No description available.

No description available.

This thesis will explore representations of female rivalry in novels by women between 1914 and 1939. It will focus especially on women writers' reversal of the 'erotic triangle' paradigm theorised by Rem\ Girard (1961) and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (1985). By using a female-male-female triangle these women novelists are able to examine the conflict between women's primary bonds to other women and their desire for the sexual fulfilment and social/economic status offered by a relationship with a man. The first chapter will offer an historical overview and reasons for a particular interest in this theme during this period. Chapter Two will compare the models of female rivalry which can be drawn from the work of Freud (of key importance in the inter-war period) and Luce Irigaray, from studies of blood sister relationships, and from a Bakhtinian model of subjectivity constructed through dialogue. Both chapters will include brief analyses of novels. The central chapters will use these models of female rivalry to offer detailed analyses of texts by five women writers: May Sinclair, Rebecca West, Vera Brittain, Winifred Holtby and Rosamond Lehmann. The chapter on May Sinclair explores her use of psychoanalysis to problematise the motif of self-sacrifice in Victorian women's novels - the woman who sacrifices her own desires in order to cede the man she loves to her friend or sister. The chapter on Rebecca West looks at her use of her sisters as models for her female characters, and at her exploration of relations between women who are brought together only by their relation to the man they both love. The following two chapters will offer an extended analysis of the friendship between Vera Brittain and Winifred Holtby and their intertextual rivalry over the meaning of their friendship and female friendship in general. The chapter on Rosamond Lehmann explores her valorisation of sister relationships and her examination Of the romance plot and the way that it constructs women as rivals. Finally, the conclusion will focus on a reading of Lehmann's retrospective The Echoing Grove (1953), which fuses the figures of the rival and the sister. It will argue for the need for a model of female rivalry which can encompass the tension generated by the simultaneous and competing positions occupied by women as rival commodities within a 'male economy' and as 'sisters' within a 'female economy'. I will suggest that we need new plots and narratives which can encompass rivalry between women which is not over a man. We also need to consider the possibility that some kinds of rivalry between women can, ironically, be both positive and energising.

« Nous ? ». Interroger l’apparition diffuse du phénomène collectif, à-plusieurs, « nous ». Utiliser les parenthèses de la méthode (epoché) pour entrevoir le soi du phénomène collectif et échapper aux guillemets métaphysiques, « nous », et à la rature ontologique, nous. Penser le Nous ! depuis l’évolution des différentes réductions phénoménologiques, retracer une histoire de la méthode au travers le phénomène de l’inter-subjectivité. D’abord, par la tentative de la réduction transcendantale à l’objectité d’un « nous transcendantal » obtenu par « analogie accouplante » : envers l’autre comme moi (Husserl). Heidegger et la réduction ontologique à l’étantité comme déploiement de la question d’un Dasein avec des autres (Mitdasein). Lévinas et la réduction éthique au visage de l’autre, pour l’autre. Socialité première, au-delà de l’essence, autrement qu’être, ancrée dans la dissymétrie originaire d’un « nous responsable : Je-Vous, vous-Je ». Enfin, la réduction érotique (Marion) au visage de l’autre aimé, détaché du visage universel de l’éthique car individué par son amour ; lui aussi aimant comme moi : « nous amoureux : Je-Tu, Tu-Je ». Mais pas encore Nous ! Le « nous » transcendantal en reste aux vécus de conscience du sujet constituant. Le Mitdasein n’atteint pas l’autre en tant que tel, nous. L’universel de l’éthique se perd dans l’anonymat et l’érotique comporte la déception du tiers en départ. Pouvons nous penser le Nous ! en phénoménologie ? Tout « Je » est un « nous », tout « Vous » est un « nous », mais Nous !? Qu’en est-il de Nous !? Serait-ce un « nos-otros », un Nos-otros des-plazados ? / “We?”. To question the confusing appearance of the collective phenomenon, ‘by-many’, “we”. Utilize the method’s brackets (epoché) in order to investigate the self of the collective phenomenon and escape thus the metaphysical quotation marks “we”, and the ontological deletion, we. To think the “we” throughout the evolution of the different phenomenological reductions, retrace a history of its method focusing on the inter-subjective phenomenon. First of all, through the endeavor of the transcendental reduction to objectity of a “transcendental we” obtained by “analogical pairing”: towards the other as me (Husserl). Heidegger and his ontological reduction to being-ness as the deployment of the questioning of a Dasein with others (Mitdasein). Lévinas and the ethical reduction to the face of the other, for the other. The initial sociability, beyond essence, otherwise than being, anchored in the original dissymmetry of a “responsible we: I-Thou, Thou-I”. Finally, the erotic reduction (Marion) to the face of the loved one, detached from the universal face of ethics thus individuated by its love ; him loving as me : “enamored we: I-You, You-I”. But not yet We! The transcendental “we” rests in the conscience of the constituting subject. The Mitdasein does not reach the other as such, we. The ethical universal losses itself in the anonymity and the erotic entails the deception of the departing third person. Can we think the We! In phenomenology? Every “I” is a “we”, every “You” is a “we”, but We!? What about We!? Could it be a “nos-otros”, a Nos-otros des-plazados?

The Royal Navy, and especially its leadership, is perceived to have performed poorly in the First World War and its officers have been described as being automatons who only came alive when directed by superiors. By contrast in the Second World War the Royal Navy and its officers are seen as having ‘done well,’ displaying flair and initiative. There does not appear to have been any attempt to look in any detail at what, if anything, changed in the twenty years between the wars to explain the perceived improvement. This thesis critically examines the executive branch of the Royal Navy, and contends that the navy adapted and modified the training of its officers to meet whatever was required of them; when they were required to passively obey orders as in the Grand Fleet of the First World War, they had been trained for that eventuality, when to show initiative likewise. During the 1920s the officer corps was mismanaged and morale and motivation suffered badly. The influence of the Admiralty civil service, the repository of institutional memory, which managed junior officers’ careers, was conservative and resistant to change. Changes in training both before and after the mutiny at Invergordon (September 1931) brought the officer corps up to date and set it on track for its outstanding performance in the next war, in particular recognising that leadership was not an innate class based ability, but had to be taught and developed. However, the navy had since the latter part of the nineteenth century changed the emphasis of officer’s career paths; specialist training was seen as the ‘route to the top’ and command was downgraded as a necessary part of an officer’s career development. It was only during the latter part of Second World War that having exercised command at sea was recognised as being an important part of an officer’s experience. The thesis also addresses the ‘RNVR myth’ that the Royal Navy was only able to prosecute the Second World War successfully because of an influx of well educated temporary officers and that they were the major driving force. This thesis has been largely based on primary sources, including personnel records which have not been studied before and have been examined in such a way as to allow statistical analysis.

The genus Enterococcus has an exceptional ability to acquire and transmit antibiotic resistance genes and is considered to be a major vector in their dissemination. Enterococci are part of the normal gut microbiota of humans and animals and are frequently encountered in food products including dry fermented sausage. Since fermented sausages are not heat-treated before consumption they might be a vehicle for transmitting resistance and virulence traits of enterococci by conjugation with commensal bacteria present in the human gut and pathogenic bacteria that might be present, such as Listeria species. A PCR-based assay was developed to detect enterococci in dry fermented sausage meat at the generic level by targeting a 16S rRNA sequence and a total of 29 Enterococccus strains (15 E. faecalis, 13 E. faecium, and one E. gallinarum) were identified. The susceptibility of these enterococci to antibiotics was tested and it was found that 27/29 were resistant to more than one antibiotic and possessed antibiotic resistance determinants. All strains were positive for at least one virulence gene. Strong biofilm formation occurred at lower than optimum temperature in all three species of enterococci and probably contributed to their survival in the harsh conditions experienced during dry sausage fermentation and drying. SmaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns exhibited genomic heterogeneity within and between the two larger groups of isolates. In spite of this heterogeneity, the phenotypic similarities observed suggested that food could still be a vehicle for distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria among humans. In vitro conjugation experiments demonstrated transfer of the tetracycline resistant determinant, tet(M), from E. faecium S27 isolated from fermented sausage to clinical isolates of both E. faecium and E. faecalis. The streptomycin resistance of E. faecium S27 was also transferred to a clinical strain, E. faecalis 82916, which was confirmed by the presence of the streptomycin resistance gene, aadA, in the donor and transconjugant strains. E. faecium S27 also transferred tet(M) and streptomycin resistance to Listeria monocytogenes GLM-2 by in vitro mating. Evidence suggests that enterococci in fermented meats may contribute to the spread of resistance determinants. / October 2015

Faculty of Humanities 9301506x Sarah-Britten@za.yr.com / The New South Africa came into being on February 2, 1990, with State President F.W. de Klerk’s announcement of the sweeping changes that signalled the end of white minority rule. The New South Africa immediately assumed mythical status, functioning as a structuring, legitimating narrative in the face of a history that carried with it the possibility of inter-racial conflagration. Later, another myth emerged, that of the rainbow nation, together with a latter day epic hero in the form of Nelson Mandela. Together with a third, less defined myth of the freedoms promised by the new Constitution of 1996, these constitute a mythology of the New South Africa. Advertising played an important role in the propagation and interrogation of these myths. Campaigns for an assortment of consumer goods and services tracked momentous shifts in society, politics and culture, often with penetrating insight and incisive humour. Three campaigns, for Castle Lager (beer), Vodacom (cellular network) and Castrol (motor oil), and individual advertisements for Nando’s (fast food chicken), Sales House (retail clothing) and South African Airways, are analysed. The material is approached using a hybrid methodology of a structure that draws upon Fairclough’s (1989, 1995) Critical Discourse Analysis, while analysing the texts themselves using an approach most closely allied to the social semiotics of Barthes (1972). Using this approach, it can be seen, for example, how the Castle Lager ‘Friendship’ campaign is perhaps the most sustained articulation of the ideals embodied in the New South Africa and particularly the myth of the rainbow nation. In contrast, an analysis of the Vodacom ‘Yebo Gogo’ campaign reveals that even at its most dominant, the mythology of the New South Africa was being undermined by prototypical myths that would consolidate under the heading of the African renaissance. An overview of all of the campaigns analysed in this thesis point to the existence of three types of approach to advertising the nation, namely, incantatory, novelistic and identificatory. Incantatory advertising reproduces dominant national myths without questioning them; in contrast, novelistic advertising interrogates the assumptions upon which such myths are based even if it ultimately endorses them. Identificatory advertising focuses on ‘typical’ examples of what constitutes South Africanness, without any attached overt ideological agenda. Incantatory advertising tends to emerge at important national anniversaries or international sporting events, while identificatory advertising became more prominent as the mythology of the New South Africa became less immediate. It is likely that advertising will continue to play a significant role in the imagining of the South African nation.

De nombreuses catastrophes de diverses envergures frappent régulièrement des populations partout dans le monde. Parmi les exemples marquant on peut citer l'ouragan Katrina en 2005, le tremblement de terre en Haïti en 2010 ou plus récemment le Tsunami au Japon et la catastrophe de Fukujima qui a suivie. Au cours de ces catastrophes, plusieurs centaines d'organisations, comme la police, les pompiers ou les organisations d'aide humanitaire, interviennent pour sauver les gens et aider à revenir à une vie normale. Ces organisations ont besoin de se coordonner pour faire face à une situation dynamique avec des ressources limitées et une vision partielle de la situation. L'évolution de la situation entraîne souvent des changements d'objectif et de plan. Un des problèmes typique est d'obtenir un aperçu sur les relations entre ce qui a été fait, ce qui se passe actuellement et quelles sont les prochaines étapes. Ce problème est particulièrement difficile sur le plan inter-organisationnel : Chaque organisation coordonne la réponse de sa propre perspective et s'appuie sur les informations fournies par d'autres organisations. Notre objectif dans cette thèse est d'étudier comment supporter la coordination des activités par des personnes de différentes organisations dans une situation dynamique par un système d'information. L'idée de base est de tirer profit d'une approche basée sur les processus, où les activités et leurs relations sont rendues explicites. Nous présentons un cadre pour la coordination des activités dans des situations dynamiques. Il permet la modélisation ad hoc des relations entre ce qui a été fait, ce qui se passe actuellement et quelles sont les prochaines étapes. Les écarts par rapport au modèle et comment les activités ont été réalisées sont affichées à l'utilisateur pour mettre en évidence l'impact de l'évolution des objectifs. Nous étendons ce cadre au niveau inter-organisationnel. Certaines activités peuvent être partagées entre différentes organisations. Tout n'est pas partagé entre tout le monde pour tenir compte du respect de la vie privée, de la réglementation, des raisons stratégiques ou autres. Les activités partagées sont reproduites dans les espaces de travail de ces organisations. Nous décrivons comment des vues divergentes sur les activités et leurs relations peuvent etre détectées et traitées afin de revenir éventuellement à une vue convergente. Les concepts sont mis en oeuvre comme une extension d'un service de collaboration distribuée ouvert. Ils ont été évalués par des gestionnaires de catastrophes expérimentés. Par ailleurs, nous avons conçu une expérience visant à évaluer l'utilisation d'outils pour aborder ces question. Nous avons effectué plusieurs expériences pour valider cette expérience. D'autres expériences pourront fournir une validation plus complété du modèle proposé dans cette thèse. / Recently we have seen several large scale disasters affecting humans all over the world. Examples are Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Haiti earthquake in 2010 or the September 11/2001 terrorist attacks on the world trade center. During these disasters, several hundred organizations, such as police, fire brigade or humanitarian aid organizations, respond with the goal to save people and support them to live a normal life again. They need to coordinate to deal with scarce resources, different skills and capabilities. People in these organizations drive coordination based on their judgment of the situation. The situation can be dynamic: it evolves in sometimes unexpected ways, goals shift and priorities of the organizations change. Typical problems are to get an overview on the relations between what has been done, what is currently going on and what are the next steps. This problem is specially challenging on the inter-organizational level: Each organization coordinates the response from its own perspective and relies on the information provided by other organizations. We aim in this dissertation at supporting coordination of activities by people of different organizations in a dynamic situation by an information system. The disaster response is a critical example for this. The basic idea is to leverage a process-based approach, where activities and their relations are made explicit. We present a framework for coordination of activities in dynamic situations. It allows ad-hoc modeling of the relations between what has been done, what is currently going on and what are the next steps. A model can be verified for correctness in predictable and acceptable time. Deviations from the model and how activities have been performed are displayed to the user to highlight the impact of shifting goals. We extend this framework to the inter-organizational level. Selected activities can be shared by people with selected organizations. This means not everything is shared between everybody to take into account privacy, regulatory, strategic or other reasons. Shared activities are replicated in the workspaces of these organizations. We describe how diverging views on replicated activities and their relations can be detected and handled to ensure eventually a converging view. The concepts are implemented as an extension to an open distributed collaboration service. They are also commented by experienced disaster managers. Furthermore, we design an experiment to evaluate tool support addressing the research questions. We conducted several experiments to validate the design of the experiment. Further experiments can provide validation of the concepts implemented as a prototype in this thesis.

This thesis is offered as a series of three studies which applies the 3 + 1Cs relationship model (Jowett, 2007) to the study of the trainer-client interpersonal relationship in structured health-related fitness environments. The proposition that a rewarding and enjoyable working relationship should play an essential role in developing a client s motivation for, and commitment to, exercise is intuitive. However, the conceptual basis of this relationship, along with its determinants and consequences, remains to be investigated in trainer-led exercise settings. By establishing the theoretical suitability of the 3 + 1Cs model for this context, the thesis provides a valid framework for future study of this topic. It addresses a gap in the extant research by investigating whether the trainer-client relationship is a significant social variable which has the potential to promote adaptive motivation towards exercise and psychological well-being. The first study interviewed trainer client dyads to determine how the underlying constructs of the 3 + 1Cs model were expressed in the context of their interpersonal working relationship and to evaluate the applicability of the model. The second study used the code categories generated in the first study to develop and validate a questionnaire designed to measure relationship quality in client-trainer dyads. Evaluation of the structural validity of the questionnaire was used to provide further confirmation of the relevance of the 3C + 1 relationship model to this context. The third study used this questionnaire to investigate some of the antecedents and determinants of the trainer-client relationship in a sample of exercisers. Client perceptions of the trainer s trait emotional intelligence was investigated as a relationship antecedent. The psychological consequences of the relationship were tested using Self-Determination Theory (SDT: Deci & Ryan, 2000) by examining the association of relationship perceptions with need satisfaction, intrinsic and identified motivational regulation and psychological well-being (subjective vitality). The findings of these studies support the conceptual validity of the 3Cs for the study of client-trainer relationships in health-related exercise. The validation of the 12-item Client-Trainer Relationship Questionnaire (CTR-Q) and confirmation of its structural and criterion validity endorses this conclusion. Clients perceptions of their working relationship were found to be significantly and positively related to their perceptions of their trainer s trait emotional intelligence (a relationship antecedent). Relationship quality was also significantly and positively associated with the psychological consequences of psychological need satisfaction. In turn psychological need satisfaction was significantly associated with autonomous motivational regulation and subjective vitality. In conclusion, the thesis has shown that the client-trainer relationship operates as a key social variable congruent with SDT propositions to affect clients motivation and psychological well-being. The effectiveness of this relationship can be influenced by a potentially modifiable personal characteristic of the trainer, namely trait emotional intelligence.

Neste estudo foi desenvolvida uma análise que levou à compreensão da relação entre a organização do trabalho, saúde e qualidade de vida dos docentes de quatro escolas estaduais do ensino fundamental e médio localizadas no município de Coronel Fabriciano. A atenção esteve focada nos fatores que contribuem para a “sobrecarga de trabalho”, e nas inter-relações destes com os problemas de saúde e qualidade de vida de acordo com as percepções relatadas pelos professores. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados dois questionários, sendo um para levantamento da organização do trabalho e saúde e o outro relacionado à qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-bref). Diante do quadro atual constatou-se que: os professores acabam por assumir jornadas longas de trabalho, enfrentando dificuldades determinadas por deficiências materiais; desvalorização social e econômica; políticas educacionais impostas; sem que os professores, muitas vezes, participem das discussões; excesso de alunos na turma, dentre outros fatores. A diversidade dos problemas enfrentados no trabalho afetam o desempenho profissional, a saúde física e mental destes profissionais e contribuem para a depreciação da percepção de qualidade de vida nos diversos domínios avaliados: físico, psicológico, relações sociais e meio ambiente.