A mathematical analysis seeking an accurate measure of the worth of numerical integration techniques used for real-time digital flight simulation problems is presented. This investigation allows the subject of best integration methods to be pursued making emphasis on the choice of practical steps and the use of available mathematical techniques to illustrate and evaluate a potential root matching approach involving a selected first-order differential system. This study allows certain evaluation techniques to be developed. Notable among these are the schemes for comparing roots of sampled ideal integrators to roots of sampled approximated integrators, the development of an integration and of an iteration formula, and the creation of a computer program.

The solution of initial value problems is a fundamental component of many scientific simulations of physical phenomena. In many cases these initial value problems arise from a method of lines approach to solving partial differential equations, resulting in very large systems of equations that require the use of numerical time integration methods to solve. Many problems of scientific interest exhibit stiff behavior for which implicit methods are favorable, however standard implicit methods are computationally expensive. They require the solution of one or more large nonlinear systems at each timestep, which can be impractical to solve exactly and can behave poorly when solved approximately. The recently introduced ``lightly-implicit'' K-methods seek to avoid this issue by directly coupling the time integration methods with a Krylov based approximation of linear system solutions, treating a portion of the problem implicitly and the remainder explicitly. This work seeks to further two primary objectives: evaluation of these K-methods in large-scale parallel applications, and development of new linearly implicit methods for contexts where improvements can be made. To this end, Rosenbrock-Krylov methods, the first K-methods, are examined in a scalability study, and two new families of time integration methods are introduced: biorthogonal Rosenbrock-Krylov methods, and linearly implicit multistep methods. For the scalability evaluation of Rosenbrock-Krylov methods, two parallel contexts are considered: a GPU accelerated model and a distributed MPI parallel model. In both cases, the most significant performance bottleneck is the need for many vector dot products, which require costly parallel reduce operations. Biorthogonal Rosenbrock-Krylov methods are an extension of the original Rosenbrock-Krylov methods which replace the Arnoldi iteration used to produce the Krylov approximation with Lanczos biorthogonalization, which requires fewer vector dot products, leading to lower overall cost for stiff problems. Linearly implicit multistep methods are a new family of implicit multistep methods that require only a single linear solve per timestep; the family includes W- and K-method variants, which admit arbitrary or Krylov based approximations of the problem Jacobian while maintaining the order of accuracy. This property allows for a wide range of implementation optimizations. Finally, all the new methods proposed herein are implemented efficiently in the MATLODE package, a Matlab ODE solver and sensitivity analysis toolbox, to make them available to the community at large. / Doctor of Philosophy / Differential equations are a fundamental building block of the mathematical description of many physical phenomena. Thus, solving problems involving complex differential equations is necessary for construction of scientific models of these phenomena, which can then be used to make useful predictions, such as weather forecasts. Aside from some simplified cases, complex differential equations cannot be solved exactly. Time integration methods are a class of numerical algorithms used to compute approximate solutions to differential equations, by stepping a given initial solution forward in time, producing a new solution at each timestep. Time integration methods are generally categorized as either explicit or implicit methods. Explicit methods are simpler, but have significant restrictions on the size of timesteps for challenging differential equations. Implicit methods relax this timestep restriction, but are much more expensive to compute. The recently introduced ``lightly-implicit'' K-methods provide a way to fuse the advantages of both implicit and explicit methods, by effectively treating a portion of the problem implicitly and the remainder explicitly. This work seeks to further two primary objectives: evaluation of these K-methods on very large problems, and development of new time integration methods. To this end, Rosenbrock--Krylov methods, the first K-methods, are applied to a large-scale problem and examined in a scalability study, and two new families of time integration methods are introduced: biorthogonal Rosenbrock--Krylov methods, and linearly implicit multistep methods. Ultimately, the goal is to develop new methods which allow for the creation of larger, more detailed, and more accurate scientific models, in order to get better and faster predictions.

The purpose of this paper is to prove the existence of the Gamma function and to give some other properties of the function.

Integration ist eine fortwährende Aufgabe in betrieblichen Informationssystemen. Durch den Einsatz verschiedener personeller und maschineller Aufgabenträger kommt es zu wiederkehrenden Integrationsproblemen, die vorrangig durch externe Dienstleister gelöst werden. Das zentrale Problem dieser Arbeit ist, dass in der Wissenschaft diskutiertes Lösungswissen in Form von Mustern existiert, aber keinen Eingang in die Praxis findet. Um dieses Problem zu untersuchen, wurde eine qualitative empirische Untersuchung durchgeführt, welche erstmals im deutschsprachigen Raum Wirkungszusammenhänge und Entscheidungsmechanismen in Integrationsprojekten analysiert. Als Ergebnis der qualitativen Erhebung kann festgehalten werden, dass dem Dienstleistungscharakter der Integration bisher zu wenig Beachtung geschenkt wurde und dass Integrationsmuster nicht eingesetzt werden, weil der Abstraktionsgrad des so konservierten Lösungswissens nicht zum Abstraktionsgrad der Problemstellungen passt. Deshalb definiert die Arbeit zunächst ein Dienstleistungsmodell der Integration, welches sich auf die empirische Untersuchung stützt. Danach wird auf der Grundla-ge einer eigenschaftsbasierten Definition von Integrationsmustern eine Grundmenge an Mustern aus der Literatur extrahiert, die weiter abstrahiert werden. Als Abstraktionsprinzipien werden die Klassifikation und die Generalisierung eingesetzt. Abstrakte Integrationsmuster können als Ressourcen in ein Dienstleistungsmodell eingehen. Für die Klassifikation wurde ein erweiterbares und flexibles Klassifikationsverfahren – die Facettenklassifikation – gewählt. Diese ermöglicht jederzeit das Hinzufügen weiterer Facetten. Die Einordnung eines Musters muss nur innerhalb einer Facette disjunkt sein, es kann aber in andere Facetten eingeordnet werden. Die verwendeten Facetten entstammen sowohl dem Problem als auch dem Lösungsbereich. Jeder Facette liegt eine umfassende Analyse zugrunde. Die Klassifikation bildet den Ausgangspunkt der erneuten Generalisierung. Muster mit ähnlichen bzw. identischen Ausprägungen werden erfasst und auf ein gemeinsames Konzept untersucht. Diese Generalisierung wurde exemplarisch für zwei Mustergruppen durchgeführt. Dabei wurden die beiden abstrakten Integrationsmuster „zusätzlicher Zugriffspunkt“ sowie „Vermittler“ identifiziert. Die entwickelten Konzepte flossen in eine umfangreiche Evaluation ein, welche am Beispiel einer konkreten Dienstleistung im Bereich der E-Procurement-Integration durchgeführt wurde. Die Unabhängigkeit der Bewertung konnte dadurch sichergestellt werden, dass weder der Dienstleister noch der Kunde an der zuvor durchgeführten empirischen Untersuchung beteiligt waren. Der erarbeitete Lösungsvorschlag wurde in einer Laborumgebung implementiert. Das vollständige Integrationsszenario ist dabei auf der Basis einer Virtualisierungsumgebung realitätsnah nachgebildet worden. Neben Instanzen der Kundensysteme mit identischem Versions- und Patch-Stand kamen auch Datenbestände aus Produktivsystemen zum Einsatz. Die Integrationshilfsmittel wurden ebenfalls in der Laborumgebung eingerichtet. Durch abstrakte Integrationsmuster verbessert sich die Dienstleistungserbringung. Auf der Kundenseite bewirkt dies eine Verbesserungen der Integrations- und Unternehmensarchitektur sowie die Erschließung weiteren Verbesserungspotenzials. Für den Dienstleister ergibt sich neben einem veränderten Dienstleistungsmodell vor allem die Möglichkeit, einmalige Angebote in ein konfigurierbares Standarddienstleistungsangebot zu überführen. Zusätzlich kann eine verbesserte Ressourcennutzung (vor allem der Humanressourcen) anhand des veränderten Dienstleistungsmodells nachgewiesen werden. Im Rahmen der Arbeit konnte so ein Ansatz entwickelt werden, der die empirisch belegten Abstraktionsprobleme behebt und die Einsetzbarkeit von bestehendem Lösungswissen verbessert. Gleichzeitig werden die Wirkungsmechanismen und Entscheidungszusammenhänge durch das Dienstleistungsmodell besser erfass-, erklär- und vor allem planbar.

Integration har på senare år fått stort utrymme i den samhälleliga såväl som den politiska debatten. Integration är en dubbelriktad process som betonar det ömsesidiga ansvaret och tillmötesgåendet mellan etablerade svenskar och nyanlända. Den sociala integrationen kan således ses som en förutsättning för nyanländas integrationsprocess, då den sociala aspekten innefattar tillgång till det svenska språket och ett socialt nätverk, samt interaktion med majoritetssamhällets invånare. Däremot skiljer sig förutsättningarna mellan män och kvinnor, då kvinnor generellt sett har mindre personlig frihet och sämre förutsättningar än män i sin integrationsprocess. Utifrån ett integrationsprojekt riktat till föräldralediga kvinnor kommer den här studien att undersöka deltagares erfarenheter av social integration och dess betydelse för nyanländas integrationsprocess. Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer, varav två med föräldralediga kvinnor och fyra stycken med så kallade etablerade svenskar, kommer att ligga till grund för det empiriska materialet. Det insamlade materialet kommer att analyseras gentemot Diaz integrationsmodell som betonar den sociala aspekten av integration, samt Berrys ackulturationsmodell och deras förståelse av integration för att skapa en djupare förståelse för respondenternas erfarenheter och uppfattningar. Resultatet visar att språket har en avgörande betydelse för de nyanländas integrationsprocess, där mötet med etablerade svenskar utgör både en huvudsaklig förutsättning för att lära sig språket och en huvudsaklig utmaning i deras integrationsprocess. Utifrån resultatet inser vi att ett ömsesidigt tillmötesgående och en öppenhet också utgör en förutsättning för en lyckad integration. / During recent years the issue of integration has gained increased attention in the public, as well as the political, debate. Integration is described as a two-way process that emphasises mutual responsibility between newcomers and established swedes. Therefore, social integration can be seen as a precondition for the integration process of newcomers, as the social aspect involves knowledge of the Swedish language and access to a social network, as well as interaction with the residents of the majority society. However, when it comes to the individual integration process women tend to have less personal freedom than men. This study will focus on an integration project aimed at favouring newly arrived women on parental leave as a part of their integration and will research experiences of social integration and its importance among the project participants. Six semi structured interviews, including two interviews with newly arrived women and four with established swedes, will lay the ground for the empirical materialof this study. The collected material will then be analysed through Diaz’s integration model thatemphasises the social aspect of integration, and Berry’s acculturation model, as well as theirunderstanding of the concept of integration. The theoretical concepts of this study are thought to help us gain a more nuanced understanding of the experiences and views of the participants. The result shows that the language is of crucial importance for the integration process of newcomers, whereas the interplay with established swedes constitutes both a principal precondition in order to learn the language, as well a main challenge to their integration process. Based on the results we acknowledge the importance of a mutual recognition and openness as prerequisites for successful integration.

The Cotonou Agreement introduces never fundamental principles with respect to trade between the European Union and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries relative to the Lome Convention: in particular non-reciprocal preferential market access for ACP economies will only last until 1 January 2008. After that date, it will be replaced by a string of Economic Partnership Agreements (E PA) meant to progressively liberalise trade in a reciprocal way. The progressive removal of barriers to trade is expected to result in the establishment of Free Trade Agreements between the EU and ACP regional groups in accordance with the relevant WTO rules and help further existing regional integration efforts among the ACP. Most discussions or economic development in Africa focus on regional integration as an important element. From the first post-colonial meetings. African leaders emphasised regional integration as a key element of their strategies. In the most recent African plan for economic development, the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), regional and sub regional approaches to development arc again a key element. The plan sees the small size of countries, low incomes, and consequently limited markets as a limit to economies of scale, thus denying attractive returns to investors and in o doing constraining the diversification of production and exports. This is the key reason for pooling resources in order to enhance regional economic integration. The decision by Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland to sign the interim EPA came in the result of SACU's failure to negotiate as a bloc with a view to sign the EPA. In this research, the following statistical techniques were applied: t-test, f-test, regression analysis and its forecasts model for seven Southern African Development Community Economic Partnership Agreement (SADC EPA) group trading with the European Union, is used to simulate the opportunities and benefits of EPAs for countries or the SADC region. Simulation results show that EPAs with the EU are welfare-enhancing for SADC overall. leading also to substantive increases in real GOP. For most countries further gains may arise from intra-SADC liberalization. / Thesis (M.Com.(Economics) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2011

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether non-profit organizations in the form of ethnic associations could contribute to greater political integration of ethnic minorities. tree questions sought to answer the aim of this study: “To see if memberships in ethnical contributed greater political integration and participation in society and politics?” “Have association membership contributed to increased political participation, as well as an increased interest in political issues? “And what measures for increased political participation and greater political integration has been made by the parish of Västerås in recent years? The essay was performed by means of interviews. The results show that a commitment to an ethnic association improves the possibility of integration and increased political interest.

Under hösten 2015 har fler människor än någonsin sökt asyl i Sverige utifrån en av de svåraste flyktingsituationerna sedan andra världskriget. Socialstyrelsen visar genom jämförelser i hälsa på vikten av att människor integreras när de kommer till Sverige eftersom det påverkar deras hälsa. Kommuner i Sverige har ett stor ansvar för det integrationsarbete som sker i Sverige. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur en mindre kommun arbetar med integration av nyanlända flyktingar. Jag har utgått från fyra frågeställningar: Vilket synsätt har kommunen på integration? Hur arbetar kommunen med integration? Vilka synsätt har de anställda i kommunen på integration? Har personalen inom kommunen kunskap om olika kulturer och finns det behov av vidareutbildning? Data till min studie har samlats in med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer med nio personer som arbetar med integration i den undersökta kommunen. I analysen av min studie har jag utgått från Antonovskys teori KASAM -känsla av sammanhang. Resultat av studien visar att kommunen saknar dokument för sitt integrationsarbete och att personalen har olika synsätt på integration, vilket påverkar deras sätt att arbeta med integration. Vilket leder till slutsatsen att kommunens synsätt på integration är av stor vikt då kommunens integrationsarbete utformas utifrån detta och därmed hur den nyanlände bemöts. Men där det också går att se att personalens synsätt på integration påverkar integrationsarbetet. Därför är det viktigt att kommunen arbetar med förståelsen av begreppet integration för att ge såväl politiker som personal samma utgångspunkt i sitt arbete med integration. / In autumn 2015, more people than ever have sought asylum in Sweden on the basis of one of the most difficult refugee situations since World War II. National Board shows through comparisons of health on the importance of integrating people when they come to Sweden because it affects their health. Municipalities in Sweden has a great responsibility for the integration work done in Sweden. The purpose of this study was to examine how a small municipality is working with the integration of newly arrived refugees. I have based my study on four questions: • Which approach does the municipality have on integration? • How does the municipality work with integration? • What approach has employees in the municipality on integration? • Have staff within the municipality knowledge of different cultures and is there a need for further training? The data for my study have been collected through qualitative interviews with nine people working on integration in the studied municipality. In the analysis of my study I have started from Antonovsky's theory SOC –Sence of Coherence. Results of the study show that the municipality lacks documents for its integration work and that staff have different views on integration, affecting their way of working with integration. Which leads to the conclusion that the municipality's approach to integration is of great importance when a municipal integration work formed the basis of this, and therefore how the new arrival is met. But where it is also possible to see that the staff's approach to integration affects integration efforts. Therefore it is important that the municipality is working with the understanding of the concept of integration to give both politicians and staff the same starting point in its work with integration.

This study aimed to examine what kind of challenges regarding integration the staff of residential care homes for unaccompanied refugee minors identify and what possibilities they have to handle these. Four qualitative interviews with staff in residential care homes for unaccompanied refugee minors were conducted. The result was analyzed by using the system theoretical perspective of Luhmann on the concepts of inclusion and exclusion in the context of social work. Another tool for analyzation was the different concepts of integration described by Esser and Elwert, called assimilation and intern integration. The respondents described that the residential care homes concepts of integration contributed to increase the chance of inclusion for the adolescents within the majority population and minority population. The daily routines of the residential care home were described to be the tools to include adolescents. This was according to the staff done by educating the adolescents about the Swedish society. The education that were described reflected the awareness of the transmigrant and their floating identity.Keywords: Integration, inclusion, exclusion, assimilation. / Syfte med denna studie var att undersöka vilka integrationsutmaningar personalen på HVB-hem identifierar med avseende på ensamkommande flyktingbarn och vilka möjligheter de anser sig ha att hantera dessa. Studien utgår ifrån fyra kvalitativa intervjuer som genomfördes med HVB-personal på tre olika boenden för ensamkommande flyktingbarn. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av Luhmanns systemteoretiska perspektiv på begreppen inkludering och exkludering i kontexten för socialt arbete. Ett annat analysverktyg var Esser och Elwerts olika integrationskoncept, kallade assimilation och intern integration. Studiens resultat visar att HVB-hemmens integrationskoncept varierade vilket påverkade ungdomarnas chanser till inkludering inom majoritetsbefolkningen och minoritetsbefolkningen. HVB-hemspersonalens arbete med att inkludera ungdomarna tydliggjordes genom de dagliga rutinerna på arbetsplatsen. Inkluderingen skedde enligt intervjupersonerna genom att personalen informerade ungdomarna om det svenska samhället. Informationen som beskrevs reflekterade personalens medvetenhet om transmigrantens situation och dess flytande identitet.

In the Swedish society, sport is seen as a natural integration arena where ethnic minorities integrate intothe new society without losing their identity. The diversity varies greatly among the different sports, golfis one of the sports where diversity is almost totally absent. This study aims to examine how projects atvarious Swedish golf clubs promote the integration of youth immigrants through the sport. The first stepof the study consisted of surveys that formed the base of the study. In the second step, interviews cratedknowledge about golf clubs various work to promote integration in society. The results show that almostevery fourth golf club in Sweden was implementing or planning an integration project of some kind.Trough the study, it becomes clear that the barriers that must be torn down to make golf a naturalintegration arena, as sports in general, are numerous.