivated with nutrients limitation. The results suggest that the establishment of aquaculture integrated systems can be a viable vii alternative for aquafarmers, since it is possible to minimize the environment impacts, provide the costs reduction without water pumping and increase the profits by the production diversification. / O cultivo de camarões apresentou, a nível mundial, um crescimento bastante significativo nos últimos anos, principalmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, no entanto, esta expansão vem causando diversos impactos ambientais negativos, principalmente relacionados aos efluentes dos cultivos, os quais são ricos em nitrogênio e fósforo, que muitas vezes são descartados no ambiente sem qualquer tratamento prévio. Visando a melhoria de suas técnicas, a indústria da aqüicultura necessita desenvolver novos métodos de cultivo, os quais podem melhorar sua eficiência e remediar as conseqüências de suas atividades, para manter a saúde dos ecossistemas aquáticos. Neste contexto surge a aqüicultura integrada, a qual, envolve o cultivo de diferentes organismos no processo de produção, e pode ser uma alternativa ambiental e economicamente viável. Buscando estudar a eficiência desta tecnologia, foi avaliada a qualidade da água, em um sistema de aqüicultura integrada com camarões, ostras e macroalgas em condições laboratoriais, utilizando três diferentes tempos de residência da água. O sistema integrado foi composto por cinco aquários de 50 L, sendo um para o cultivo de camarões, um destinado à sedimentação de restos de ração e dejetos, um para o cultivo de ostras, outro para o cultivo de macroalgas e um último para armazenar a água durante a recirculação, a qual foi movida no sistema através de bombeamento após 48, 72 e 96 horas de residência da água. Os parâmetros físico-químicos temperatura, salinidade e oxigênio dissolvido foram monitorados diariamente e as concentrações de amônia, nitrito, nitrato e fosfato, a turbidez e o pH foram avaliados semanalmente. O crescimento dos organismos também foi acompanhado semanalmente e, após o término do experimento, foi realizada a determinação do conteúdo de proteína total nos camarões, ostras e macroalgas. Os resultados mostraram que a sedimentação reduziu as concentrações de nitrito e nitrato, bem como a turbidez da água de cultivo. A etapa das ostras reduziu as concentrações de amônia e também a turbidez, além de manter baixas as concentrações de nitrito na água, enquanto a etapa das macroalgas não interferiu nos níveis de amônia, nitrito, nitrato e turbidez. Com exceção do fosfato que praticamente não variou no período experimental, todos os parâmetros avaliados, em todos os tempos de residência da água testados, foram eficientemente reduzidos pelo sistema integrado. Os camarões apresentaram um ótimo desenvolvimento e sobrevivência, principalmente com 72 horas de residência da água no sistema e as ostras praticamente mantiveram sua biomassa inicial. Apesar das macroalgas não terem se desenvolvido bem e não alterarem significativamente os níveis de nutrientes na água, foram capazes de acumular nitrogênio na forma de proteínas e aumentar sua capacidade de absorção, quando cultivadas com limitação de nutrientes. Os resultados sugerem que o estabelecimento de sistemas de aqüicultura integrada pode ser uma alternativa viável para os aqüicultores, visto que é possível minimizar os impactos ambientais, reduzir custos evitando o bombeamento de água e aumentar os lucros com a diversificação da produção.

Exploratory research into a fresh concept, building integrated aquaculture, has found new information on the topic. Motives indicating building integrated aquaculture is important for sustainable development were identified. A review of the literature found relatively little in the way of experiments, aquaculture operations, and case studies which documented or demonstrated a deep understanding of the interactions between building and aquaculture systems. A simple experiment was conducted observing thermal energy and moisture interactions in simulated aquaculture facilities, some with tank covers and insulation. Two different retrofit programs were developed in a case study of building integrated aquaculture for an existing structure on the campus of the University of Massachusetts.

Among efforts to develop sustainable approaches towards the intensive rearing of finfish within open marine waters, is the development of integrated aquaculture techniques. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), has been promoted as a way to reduce unwanted environmental impacts associated with the intensive production of marine finfish within net-pens. The principle aim of this concept, is the bioremediation of nutrient discharges from fish aquaculture. This is to be achieved by integrating fish cultivation with the growing of species from lower trophic levels, which use the nutrient discharges as a food source. Many studies have been performed that investigate the ability of various species of macroalgae to remove dissolved nutrient discharges, and the ability bivalves to remove solid-bound nutrients, presented as either fish faeces, or an enhanced production of phytoplankton that may be promoted by nutrients emitted by fish-farms. IMTA has also been suggested as a means to improve overall productivity per unit of feed applied to fish, through the conversion of nutrient emissions into additional biomass, such as the tissues of macroalgae or bivalves. Within the research community which focuses upon the environmental impacts of aquaculture, there is a growing awareness that sustainable solutions to aquaculture production cannot be realised through a focus restricted to the growing-phase, and to a limited set of environmental impacts which may this activity may produce. This is because changes to a specific production phase often promote changes at phases located elsewhere along a products value chain. Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA), is a method employed for modelling the environmental impacts that may potentially be generated across the value chain of a product. It is particularly useful for identifying instances of environmental impact shifting; a term used to describe situations where efforts to reduce the contribution of a specific production phase towards one or more environmental impacts, has the effect of either displacing this contribution to another phase, or increases the contribution of production towards different environmental impacts. Despite its apparent suitability, LCA has not previously been fully applied to the environmental impact modelling of open-water IMTA systems. The work presented in the following thesis advances this research front, by using LCA to explore the potential for environmental problem shifting occurring as a consequence of replacing intensive monoculture production, with IMTA. Comprehensive datasets have been acquired from the Chilean aquaculture industry, describing the production of aquafeed and Salmo salar, as well as for the production of the Phaeophytic macroalga, Macrocystis pyrifera, and the molluscan bivalve, Mytilus chilensis. Using LCA methodology, the production of salmon feed, and the production of S.salar, M.pyrifera and M.chilensis, have been assessed for their capacity to contribute towards a variety of global-scale, environmental impacts. IMTA consisting of either S.salar and M.pyrifera, S.salar and M.chilensis, or all three of these species, and combined at ratios required for a bioremediation efficiency of 100 %, 50%, or 20 % of either nitrogen or phosphorous emission from fish, is compared to the monoculture production of S.salar. The comparison is based upon a standardised functional unit, with each species produced through IMTA, being modelled as part of the reference flow required to fulfil the functional unit. Monoculture is compared to IMTA upon the basis of nutritional function, by using a functional unit of mass-adjusted protein content, and mass-adjusted economic value. The use of economic value is based upon the ‘best-case’ assumption, that it serves as a proxy for the total nutritional function that each product offers to human society. The LCAs presented in this study have produced a number of results. Salmon ingredients derived from agricultural crops and animals account for the majority (between 71 % to 98 %) of contributions towards the impacts of compound salmon feed. In general, agricultural crops ingredients contribute more to these impacts than do agricultural animal ingredients, and account for between 31 % and 87 % of the contributions from all ingredients and inputs. In contrast, the combined supply of fish meal and fish oil from capture fisheries is responsible for between 0.13 % and 11 % of all impacts. Vegetable oil accounts for the vast majority of contributions from ingredients derived from agricultural crops. Vegetable oil is modelled as a 50 : 50 blend of sunflower oil and rapeseed, oil, but sunflower oil accounts not only for most of the contributions from vegetable oil, it is responsible for over 50 % of the contributions that all agricultural crop based ingredients contributes towards some impact categories. Replacing sunflower oil with rapeseed oil reduces the contributions of salmon feed by between 6 % and 24 % across 10 out of the 11 impact categories. When compared upon the basis of equal weight, the contributions of fish oil are between 18 % and 99 % lower than those from rapeseed oil. The production of feed is responsible for the majority of contributions (between 32 % and 86 % ) to all impacts of salmon grow-out production. The production of salmon-smolts accounts for between 3 % and 18 %. The majority (64 %) of contributions towards the eutrophication potential of salmon production are from nutrient emissions, which are the result of fish metabolism, whilst nutrients released through the production of feed, the majority of these being from the agricultural production of crop and animals, account for 32 %. Feed production is also a major contributor to the impacts of land-based smolt production, but these contributions (between 12 % and 37 % across all impact categories) are of a lower magnitude than those from the supply of feed to the grow-out phase. Inputs of salt, and inputs of both electricity produced in a diesel power generator and obtained from the national electricity network, are also notable contributors (between 5 % and 67 %, 4 % and 29 %, and 2 % 47 %, respectively) towards the impacts of smolt-production. The main contributors towards the potential impacts of kelp grow-out production (excluding eutrophication potential) are the supply of infrastructure (between 14 % and 89 %), operation of a diesel-powered motorboat for maintenance purposes (between 1 % and 89 %), and the supply ‘of seeded cartridges’ (between 9 and 49 %). The major contributors from the production of ‘seeded cartriges’ in a land-based facility are the supply of electricity from the national electricity network, the supply of fresh water, and the treatment of waste water. The impact potentials of producing seed in this facility might be reduced if the scale of operation is increased. Removal of nitrogen and phosphorous upon the harvesting of kelp is calculated based upon kelp tissue contents of these nutrients. The harvesting of 200 tonnes ha / yr-1, results in a eutrophic potential with a negative value (-376.51 kg of phosphate equivalents). The removal of such a quantity of nutrients might be beneficial if the local marine environment is at risk of hypernutrification, but when no such problem is present, the potential for undesirable consequences of nutrient sequestration should be considered. The major contributor towards the impacts of mussels is the provision of infrastructure (between 25 % and 99.5 %, excluding eutrophication potential). Infrastructure is also responsible for the majority of contributions from mussel seed production. The provision of cotton mesh bags, which are used to aid attatchment of seed to drop-ropes in the grow-out phase, account for between 37% and 99 % of the contributions from the infrastructure from the grow-out phase. This result suggest that either the impacts of mussel production can be reduced by using an alternative material with lower environmental impact potentials, or the inventory data describing the producing of cottonmesh bags requires some improvement. The outcomes of the LCAs of the different IMTA scenarios, are interesting. The results show that choice of species, and the ratios of their combination as required for the different efficiencies of bioremediation, can have a significant effect upon the comparison between IMTA and monoculture. / The study demonstrates a potential for environmental problem shifting as being a consequence of IMTA, especially when the functional unit is mass-adjusted economic value. As bioremediation efficiency increases, contributions towards eutrophication decrease. However, this reduction is achieved at the cost of increasing the contributions of IMTA towards those impact categories, such as ‘ozone layer depletion,’ for which it has a greater contribution than does monoculture. In general, it cannot be concluded from these results that open-water IMTA represents a more sustainable alternative to the monoculture production of Atlantic salmon. The sustainability of IMTA is shown to be dependent upon a variety of trade-offs, between individual environmental impacts, and between these impacts and the nutritional function that the system is capable of providing.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Stellenbosch University was approached to assist with developing a techno-financial model for an urban freshwater aquaculture system in Philippi, Cape Town. Rapidly growing urban areas are predominantly becoming concentrated zones for malnutrition and poverty which require attention. Having enough food to eat does not mean that a family is food secure, the problem is usually associated with the lack of access to nutritious food. Fish is seen as an extremely healthy food which has the potential to effectively support food security and alleviate malnutrition. Aquaculture is identified as a largely underdeveloped sector in South Africa. It is currently undergoing rapid transition, being promoted by government as an industry that has potential to develop and create jobs, provide food security and grow the South African economy. Aquaponics- a method to integrate aquaculture with growing crops in a symbiotic system is a highly resource efficient closed-integrated food producing technology which has the potential to benefit from South African biosecurity regulations and climate-geographic characteristics. It is viewed as an effective food production alternative to deal with the challenges of declining high quality freshwater resources and available arable land. Training and capacity building is important for the development of aquaponic technology. This study explores and identifies the advantages aquaponic technology development would have in South Africa. The study has reviewed and assessed the fundamental principles for aquaculture production and management required for aquaponic systems development and management. A practical case study identifies the daily challenges and design parameters of aquaponic systems. The study is concluded with a techno-financial project proposal which shows how aquaponic systems can be planned. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Universiteit Stellenbosch was genader om 'n tegno-finansiele model to ontwikkel vir 'n stedelike akwakultuur plaas in Philippi, Kaapstad. The tempo waarteen die stedelike areas groei ontwikkel kommerwekkende uitdagings soos wanvoeding en armoede. In hierdie studie is vis geindentifiseer as 'n uiters voedsame aanvulling in die dieet van Suid Afrikaners. Akwakultuur is grootliks agter in terme van ontwikkeling. Dit word beskou as 'n sektor wat groot potensiaal inhou vir Suid Afrika se eknomiese groei, werkskepping en voedselsekuriteit. Akwaponika is die hersirkulerende integrasie van akwakultuur en hidroponika. Akwaponika hou groot voordele in terme van Suid Afrika se biosekuriteit regulasies and geografiese eienskappe en is 'n effektiewe manier om gebruikte akwakultuur te suiwer. Opleiding en beplanning word gesien as 'n fundamentele benadering tot suskesvolle akwaponika ontwikkeling. Hierdie studie bestudeer die Suid Afrikaanse omgewing en potensiaal vir akwaponika ontwikkeling. Die fundamentele beginsels van akwakultuur en hidroponika bestuur en produksie is saamgesit wat beskou word as die aanbevele manier om akwaponika te bestuur. 'n Praktiese gevallestudie toon die daaglikse uitdagings aan en gee raad oor daaglikse bestuur van akwaponika stelsels. Die studie word afgesluit met 'n tegno-finansiele model wat wys hoe om 'n akwaponika sisteem te beplan.