Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om, och i så fall hur, svenska ledare anpassar sitt ledarskap i mötet med andra kulturer. Tyngdpunkten ligger på att undersöka ledares reflektioner omkring kultur och ledarskap samt ta reda på hur interkulturella erfarenheter påverkar arbetsrollen och ledaren som person. Metod: Uppsatsen arbetar med en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod, tre intervjuer ligger till grund för det empiriska materialet. Litteratur och artiklar inom områdena ledarskap, kultur och kommunikation har studerats för att samla information till den teoretiska referensramen. Resultat och slutsats: Vi har kommit fram till att man som ledare verksam över nationsgränser blir tvungen att anpassa sig i mötet med andra kulturer. Ett situationsanpassat ledarskap är därmed nödvändigt. Interaktionen skiljer sig från kultur till kultur, därför bör man känna till de skillnader som råder. Vi menar vidare att affärsvärldens gränser tenderar att suddas ut. Förslag till vidare forskning: Det skulle vara intressant att genomföra en observation för att på så sätt öka insynen i själva samspelet. Vidare vore det intressant att studera hur ledarens självbild påverkas av mötet med andra kulturer, tar han med sig jobbet hem? Uppsatsens bidrag: Vi vill med denna uppsats bidra med fördjupad kunskap om begrepp som ledarskap, kultur och interkulturell kommunikation. Vår förhoppning är att ledare verksamma över nationsgränser ska finna denna studie givande. Nyckelord: Ledarskap, kultur, kommunikation, interkulturell kommunikation, modernt, situationsanpassat ledarskap. / Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to determine if, and how, the Swedish leader adapts its leadership skills when confronted by other cultures. The interest is to examine the leader’s opinions and reflections about other cultures, and how their intercultural experience influences their job performance and them as human beings. Method: The approach of this thesis is from a qualitative analytical point of view, three interviews helped to lay the foundation of the empirical material. Literature and articles have been collected and reviewed within the areas of leadership, culture, and communication in order to gather the facts needed for the theoretical references. Result & Conclusion: Our discoveries have led us to conclude that a leader across borders requires adaptation and embracement of other cultures. The interaction within cultures differ greatly in certain areas, therefore it is of importance to be educated about the differences. This justifies how the borders within the world of business tend to evaporate. Suggestion for future research: It would be interesting to conclude this study through an observational approach to highlight the area of interaction within cultures. Another interesting factor to analyze is to examine how the leader distinguishes between home and personal life with these influences. Contribution of the thesis: Our goal with this study has been to contribute a deeper knowledge about terms such as leadership, culture, and intercultural communication. We believe that leaders across borders will find this study extremely rewarding. Key words: Leadership, culture, communication, intercultural communication, modern,

Till följd av internationalisering och globalisering har vikten av kunskap om interkulturella fenomen blivit allt viktigare. Genom att öka den kulturella medvetenheten, kan de kulturkrockar och missförstånd som okunskap ger upphov till i förlängningen förebyggas, och resultatet och utbytet av denna interaktion förbättras. Syftet med den här studien var att lyfta fram kunskap om hur interkulturell träning är uppbyggd och utifrån vilka antaganden om interkulturell kompetens utbildningsanordnare utformar sina träningsprogram. Vår teoretiska referensram utgjordes av bland annat centrala kulturella begrepp och Hofstedes kulturella dimensioner. Vi genomförde sju stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med utbildningsanordnare runt om i Sverige. Ur materialet växte ett antal kategorier fram rörande interkulturell tränings utformning och syfte, rörande utvärdering av interkulturell träning, stöd för expatriater, utvecklingen av interkulturell träning i Sverige, samt kostnader förknippade med interkulturell träning. Resultaten pekade på att interkulturella träningsprogram i stort sett är utformade på liknande sätt, där teori kombineras med praktik, och element som kulturchock, anpassningsprocessen, interkulturell kommunikation och svårigheter kring repatriation belyses. Interkulturell träning skall ge en ökad förståelse och medvetenhet inom ramen av interkultur och skräddarsys efter varje individs och organisations specifika behov och önskemål. Studiens resultat stödde i mångt och mycket tidigare forskningsresultat, men konkluderade också att det fortfarande finns stora brister när det kommer till mängden träning och utvärdering av denna. Följaktligen lämnade resultatet mycket att önska av framtida forskning och inte minst av dagens internationella företag, som fortfarande inte insett vilken framgångsfaktor interkulturell träning är. / Due to internationalisation and globalisation, the significance of intercultural competence has become more and more important. By increasing cultural awareness, the culture shocks and misunderstandings that ignorance fuels can in the long run be prevented, and the result and exchange of this interaction can be improved. The purpose of this study was to bring knowledge to how intercultural training is composed and from which assumptions concerning intercultural competence, education organisers design their training programs. The theoretical frame of reference constituted central cultural elements as well as Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Seven semi-structured interviews, with education organisers in Sweden, were carried out. From the information gathered, a number of categories was found regarding intercultural training design, evaluation of intercultural training, support for expatriates, the development of intercultural training in Sweden, and costs associated with intercultural training. The results showed that intercultural training programs are mostly similarly designed where theory is combined with practice sessions and they illustrate culture shock, the U-curve, intercultural communication, and the difficulties concerning repatriation, among other things. Intercultural training shall give an increased understanding and awareness within the frame of interculture and be customised to fit the needs and desires of each individual and each organisation. The results of the study to great extent supported earlier research results, but also established that there are great flaws as regards to the amount of training and the evaluation of the same. Consequently, the results left much to desire of future research, not least from today’s international organisations, which still have not realized the success factor that intercultural training is.

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the implications and challenges of intercultural communication. An in-depth study was performed of the perspectives from people who work within an international organization. How they experience cultural differences and how they handle them, in particular when it comes to communication. Also, their perceptions of communicative competence were explored. The study was carried out at Svalorna India Bangladesh, at the Swedish office in Lund. Svalorna’s staff was interviewed on their experiences of intercultural communication. Both employees at the Swedish office and employees on location in India and Bangladesh were interviewed. The method used in the study was qualitative interviews where the interviewees could expand their answers fully as the interview developed. The main theory used was Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, presented in the thesis and considered in the study. It was concluded that being aware of cultural differences and having knowledge of other cultures but also your own is important for understanding the so-called non-verbal communication in an intercultural situation. There are also differences in to what extent a certain culture uses non-verbal communication. Both India and Bangladesh, according to the interviewees, are high context cultures whereas Sweden has a low context culture. All the interviewees had similar experiences when it comes to intercultural communication. A cultural difference in the perception of time is an example of when verbal communication can be inadequate, if one is not aware of cultural differences. Both India and Bangladesh use polychronic time whereas in Sweden monochromic time is used. This is indeed confirmed by all interviewees. Many of Hofstede’s cultural dimension theories are found to be coherent with the results of this study, for example the Individualism.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Communication

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Communication

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

Wir haben uns in der Afrikanistik bislang vor allem mit der Sprache im engeren Sinn beschaftigt, weniger mit dem Sprecher und mit dem, was Jespersen (1924:313) eine `bestimmte Geisteshaltung des Sprechers bezogen auf den Inhalt des Satzes` nannte In den folgenden Uberlegungen beschiiftige ich mich in diesem Sinne mit Sprechereinstellungen in konkreten Kontexten und dem was aus bestimmten Ausserungen fur zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen intrakultureller und vor allem interkultureller Art folgt Solche Ansatze haben heutzutage einen etwas modischen Charakter Wenn wir allerdings die zunehmende Aggressivitat in alien Bereichen der Kommunikation bedenken, bekommen sie doch eine besondere Relevanz.

<p>Till följd av internationalisering och globalisering har vikten av kunskap om interkulturella fenomen blivit allt viktigare. Genom att öka den kulturella medvetenheten, kan de kulturkrockar och missförstånd som okunskap ger upphov till i förlängningen förebyggas, och resultatet och utbytet av denna interaktion förbättras. Syftet med den här studien var att lyfta fram kunskap om hur interkulturell träning är uppbyggd och utifrån vilka antaganden om interkulturell kompetens utbildningsanordnare utformar sina träningsprogram. Vår teoretiska referensram utgjordes av bland annat centrala kulturella begrepp och Hofstedes kulturella dimensioner. Vi genomförde sju stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med utbildningsanordnare runt om i Sverige. Ur materialet växte ett antal kategorier fram rörande interkulturell tränings utformning och syfte, rörande utvärdering av interkulturell träning, stöd för expatriater, utvecklingen av interkulturell träning i Sverige, samt kostnader förknippade med interkulturell träning. Resultaten pekade på att interkulturella träningsprogram i stort sett är utformade på liknande sätt, där teori kombineras med praktik, och element som kulturchock, anpassningsprocessen, interkulturell kommunikation och svårigheter kring repatriation belyses. Interkulturell träning skall ge en ökad förståelse och medvetenhet inom ramen av interkultur och skräddarsys efter varje individs och organisations specifika behov och önskemål. Studiens resultat stödde i mångt och mycket tidigare forskningsresultat, men konkluderade också att det fortfarande finns stora brister när det kommer till mängden träning och utvärdering av denna. Följaktligen lämnade resultatet mycket att önska av framtida forskning och inte minst av dagens internationella företag, som fortfarande inte insett vilken framgångsfaktor interkulturell träning är.</p> / <p>Due to internationalisation and globalisation, the significance of intercultural competence has become more and more important. By increasing cultural awareness, the culture shocks and misunderstandings that ignorance fuels can in the long run be prevented, and the result and exchange of this interaction can be improved. The purpose of this study was to bring knowledge to how intercultural training is composed and from which assumptions concerning intercultural competence, education organisers design their training programs. The theoretical frame of reference constituted central cultural elements as well as Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Seven semi-structured interviews, with education organisers in Sweden, were carried out. From the information gathered, a number of categories was found regarding intercultural training design, evaluation of intercultural training, support for expatriates, the development of intercultural training in Sweden, and costs associated with intercultural training. The results showed that intercultural training programs are mostly similarly designed where theory is combined with practice sessions and they illustrate culture shock, the U-curve, intercultural communication, and the difficulties concerning repatriation, among other things. Intercultural training shall give an increased understanding and awareness within the frame of interculture and be customised to fit the needs and desires of each individual and each organisation. The results of the study to great extent supported earlier research results, but also established that there are great flaws as regards to the amount of training and the evaluation of the same. Consequently, the results left much to desire of future research, not least from today’s international organisations, which still have not realized the success factor that intercultural training is.</p>

This study examined the differences in reporting in Radio-Television of Serbia's (RTS) main newscast, Dnevnik 2, between the period of Slobodan Milosevic’s rule (1989-2000) and the period after the establishment of democracy in Serbia (2001-2009). The data were gathered by the content analysis of 63 RTS newscasts in the period 1989-2009. The research included quantitative analysis as well as additional observations of RTS newscasts noted at the time of coding. The major findings suggest that in the democratic period (2001-2009) RTS newscasts become shorter, more consistent in duration, less dedicated to coverage of state and ruling party officials’ activities, and more inclined to reporting about social issues and other political events. The number of voices in RTS newscasts became significantly higher. The overall reporting became more balanced and more diverse. At the same time RTS kept the old priority in news reporting which put Official Stories in leading positions and remained occasionally inclined to increase the number of Official Stories in times of important political events. Based on these results this study derived the following hypotheses for state/public service television stations in countries in transition: 1) consistency of duration of newscasts increases as the regime in the country becomes less controlling 2) the dominance of Official Stories decreases as the regime in the country becomes less controlling 3) the number of sound bites in newscasts increases as the regime becomes less controlling (the number of voices in newscasts increases as the democracy progresses), and 4) the coverage of Official Stories increases in times of important domestic political events, possibly those that have endangered national security, even if the regime becomes less controlling.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Covenant Theological Seminary, 2002. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-206).