In this conceptual report the idea to establish an European Positron Source for Applied Research ("EPOS") based on new LINAC facilities in Germany (ELBE/Rossendorf or TTF-DESY/Hamburg) is considered. The report contains not only the outline of obvious applications in atomic physics, materials science and surface physics, but also several new methodical developments which are only possible with an intense positron beam. This opportunity will also allow the use and further development of imaging techniques being of special interest for industrial applications.

Le travail de thèse a porté sur l'utilisation des données radar dans les domaines de la validation et de l'initialisation des modèles atmosphériques à échelle kilométrique. Dans la première partie, un simulateur radar sophistiqué et modulaire est développé dans le modèle atmosphérique à haute résolution Méso-NH. Des tests de sensibilité sur les différentes formulations utilisées pour décrire chaque processus physique impliqué dans les mesures radar (réflectivités et vents radiaux Doppler) sont effectués. Ils permettent de préciser le niveau de complexité nécessaire pour la simulation de la donnée radar à des fins de validation et pour l'opérateur d'observation à des fins d'assimilation des données radar. Dans la seconde partie, une méthode originale est développée pour assimiler les réflectivités. Cette méthode en deux temps, appelée 1D+3DVar, restitue d'abord des profils verticaux d'humidité à partir de profils de réflectivité par le biais d'une technique bayésienne qui utilise des colonnes voisines d'humidité et de réflectivité cohérentes du modèle. Les pseudo-observations restituées sont à leur tour assimilées par un système d'assimilation 3DVar à la résolution de 2,5 km. La méthode est évaluée et réglée avec à la fois des données simulées et réelles. On montre notamment le bénéfice de l'assimilation des données de réflectivité pour les prévisions à courte échéance de la situation des inondations exceptionnelles de septembre 2002 dans le Gard.

<p>In this study 170 Swedish University students participated and evaluated themselves on Subjective well-being with affect balance measured both in frequency and in intensity, and on the five-factor personality factors. The results clearly indicate that intense positive emotions and intense negative emotions correlate positively, and that women experience emotions more intensely than men. Further, measuring affect balance in frequency leads to gender differences in happiness while intensity affect balance does not. Neuroticism (inverted) and extraversion are both strong predictors of happiness, but when using frequent affect-balance, neuroticism evidently stands out as the better of the two. Extraversion and to some extent neuroticism are intensifying people’s emotions. The findings suggest future research to distinguish between intense and frequent affects when calculating Subjective well-being.</p>

The interaction of intense laser pulses with nanometer scale atomic clusters has been an active area of study since the advent of amplified femtosecond lasers. In the case of infrared irradiation of noble gas clusters, direct field-driven ionization results in the ejection of energetic electrons, high ion charge states, and Coulomb explosion of the ion core of the clusters. These processes result from electron motion driven by the cluster potential and the large ponderomotive potential of the laser field. When extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses interact with clusters, the mechanisms responsible for the infrared response are 'turned off' because the ponderomotive potential is very small. We have conducted cluster experiments at 38nm using focused XUV pulses produced by high harmonic generation with a 15TW Ti:Sapphire laser. We measured the charge states and kinetic energy spectra of ions produced in the interaction, and observe substantial ion population up to Xe⁵⁺, with a small number of Xe⁶⁺-Xe⁸⁺ ions produced by collisional ionization by hot plasma electrons. The ion kinetic energy spectrum indicates a hydrodynamic expansion at an ion temperature of 8eV. This is in stark contrast to intense infrared/cluster interactions, where clusters are stripped of electrons to a large degree and expand by Coulomb forces, resulting in far higher ion kinetic energy for similar degrees of ionization. / text

For the first time, a full-dimensional quantum-mechanical description of excitation, dissociation and ionization of H2+ in intense laser fields is presented. The quantum-mechanical propagation of the nuclei is carried out approximately using time-dependent Floquet surfaces and the Coulomb surface, switching between these surfaces is possible stochastically (”hopping”). The impact of quantum effects in the nuclear dynamics on dissociation and ionization as well as their interplay is investigated in detail. The results are in excellent agreement with experimental data. It is shown in particular that quantum effects in the nuclear dynamics are essential for the description and interpretation of the experiments.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Physics / Artem Rudenko / Carlos Trallero-Herrero / Ultrafast laser systems (pulse durations 10-100 femtoseconds) allow for the practical production of intense fields (≥ 10¹⁴ W/cm²) in a table-top, laboratory setup. The development of this technology has opened the door to studying the interaction of intense laser fields with atoms, molecules, and solid media. These experiments revealed a wealth of dynamics and interplay between the field, ion, and the freed electron, which has led to the production of first attosecond pulses and opened the field of attosecond science. The dynamics of the electron in an intense laser field are fundamental to strong- field phenomena such as higher-order harmonic generation, high energy above threshold ionization, and non-sequential double ionization. As the electron can be strongly accelerated by the instantaneous field, the dynamics depend on both the field's amplitude and wavelength. The latter dependence comes from the fact that the period of the field increases with wavelength. Thus, the electron is accelerated for a longer time and the energy gained is proportional to the wavelength squared. Recent evidence supports the claim that the electron- field interaction at longer wavelengths must include the contribution of the magnetic field and/or the radiation pressure of the field, adding to the wealth of effects associated with strong- field interactions. This thesis explores several routes towards fulfilling gaps in our understanding of the wavelength-scaling of strong- field interactions. I first demonstrate several important developments that reduce the complexity of generating non-sinusoidal, light transient waveforms in the near-infrared, opening the ability to tailor waveforms for more control on strong- field interactions. Next, I demonstrate the development of a strong- field, femtosecond source at wavelengths from 5 micrometers to 9 micrometers. To date, this is the first few-cycle, strong- field (≥ 10¹⁴ W/cm²) source in the long-wave infrared. An important advantage to this design is the wavelength tunability, which provides a control knob for understanding strong- field interactions across a broad wavelength range. Afterwards, I present applications of wavelength tunable sources in strong- field absorption in semiconductors. Specifically, I measure the absorbance of a strong laser field in gallium arsenide as a function of laser polarization, which varies the density of states available to the electron. This is performed for four laser wavelengths spanning 1.2 micrometers to 2.4 micrometers. With these absorbance measurements, we can compare the dependence of the photoexcitation rate on several parameters and compare it to theory. We find that the change in absorbance with density of states deviates from theoretical predictions as the photon order for the photoexcitation increases from two to three. This could be attributed to the field modifying the energy-momentum relationship of the conduction band. To conclude the thesis, I present simulations on a recent experimentally demonstrated technique for amplifying few-cycle electric fields. Due to the difficulty in making these sources, the model I developed includes many of the parameters involved in designing the system. This simulation can be used to plan design criteria, such as nonlinear crystal thickness, for peak performance of the amplification process.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nakamura_pm_me_rcla.pdf: 977354 bytes, checksum: 873bca04b790978eafb71273c0bd0d92 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / É bem conhecida a influência da música no desempenho do exercício no domínio moderado e nos estados de ânimo. Poucos estudos investigaram essa relação em exercícios no domínio intenso e severo. Além disso, a audição de música é bastante disseminada entre praticantes de atividade física, os quais devem selecionar músicas de acordo com suas preferências pessoais. Entretanto, a relação entre a preferência musical e o desempenho e o estado de ânimo não está esclarecido. Desse modo, dois estudos foram propostos. O objetivo do estudo 1 foi de verificar a influência da audição da música preferida e não preferida no desempenho, nas respostas fisiológicas, na percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e nos estados de ânimo em exercícios no domínio severo no cicloergômetro. O objetivo do estudo 2 foi de verificar a influência da audição da música preferida e não preferidas nas mesmas variáveis do estudo 1 em exercícios no domínio intenso no cicolergômetro. No primeiro estudo foram determinados os parâmetros da Potência Crítica (PCrit) em diferentes protocolos, Música Preferida (MP), Não Preferida (NP) e Sem Música (SM). Foram submetidos para o estudo quatro mulheres e seis homens. Após ouvirem ou não a música os sujeitos realizaram o aquecimento e o teste. Foram avaliados a Freqüência Cardíaca (FC), concentração de lactato sanguíneo [LAc]s, PSE e estado de ânimo. A FC, PSE, [LAC]s e os parâmetros da PCrit não apresentaram diferença estatística para os três diferentes protocolos. Porém os estados de ânimo para os adjetivos positivos apresentaram maiores valores no momento da fadiga para a MP. Conclui-se que a audição da música preferida só é capaz de influenciar os estados de ânimo no domínio severo. Participaram do estudo 2, cinco mulheres e seis homens,os quais foram submetidos a 2 protocolos de teste. No primeiro foi obtido os... / The music influence in the performance, in moderate exercise and mood states has already been well elucidated in literature. However, some studies have found improvement in these variables in the intense and severe exercise. Besides, listening to music is enough disseminated among physical activity apprentices, who can select music in accordance to their personal preferences. However, the relation musical preference between the performance and mood state is not explained. Therefore, two goals were proposed. The first study was to analyze the influence of listening preferred and non-preferred music considering the performance, physiologic responses, Rating Perceived Exertion (RPE) and mood states in the severe exercise on ergometer cycle. The second goal was to analyze the influence of listening preferred and non-preferred music according to the same variables of the first goal, but in the intense exercise on the ergometer cycle. The study one determined Critical Power model parameters (CP) in different protocols, Preferred Music (PM), Non- Preferred Music (NP) and Without Music (WM). Four women and six men were submitted to the study. After listening or not to the music the subjects carried out the warm-up and the test. The Heart Rate (HR), Blood Concentration Lactate ([LA]), RPE and mood states were examined. Significant differences were not found in HR, [LA], RPE and CP parameters. However, the data showed that the positive mood states in fatigue moment was higher in PM than in NP and WM. The data also showed that the audition of the preferred music is only able to influence the mood state in severe exercise. Four women and six men were submitted on the second study. CP parameters were determined across the two loads after two tests (Load CP and Load below CP). In this study, the HR, [LA], RPE and mood states were examined during twenty minutes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_dg_me_jabo.pdf: 880026 bytes, checksum: 80c7a81b80aab4a2b4767d59d48cb5de (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste estudo foram radiografadas articulações coxofemorais de seis cães adultos, de duas raças, provenientes de dois Canis da Polícia Militar em três momentos, no período de um ano. Para predizer sobre a influência do exercício sobre a displasia coxofemoral, em estudo retrospectivo, correspondente a um período de oito anos, foram reavaliadas radiografias de 259 cães displásicos procurando estabelecer, entre outras variáveis, as diferentes modalidades de lesões radiográficas visibilizadas nesta afecção, considerando que estes animais, por informações pessoais de seus proprietários, não eram expostos rotineiramente a exercícios físicos. Na fase experimental, a raça Pastor Alemão foi a única acometida, a articulação esquerda se mostrou com maiores alterações e as lesões se mantiveram constantes nos três momentos. Na fase retrospectiva, os animais mais afetados eram das raças Rottweiler, Pastor Alemão e SRD e com mais de cinco anos de idade. O porcentual de machos e fêmeas afetados foi semelhante e o acometimento da displasia coxofemoral foi quase sempre bilateral e com grau de lesões simétrico. Pode-se concluir que o exercício não foi fator de progressão para cães com displasia coxofemoral. Se supervisionado, mesmo intenso, pode ser bastante benéfico para as articulações coxofemorais / In this study, the hip joints of six adult dogs of two breeds, from two kennels belonging to the military police were radiographed three times in one year. To predict the influence of exercise on hip dysplasia, 259 radiographs of dysplastic dogs were reviewed in a retrospective study corresponding to a period of eight years trying to establish, among other variables, all types of radiographic lesions found in this condition since these animals, according to personal information of the owners, were not routinely exposed to physical exercise. In the experimental phase of this study, the German Shepherd Dog was the only affected breed, the left joint showed more alterations and lesions remained constant in the three evaluations. In the retrospective phase, the most affected dogs were Rottweiler, German Shepherd Dog and crossbreeds and the most affected were older than five years of age. The percentage of affected males and females was similar and the involvement of hip dysplasia was mainly bilateral and the degree of injury was mostly symmetrical. It can be concluded that the exercise was not a progress factor for dogs with hip dysplasia. If supervised, even when intense, exercise can be quite beneficial for hip joints

Orientador: Eduardo Kokubun / Banca: Fábio Yuzo Nakamura / Banca: Silvia Deutsch / Resumo: É bem conhecida a influência da música no desempenho do exercício no domínio moderado e nos estados de ânimo. Poucos estudos investigaram essa relação em exercícios no domínio intenso e severo. Além disso, a audição de música é bastante disseminada entre praticantes de atividade física, os quais devem selecionar músicas de acordo com suas preferências pessoais. Entretanto, a relação entre a preferência musical e o desempenho e o estado de ânimo não está esclarecido. Desse modo, dois estudos foram propostos. O objetivo do estudo 1 foi de verificar a influência da audição da música preferida e não preferida no desempenho, nas respostas fisiológicas, na percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e nos estados de ânimo em exercícios no domínio severo no cicloergômetro. O objetivo do estudo 2 foi de verificar a influência da audição da música preferida e não preferidas nas mesmas variáveis do estudo 1 em exercícios no domínio intenso no cicolergômetro. No primeiro estudo foram determinados os parâmetros da Potência Crítica (PCrit) em diferentes protocolos, Música Preferida (MP), Não Preferida (NP) e Sem Música (SM). Foram submetidos para o estudo quatro mulheres e seis homens. Após ouvirem ou não a música os sujeitos realizaram o aquecimento e o teste. Foram avaliados a Freqüência Cardíaca (FC), concentração de lactato sanguíneo [LAc]s, PSE e estado de ânimo. A FC, PSE, [LAC]s e os parâmetros da PCrit não apresentaram diferença estatística para os três diferentes protocolos. Porém os estados de ânimo para os adjetivos positivos apresentaram maiores valores no momento da fadiga para a MP. Conclui-se que a audição da música preferida só é capaz de influenciar os estados de ânimo no domínio severo. Participaram do estudo 2, cinco mulheres e seis homens,os quais foram submetidos a 2 protocolos de teste. No primeiro foi obtido os... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The music influence in the performance, in moderate exercise and mood states has already been well elucidated in literature. However, some studies have found improvement in these variables in the intense and severe exercise. Besides, listening to music is enough disseminated among physical activity apprentices, who can select music in accordance to their personal preferences. However, the relation musical preference between the performance and mood state is not explained. Therefore, two goals were proposed. The first study was to analyze the influence of listening preferred and non-preferred music considering the performance, physiologic responses, Rating Perceived Exertion (RPE) and mood states in the severe exercise on ergometer cycle. The second goal was to analyze the influence of listening preferred and non-preferred music according to the same variables of the first goal, but in the intense exercise on the ergometer cycle. The study one determined Critical Power model parameters (CP) in different protocols, Preferred Music (PM), Non- Preferred Music (NP) and Without Music (WM). Four women and six men were submitted to the study. After listening or not to the music the subjects carried out the warm-up and the test. The Heart Rate (HR), Blood Concentration Lactate ([LA]), RPE and mood states were examined. Significant differences were not found in HR, [LA], RPE and CP parameters. However, the data showed that the positive mood states in fatigue moment was higher in PM than in NP and WM. The data also showed that the audition of the preferred music is only able to influence the mood state in severe exercise. Four women and six men were submitted on the second study. CP parameters were determined across the two loads after two tests (Load CP and Load below CP). In this study, the HR, [LA], RPE and mood states were examined during twenty minutes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Para tornar uma estrutura hidrÃulica segura e economicamente viÃvel à preciso que seu projeto seja concebido de forma a suportar eventos extremos, mas sempre seguindo a linha tÃnue entre os custos de execuÃÃo e os riscos calculados pelas consequÃncias da obra nÃo suportar os excessos de chuva. A relaÃÃo Intensidade-DuraÃÃo-FrequÃncia (IDF) da chuva à uma das ferramentas mais comumente utilizadas em engenharia de recursos hÃdricos para definir a vazÃo de projeto. As IDF sÃo determinadas atravÃs de dados pluviogrÃficos, porÃm, muitas vezes estes dados sÃo escassos levando a determinaÃÃo de equaÃÃes atravÃs de dados pluviomÃtricos diÃrios desagregados. Dada a escassez de dados pluviogrÃficos e equaÃÃes IDF no Estado do Cearà foi desenvolvido neste trabalho um programa computacional na linguagem Java que sistematizou a metodologia desenvolvida por Fechine Sobrinho (2011) para elaboraÃÃo de equaÃÃes IDF com base no mÃtodo de desagregaÃÃo de chuva atravÃs de isozonas, possibilitando a elaboraÃÃo das equaÃÃes IDF para os 30 municÃpios que compÃe a mesorregiÃo do Cariri cearense. A ferramenta computacional permite a geraÃÃo das equaÃÃes IDF a partir do processamento dos dados obtidos na base de informaÃÃes da FundaÃÃo Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos HÃdricos â FUNCEME, apresentando grande potencial para o desdobramento das aplicaÃÃes, como à o caso da espacializaÃÃo dos parÃmetros. A sistematizaÃÃo do mÃtodo foi validada comparando os valores obtidos com os valores de equaÃÃes IDF consagradas na literatura e formuladas atravÃs de dados pluviogrÃficos. Foram obtidas correlaÃÃes acima de 95% para as funÃÃes de distribuiÃÃo empregadas e realizada a espacializaÃÃo dos parÃmetros. / In order to design a safe and economically viable hydraulic structure it is necessary to design a project to withstand extreme events, but always following the fine line between execution costs and calculated risks. The Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) relationship of rainfall is one of the most commonly used tools in water resources engineering to define the design outflow. The IDF is determined by rainfall-duration recorded data, however, these data are often scarce, leading to determination of equations using disaggregated daily rainfall data. Due to insufficient data about rainfall-duration and IDF equations in the state of CearÃ, this work developed a computational program in Java which systematized the methodology developed by Fechine Sobrinho (2011) for IDF equations establishment. This methodology was based on the isozone disaggregation of rain method, allowing the establishment of IDF equations for the 30 municipalities of the Cariri region located in the southern state. The computational tool allows the generation of IDF equations from the data obtained in the FundaÃÃo Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos HÃdricos - FUNCEME, showing great applications, such as the spatial distribution of the parameters. The systematization of the IDF equations establishment through isozone method was validated by comparison of the obtained values with existing equations on the technical literature. Correlations above 95% were obtained for the distribution functions for the employed and performed the spatial parameters