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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
311

Analyse des extrêmes pluviométriques en Afrique de l'Ouest et de leur évolution au cours des 60 dernières années

Panthou, Gérémy 19 June 2013 (has links) (PDF)
En Afrique de l'Ouest, la diminution brutale de la pluviométrie depuis les années 1970 s'est produite en concomitance avec une augmentation des dommages liés aux inondations. Si une accentuation de la vulnérabilité des populations est indéniable, la question d'une évolution de l'aléa pluviométrique en particulier des pluies les plus intenses reste posée - notamment dans un contexte où le réchauffement climatique devrait s'accompagner d'une intensification du cycle hydrologique globale. Cette thèse s'attache à améliorer nos connaissances sur le régime des pluies extrêmes en Afrique de l'Ouest sous-documenté à l'heure actuelle dans les sciences du climat et de l'hydrologie opérationnelle. Le travail s'articule autour de trois objectifs: (i) fournir une vision régionale intégrée de l'organisation spatiale des extrêmes, (ii) étudier l'évolution du régime des précipitations extrêmes en lien avec la variabilité décennale des cumuls pluviométriques annuels, (iii) caractériser les extrêmes pluviométriques en produisant des cartes d'aléa pluviométrique et en étudiant les liens d'échelles entre les extrêmes de pluie à différentes résolutions spatio-temporelles. On se base ici sur les données journalières des réseaux nationaux disponibles depuis les années 1950 sur l'Afrique de l'Ouest et actualisées sur le Sahel Central jusqu'en 2010; les données de précipitation à haute résolution disponibles depuis 1990 sur l'observatoire AMMA-CATCH Niger. Les modèles statistiques classiques issus de la théorie des valeurs extrêmes, ont été adaptés pour incorporer des covariables représentant des non-stationnarités spatiales et temporelles dans les pluies extrêmes. On montre la grande robustesse de ces modèles pour estimer les quantiles rares et détecter les tendances régionales dans les séries d'extrêmes. Le cadre théorique des fractales a été utilisé pour modéliser les relations d'échelles spatio-temporelles. On montre ainsi qu'une représentation de type "simple scaling" (invariance d'échelle simple) permet de décrire de manière très satisfaisante ces relations pour des pas de temps allant de 1 à 24 heures. Les résultats climatologiques confirment que la sécheresse de la fin du XXeme siecle a été avant tout associée à une baisse de l'occurrence des précipitations, leur intensité demeurant relativement inchangée. On note en revanche un comportement singulier sur la dernière décennie durant laquelle un déficit persistant d'occurrence est compensé par une intensification des précipitations qui explique un retour vers une meilleure pluviométrie annuelle, associée cependant à des extrêmes plus marqués et donc porteurs de risque hydrologique.
312

Contraintes syntaxiques et sémantiques sur l'intensification implicite: un cas non standard de la construction intensive de conséquence

Karenova, Kristyna 10 January 2014 (has links)
Cette these porte sur differents aspects syntaxiques et semantiques de l'intensification implicite dans une construction du francais non standard du type "Marie est belle qu'on en reste ebahi". Cette construction se caracterise par la presence d'un modificateur propositionnel (la prop-que) jouant le role d'un evaluateur de mesures extremes liees au predicat de la proposition matrice ("belle"). Ce modificateur opere sur des echelles de mesures et delimite la mesure reelle en la mettant en rapport avec la consequence qu'il exprime. Comme ce type d'evaluation correlative definit aussi la construction intensive de consequence (CIC), ou l'intensification est lexicalement realisée par les marqueurs d'intensité "tellement", "si", etc., nous proposons que la construction non standard represente un type implicite de la CIC. La CIC-implicite constitue un nouvel objet d'etude pour la description et la formalisation dans le cadre de la grammaire generative (Chomsky 1993, 1995, 2000). L'objectif principal de cette these est de fournir une description detaillee des comportements de la CIC-implicite, d'identifier les contraintes qui la regissent et de proposer un lien derivationnel entre cette derniere et la CIC-explicite. Une comparaison systematique des proprietes des deux CIC montre que les realisations de la CIC-implicite sont plus restreintes. Les restrictions incluent, entre autres, l'impossibilite de l'enchassement par un verbe factif et l'absence de la force interrogative. Une ligne directe peut etre etablie entre les differentes restrictions en termes de la notion pragmatique d'assertion et de la presence du locuteur. Notre derivation de la CIC-implicite, basee sur l'analyse de la CIC-explicite par association tardive proposee par Bhatt et Pancheva (2004, 2007), formalise la notion d'assertion au niveau de la peripherie gauche avec une projection dediee (Haegeman 2006 ; Speas et Tenny 2003). Cette projection, ainsi que l'association de la prop-que modificatrice, permettent d'interpreter et de legitimer la categorie vide qui realise l'intensification dans la CIC-implicite.
313

Contraintes syntaxiques et sémantiques sur l'intensification implicite: un cas non standard de la construction intensive de conséquence

Karenova, Kristyna 10 January 2014 (has links)
Cette these porte sur differents aspects syntaxiques et semantiques de l'intensification implicite dans une construction du francais non standard du type "Marie est belle qu'on en reste ebahi". Cette construction se caracterise par la presence d'un modificateur propositionnel (la prop-que) jouant le role d'un evaluateur de mesures extremes liees au predicat de la proposition matrice ("belle"). Ce modificateur opere sur des echelles de mesures et delimite la mesure reelle en la mettant en rapport avec la consequence qu'il exprime. Comme ce type d'evaluation correlative definit aussi la construction intensive de consequence (CIC), ou l'intensification est lexicalement realisée par les marqueurs d'intensité "tellement", "si", etc., nous proposons que la construction non standard represente un type implicite de la CIC. La CIC-implicite constitue un nouvel objet d'etude pour la description et la formalisation dans le cadre de la grammaire generative (Chomsky 1993, 1995, 2000). L'objectif principal de cette these est de fournir une description detaillee des comportements de la CIC-implicite, d'identifier les contraintes qui la regissent et de proposer un lien derivationnel entre cette derniere et la CIC-explicite. Une comparaison systematique des proprietes des deux CIC montre que les realisations de la CIC-implicite sont plus restreintes. Les restrictions incluent, entre autres, l'impossibilite de l'enchassement par un verbe factif et l'absence de la force interrogative. Une ligne directe peut etre etablie entre les differentes restrictions en termes de la notion pragmatique d'assertion et de la presence du locuteur. Notre derivation de la CIC-implicite, basee sur l'analyse de la CIC-explicite par association tardive proposee par Bhatt et Pancheva (2004, 2007), formalise la notion d'assertion au niveau de la peripherie gauche avec une projection dediee (Haegeman 2006 ; Speas et Tenny 2003). Cette projection, ainsi que l'association de la prop-que modificatrice, permettent d'interpreter et de legitimer la categorie vide qui realise l'intensification dans la CIC-implicite.
314

Vyjadřování velké míry vlastnosti ve španělských a českých časopisech pro mládež / Expressing the attributes in the greatest degree in spanish and czech magazines for young people

BOLECH, Václav January 2013 (has links)
In this thesis we concentrate on superlatives and other expressions to the greatest degree. The aim of this thesis is to map these expressions in the Spanish language of the youth and the Czech language of the youth. The thesis is divided to several parts. The first part describes expressions to the greatest degree, elatives, superlatives or other expressions of intensification from several different perspectives and the diversity of different theories represented by czech and spanish linguists. Then we mention global influence of the Language and we stipulate hypothesis. And in the second part we analyze czech and spanish magazines for young people, finding superlatives, elatives or other terms expressing the greatest degree. The result of this thesis is a well-arranged and organized report about the frequency, mood and fashion of different expressions of intensification, elatives or superlatives. In the conclusion we graphically demonstrate the frequency of different expressions and we prove the theoretical hypotheses.
315

A intensificação das contradições das práticas institucionais induzidas pela atual cultura da universidade pública: o caso da FEMEC-UFU

Stopa, Lia Bernardes Basile Silveira 25 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:39:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3554.pdf: 1021797 bytes, checksum: f381c74102611675deac86d0be50bd25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / This work has the objective to analyze the perspective of the research professors (―professores pesquisadores‖) about the possible consequences of the work intensification, on the graduate level, for the teaching and other activities at the undergraduate level. Such process occurred in the context of the adjustment of the national economy to the capital mundialization, and the reform of the State apparatus. It established a north to the reconfiguration of the identity of the public universities and brought consequences for the teaching work. To meet our objective, 13 semi-structured interviews were realized with the teaching personnel of FEMEC-UFU. This university have been chosen with basis on the data and the research analysis of Sguissard and Silva Júnior, as published in their book ―O trabalho intensificado nas Federais: pós-graduação e produtivismo acadêmico - 2009. The results presented in this book and the fact that the FMEC graduate course received grade 6 are suggestive of a high productivity as well as an intensification of the teaching work. The interviews were analyzed by a systematization of subtopics arisen from an attentive lecture. These subtopics CAPES, work intensification, techno-scientific production (academic productivism), public-private partnership (PPP), young professors versus old professors, philosophy and organization of the teaching unity... or department... are closely related to our objective and to our research object. Such procedures revealed the complexity as well as the contradictions existing in the relationship between the graduate and undergraduate university practices. Ou research hypothesis was partially corroborated by the analysis of the data we obtained. In view of the current conjuncture of the work of the FEMEC-UFU professor-engineer, it is possible to affirm that there is indeed a tendency that his graduate activities superimpose the activities he might develop at the undergraduate level. However, in view of changes on the work system, some professors that already have a consolidated career have chosen to leave the graduate teaching and be active on the research work and on the undergraduate teaching. In this way, these professors believe to be to more loyal to their values and education ideals. There some professors that left the graduate work to seek recognition by working at the coordination level of a new undergraduate course. Moreover, another aspect that appears from our study is that the work of the ―professor-engineerresearcher‖ [in partnership with some industry] consumes most of the time that he could dedicate to his activities at the undergraduate level, and in some cases, at the graduate level. It is important to remember that such ―extra-school‖ work is induced by public bids, reconfiguration of public universities, and the incentive of the PPP s, in a context of increasing demand of both the productive and enterprise sectors for technological knowledge. Also, assuming adminstrative positions and, therefore, participating of the university administration difficult developing teaching activities in the graduate or undergraduate levels. The immaturity or the unpreparedness of students were also considered as factors that render the work at the graduate or undergraduate levels a strenuous task. Finally, in the vision of some professors, the exigencies of the work at the graduate level tend to be considered natural and even justified. Such demands could, in some circunstances, make possible a better sinergy between the two levels of education, graduate and undergraduate. The laboratories [thereby, the practical classes] could be greatly improved. Therefore, more students could be atract to the courses it worth to remember that, after all, students are important inputs for the researches and publications. / Objetivou-se neste trabalho analisar a visão dos professores pesquisadores sobre as possíveis consequências da intensificação do trabalho na pós-graduação para ensino e demais atividades na graduação, processo este que se deu no contexto de ajuste da economia nacional à mundialização do capital e de reforma do aparelho do Estado, de forma a nortear a reconfiguração da identidade da universidade pública, com conseqüências para o trabalho do professor. Para alcançar esse objetivo foram realizadas 13 entrevistas, semi-estruturadas, com os docentes da FEMEC-UFU. Esta universidade foi escolhida, dentre outros motivos, com base nos dados e análises de pesquisa realizada por Sguissardi e Silva Júnior, que redundou na publicação do livro ―O trabalho intensificado nas Federais: pós-graduação e produtivismo acadêmico , em 2009. Os dados e análises lá expostos e o fato do Curso de Pós-Graduação da FMEC apresentar nota 6, nos sugeria haver alta produtividade e intensificação do trabalho do professor. A análise das entrevistas foi feita por meio da sistematização de subtemas que emergiram da sua leitura e que tinham íntima relação com nosso objetivo e objeto de pesquisa, a saber: CAPES; intensificação do trabalho; produção técnica e científica (produtivismo acadêmico); parceria público-privado (PPP); professores novos x professores antigos; e filosofia e organização da unidade. Com esses procedimentos ficou evidente a complexidade e as contradições existentes na relação entre as práticas universitária na graduação e pós-graduação. Nossa hipótese de pesquisa foi parcialmente corroborada pela análise dos dados. Pôde-se afirmar que há sim uma tendência, diante da atual conjuntura do trabalho do professor-engenheiro da FEMEC-UFU, de que suas atividades na pós-graduação venham a se sobrepor às da graduação. Entretanto, há docentes que, em face dessas mudanças e respaldados por uma carreira mais ou menos consolidada, preferiram deixar o programa de pós-graduação e atuar em pesquisas e na graduação de acordo com seus valores e ideais de formação, e sob prazos e tempos mais auto-administrados; ou ainda, de professor que desistiu da pós-graduação e que buscou seu reconhecimento na coordenação de um novo curso de graduação. Ademais, outro aspecto relevante foi o de que o trabalho do professorengenheiro- pesquisador junto às empresas, quer seja ele pertencente ou não à pós-graduação trabalho este que é induzido pelos editais, reconfiguração da universidade pública e incentivo das parcerias público-privadas, num contexto de progressiva demanda do setor produtivo e empresarial privados de conhecimentos tecnológicos - acarreta em significativo dispêndio de tempo de trabalho, e, por extensão, limita suas possibilidades de maior ou menor dedicação às atividades na graduação, e também, em alguns deles, na pós-graduação. A assunção de cargos administrativos e a participação na gestão universitária também foram apontados como fatores que dificultam tanto a participação na pós-graduação como na graduação. A imaturidade dos alunos e uma queda no seu nível de qualidade também foram considerados como fatores que tornam o trabalho na pós-graduação mais intenso senão penoso. Por fim, na visão de alguns professores, as exigências à pós-graduação, que tendem a ser naturalizadas e justificadas por alguns deles, poderiam, em algumas circunstâncias, possibilitar uma melhor sinergia entre estes dois níveis de formação, ora favorecendo melhoria dos laboratórios e aulas práticas, ora possibilitando alunos que viriam a ser importantes inputs às pesquisas e publicações.
316

Mecanização e intensificação do trabalho no corte de cana do CAI canavieiro do estado de São Paulo

Reis, Leonardo Ferreira 14 November 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4700.pdf: 2310597 bytes, checksum: c7a9872414bd76a7ac4234d6ea510dff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Assuming that the work is the central category in the production process, the relationship between the recent modernization, in special in the harvesting activities, and the manual harvesting work intensification were studied in the Sugarcane Agroindustrial Complex of São Paulo State. The work intensification, which involves high energy expenditure by the workers, is produced by a strong degradation of their life and work quality, in special as a result of the meritocracy system adopted for their payment, once it takes into account the sugar cane harvesting production per worker. The modernization of the Brazilian agriculture, that started in the 60`s, heavily influenced the manual work intensification. At that time, the Brazilian organization model encouraged an aggressive concentration of land and capital, and tried to suppress most of the social workers movements in rural areas. In the 90 s, the sugar and alcohol sectors presented a sharp increase, mainly due to the broad plan for implementing the use of biofuels, specially produced from sugarcane. A new process of modernization started in 2007, when an agri-environment protocol was signed up between sugar cane mills owners and the State of Sao Paulo government. Seeking to reduce the environmental and social liabilities of this sector, this protocol prescribes the end, by 2014, of the pre-harvesting sugarcane burning in areas where harvesting could be mechanized. The present study includes information from three sugarcane mills and from interviews with actors of the Agroindustrial Sugarcane Complex of São Paulo State to evaluate the consequences of sugarcane harvesting mechanization on manual harvesting labor intensification. Taking into account the harvesting costs, it was obtained a value of R$6.24/ton by using manual harvesting and R$3.41/ton to R$5.33/ton when harvesting was mechanized, taking into account 860 and 550 ton/day of harvested sugarcane. ..These results indicate a great economic advantage of the mechanized over the manual harvesting. Therefore, it was observed that mechanization did not attain the goals proposed by the agri-environment protocol. The sugarcane manual harvesting is still widely used to support the mechanization harvesting , which include areas of high slope and low machine accessability. Higher productivity areas are mechanized to obtain higher benefit/cost, leaving those of low productivity for manual harvesting. The comparison of the historical series data of the manual harvesting productivity between 2007/2008 and 2011/2012 indicates that sugarcane harvesting mechanization is responsible for the increase of labor work intensification, This increase in work intensification 10 is a consequence of the effort to attain about the same wage as before harvesting mechanization was implemented. / Partindo do princípio de que o trabalho é a categoria central do processo produtivo, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo entender as relações entre o processo de modernização recente no Complexo Agroindustrial Canavieiro do Estado de São Paulo, destacando-se a mecanização da colheita, e a intensificação do trabalho no corte manual de cana. O processo de intensificação do trabalho no corte manual de cana é motivado pelas condições de trabalho e vida desses homens e mulheres e, principalmente, pela meritocracia da remuneração nessa atividade, feita através do pagamento por produção. Essas condições são fruto de fatos históricos, tendo sido fortemente influenciadas pelo processo de modernização da agricultura brasileira que se deu a partir da década de 60, quando o modelo de desenvolvimento implantado no Brasil incentivou uma agressiva concentração de terras e capitais e reprimiu movimentos de resistência dos trabalhadores rurais. Após a abertura comercial e política do Brasil na década de 90, o setor sucroalcooleiro paulista passou por um novo processo de crescimento, alavancando a mecanização da produção de cana-de-açúcar como uma forma de resposta às pressões da sociedade pela diminuição dos passivos sócio-ambientais do setor. Esse processo culminou na assinatura, em 2007, do protocolo agroambiental entre usineiros e o governo do Estado de São Paulo, que estipulou o fim da queima dos canaviais em áreas mecanizáveis, até 2014. A partir da análise histórica do setor canavieiro em São Paulo, de estudos de caso de três usinas, cinco alojamentos duas cidades de origem, procurou-se avaliar as consequências da mecanização do corte de cana para os trabalhadores manuais. Primeiramente, verificou-se que o custo de operação de uma frente de corte manual (R$ 6,24/tonelada) é maior que o de uma frente mecanizada, com custo de operação entre R$3,14/tonelada e R$5,33/tonelada de cana colhida, respectivamente, para uma produção 860 e 550 toneladas de cana colhidas por dia por máquina. Denota-se, assim, certa vantagem econômica do corte mecanizado sobre o manual, principalmente em canaviais com elevada produtividade. Porém, a implementação da atividade mecanizada exige grande concentração de capital e apresenta diversas restrições técnicas, de forma que, como se constatou nas pesquisas de campo, o trabalho manual no corte de cana é ainda amplamente utilizado para complementar o corte mecanizado, sendo utilizado em terrenos pantanosos, pedregosos e de alta declividade. Para se obter maior relação custo/benefício, geralmente, apenas as áreas planas e que proporcionam maior produtividade são mecanizadas, deixando os talhões de menor produção de cana para o corte manual. Portanto, a relação entre o sistema de corte 8 manual e mecanizado acarreta em intensificação do trabalho manual, pois, o aumento do dispêndio de energia pelo trabalhador é necessário para que ele consiga pagamento similar ao obtido antes da mecanização. Por fim, para respaldar essa conclusão, a comparação dos dados da série histórica de produtividade do corte manual entre as safras 2007/08 e 2011/12, mostra que, mesmo com a diminuição do número de postos de trabalho manuais no setor devido à mecanização do corte de cana, há um aumento da produtividade, em toneladas de cana colhidas por trabalhador.
317

Mélange dans les suspensions de particules cisaillées à bas nombre de Reynolds / Mixing in particulate suspensions sheared at low Reynolds number.

Souzy, Mathieu 26 September 2016 (has links)
J'ai étudié expérimentalement, à l'échelle de la taille des particules, les mécanismes à l'origine de l'intensification des transferts ayant lieu dans les suspensions cisaillées de particules non-inertielles et non-Browniennes. Dans un premier temps, l'expérience de Taylor est revisitée en étudiant l'évolution d'une goutte de colorant soumise à un cisaillement périodique. Au-delà d'une amplitude critique de déformation, la présence des particules brise la réversibilité du système et induit une forte dispersion de la goutte de colorant. Ensuite, en m'intéressant au transfert en proche paroi, j'ai montré que la rotation des particules sur la paroi induit un transport à flux constant d'un scalaire jusque dans le bulk de la suspension, brisant la couche limite diffusive. Une solution analytique du profil de concentration dans cette zone est proposée, en bon accord avec les expériences. Finalement, des mesures PIV haute résolution du fluide interstitiel dans le bulk de la suspension ont été réalisées. A partir de ces champs de vitesses, on a reconstruit l'historique d'étirement de lignes matérielles du fluide et ainsi déterminé les lois d'étirement, information fondamentale pour la compréhension du processus de mélange. La présence des particules change les lois d'étirement qui passent de linéaires dans un fluide pur, à exponentielles en présence de particules. Un modèle d'étirements multiplicatifs est proposé, qui prédit quantitativement l'évolution de la moyenne, de la variance, et la forme log-normale des distributions d'étirements mesurées expérimentalement. L'inhomogénéité des étirements dans les suspensions cisaillées implique une large distribution du temps de mélange. / Mainly based on experiments, I investigated at a particle scale the mechanisms at the origin of the transfer enhancement in sheared non-Brownian and non-inertial particulate suspensions. First, I revisited Taylor's experiment, investigating the evolution of a drop of dye in a periodic shear. Beyond a critical strain amplitude, the presence of the particles breaks the reversibility of the system and the drop of dye is rapidly dispersed in the surrounding medium. Then, investigating the transfer process in the wall vicinity, I showed that in this region, the rotation of the particles convectively transport a scalar at a constant rate directly from the wall towards the bulk of the suspension, breaking the diffusive boundary layer. An analytical solution for the concentration profile in this region is proposed, in good agreement with experimental measurements. Lastly, high-resolution PIV measurements of the fluid phase were performed in the bulk of the suspension. Using these velocity fields, we reconstructed the stretching histories of fluid material lines to determine the stretching laws, crucial for the understanding of the mixing process. The presence of the particles changes the very nature of the stretching laws from linear, in a pure fluid, to exponential in the presence of particles. A multiplicative stretching model is proposed, which quantitatively predicts the experimentally measured evolution of the mean and the variance of the elongations of the fluid material lines as well as their evolution towards a log-normal distribution. The strong stretching inhomogeneity in sheared suspensions results in a broad distribution of the mixing time.
318

Studie potenciálu integrovaného řešení jednotky „waste-to-energy“ / Study on the potential of an integrated waste-to-energy unit

Freisleben, Vít January 2019 (has links)
This diploma thesis is focused on the design of technological modifications of the existing industrial unit „waste-to-energy“, used for thermal treatment of process waste gases containing VOC and CO while flue gas is produced. The main objective of the existing unit modification is to improve its operating parameters considering economy, ecology and energy utilization. In the first part, the current industrial plant was presented with all necessary process data. Furthermore, all the key equipment used for the waste gases treatment or for the utilization of waste heat was identified. In the main part of the thesis there are performed modifications of the existing unit including the technology of existing heat exchangers intensification, the design of new and more efficient heat exchangers and finally the catalytic oxidation technology implementation for the decomposition of pollutants contained in the waste gas. The result of the thesis is a technical, economic and ecological comparison of the proposed technological modifications with the existing operation.
319

Estudio de la atenuación en conversaciones coloquiales chinas

Zhao, Lishuang 08 March 2021 (has links)
[ES] Esta investigación tiene como objeto de estudio los mecanismos de atenuación empleados en la lengua oral china para contribuir con los estudios de lingüística conversacional china en un aspecto carente de estudios previos. Los objetivos principales del presente estudio son: 1) describir las características de los mecanismos de atenuación en chino. y 2) clasificar los mecanismos de atenuación que se utilizan en la lengua china oral. De ahí se desprenden cuatro objetivos específicos: 1) analizar de qué forma influye el contexto situacional y la cultura en el uso de las estrategias de atenuación en chino; 2) examinar las funciones de los mecanismos de atenuación; 3) explicar las características de los mecanismos de atenuación en los tipos de actos de habla y 4) identificar las características principales de los atenuantes en función de las variables género, edad y formación académica. Para cumplir con los objetivos planteados se ha elaborado un corpus formado por 14 conversaciones coloquiales que suman un total de 10 horas y 27 minutos de duración. Las relaciones que hay entre los interlocutores son de amistad y parentesco. La identificación de los mecanismos utilizados se realiza en base a la ficha metodológica de Albelda et al. (2014) A partir del análisis del corpus se han obtenido 21 tipos de mecanismos, cuyas características de uso evidencian el impacto cultural en ellas. Así mismo, se ha mostrado que la función por la que más se atenúa es la de prevención de amenazas a la imagen y, por la que menos, por la de reparación. Con respecto a los tipos de actos de habla, el asertivo es el que presenta un mayor número de uso de mecanismos de atenuación. Por último se ha mostrado que existen diferencias en el uso de los mecanismos de atenuación según las variables de género, edad y nivel de formación académica. / [CA] Aquesta tesi tracta d'investigar els mecanismes d'atenuació emprats en la llengua oral xinesa. Amb aquesta investigació es pretén contribuir en un camp que no té estudis d'aquests mecanismes en converses en llengua xinesa. Els objectius principals d'aquest estudi són: en primer lloc, classificar els mecanismes d'atenuació que s'utilitzen en la llengua xinesa oral, i en segon lloc, descriure les característiques d'aquests mecanismes d'atenuació. Es desprenen quatre objectius específics, que són: 1) analitzar si el context i la cultura influeixen en l'ús de les estratègies d'atenuació en xinès; 2) examinar les funcions dels mecanismes d'atenuació i la relació entre ells; 3) explicar les característiques dels mecanismes d'atenuació en els tipus d'actes de parla; i 4) identificar les característiques més freqüents lligades a les variables de gènere, edat i formació acadèmica. Per complir amb els objectius plantejats es va elaborar un corpus propi format per 14 converses col·loquials amb un total de 10 hores i 27 minuts de durada. Les relacions que hi ha entre els interlocutors són d'amistat o familiars. La identificació dels mecanismes utilitzats es realitza basant-se en la fitxa metodològica d'Albelda et al. (2014) A partir d'l'anàlisi s'han obtingut 21 tipus de mecanismes d'atenuació utilitzats en el corpus, les característiques de l'ús dels mecanismes van evidenciar l'impacte cultural en elles. així mateix, s'ha mostrat que la funció per la que més s'atenuen és la funció de prevenció d'amenaces a la imatge, i la que menys és la funció de reparació. Pel que fa als tipus d'acte de parla, en l'acte assertiu es presenta un major nombre de casos de mecanismes d'atenuació. Finalment s'ha mostrat que hi ha diferències en l'ús dels mecanismes d'atenuació segons el gènere, edat i nivell d'estudis. / [EN] This research addresses the issue of the usage of attenuation mechanism in oral Chinese. With this research we intend to contribute to fill in the gap of such studies in Chinese. The main objective of this research is to classify the attenuation mechanism used in oral Chinese language and to describe their characteristics. Four specific objectives include: 1) to analyze if the context and the culture influence the use of attenuation mechanism in Chinese; 2) to examine the functions of attenuation mechanism and the relationship between them; 3) to explain the characteristics of the attenuation mechanism in different types of speech act; and 4) to identify the significant differences between variables such as gender, age and educational level. In order to meet the objectives, we elaborated a corpus of 14 colloquial conversations with 10 hours and 27 minutes of audio recording. The relationships between the interlocutors are friends or family. The identification of the mechanisms used is carried out based on the methodological study of Albelda et al. (2014) 21 types of attenuation mechanism used in the corpus were obtained, the characteristics of the use of the mechanisms showed evidence of the cultural impact on them. Moreover, it revealed that the function of which is the most attenuated, is the function of preventing threats to the interlocutor's face, and the one that is least attenuated is the function of repair the damage caused by the face threating act. In all the types of speech act attenuated we found that in the assertive act there are a greater number of cases by using attenuation mechanism. At last, it has been shown that there are differences in the usage of attenuation mechanism according to gender, age and educational level. / Zhao, L. (2021). Estudio de la atenuación en conversaciones coloquiales chinas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/164921 / TESIS
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Hydrologické procesy a jejich dynamika v měnícím se klimatu a prostředí: Zkušenosti z výzkumu na různých časových a prostorových škálách / Hydrological processes and dynamics in the changing climate and environment: Lessons learned from multiple temporal and spatial scales

Su, Ye January 2019 (has links)
Hydrological processes and dynamics in the changing climate and environment: Lessons learned from multiple temporal and spatial scales Ye Su ABSTRACT Climate change, along with the changes in land use and land cover (LULC), is the key factor driving the changes in hydrological processes and dynamics in a basin. This thesis emphasized on understanding the impact of both long-term climate change and abrupt anthropogenic driven agricultural intensification or natural driven insect-induced forest disturbance on hydrological processes and dynamics at varying spatial and temporal scales in two diverting terrestrial environment. Two pattern-based investigations, one case study in a forest region in Central Europe and another in a semi-arid region in Central Asia, were aimed to answer the main research question "what are the responses of hydrological dynamics and the related hydro-geochemical conditions to climate change and certain changes in LULC at a basin-scale?". The long-term hydro-climatic dataset was used for conducting statistical analyses and establishing hydro-climatic modelling at the basin scale. We further conducted process-based studies, attempting to understand how and why the specific hydrological dynamics were altered at smaller spatial and temporal scales: (i) a catchment-scale tracer-based...

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