In the past few years, the study of critical infrastructures and the interdependencies amongst them in the context of an emergency situation has become a priority for many countries, including Canada. Governments, universities, and private companies all over the world are spending vast amounts of money and effort trying to better understand how infrastructures and humans react in the time stages before, during, and after a disruptive event. Analyzing complex systems such as those formed by infrastructure networks and decision makers is not a simple task and requires a multidisciplinary holistic approach. The field of research in infrastructure interdependencies is fairly new, and lies in the intersection of areas of knowledge such as emergency management, geography, simulation modeling, planning, and safety engineering. Analyzing interdependencies between infrastructure networks is not only a complex problem in terms of its formalization, but also in terms of the intricacy required to test and validate that formalization. Furthermore, identifying and having access to the data necessary to validate the formal system is probably an even more complicated issue to resolve. It is, however, only through the study of these interdependencies that certain failures or weaknesses in the systems can be discovered; weaknesses that could not be studied through the analysis of a single isolated system. Not only is it a challenging task to analyze the interconnections between infrastructure systems, but studying these at moments of stress, when the interdependencies become dynamic, is even more difficult. In this thesis I explore the intersection between three main themes: Critical infrastructure interdependencies, Emergency Management, and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Furthermore, I analyze the different types of interdependencies between infrastructure systems, I describe some of the challenges that have to be dealt with when modeling interdependencies, and I explore the possibility of modeling and visualizing some of these interdependencies by constructing an Infrastructure Geographical Information System of the UBC campus.

In the past few years, the study of critical infrastructures and the interdependencies amongst them in the context of an emergency situation has become a priority for many countries, including Canada. Governments, universities, and private companies all over the world are spending vast amounts of money and effort trying to better understand how infrastructures and humans react in the time stages before, during, and after a disruptive event. Analyzing complex systems such as those formed by infrastructure networks and decision makers is not a simple task and requires a multidisciplinary holistic approach. The field of research in infrastructure interdependencies is fairly new, and lies in the intersection of areas of knowledge such as emergency management, geography, simulation modeling, planning, and safety engineering. Analyzing interdependencies between infrastructure networks is not only a complex problem in terms of its formalization, but also in terms of the intricacy required to test and validate that formalization. Furthermore, identifying and having access to the data necessary to validate the formal system is probably an even more complicated issue to resolve. It is, however, only through the study of these interdependencies that certain failures or weaknesses in the systems can be discovered; weaknesses that could not be studied through the analysis of a single isolated system. Not only is it a challenging task to analyze the interconnections between infrastructure systems, but studying these at moments of stress, when the interdependencies become dynamic, is even more difficult. In this thesis I explore the intersection between three main themes: Critical infrastructure interdependencies, Emergency Management, and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Furthermore, I analyze the different types of interdependencies between infrastructure systems, I describe some of the challenges that have to be dealt with when modeling interdependencies, and I explore the possibility of modeling and visualizing some of these interdependencies by constructing an Infrastructure Geographical Information System of the UBC campus.

In the past few years, the study of critical infrastructures and the interdependencies amongst them in the context of an emergency situation has become a priority for many countries, including Canada. Governments, universities, and private companies all over the world are spending vast amounts of money and effort trying to better understand how infrastructures and humans react in the time stages before, during, and after a disruptive event. Analyzing complex systems such as those formed by infrastructure networks and decision makers is not a simple task and requires a multidisciplinary holistic approach. The field of research in infrastructure interdependencies is fairly new, and lies in the intersection of areas of knowledge such as emergency management, geography, simulation modeling, planning, and safety engineering. Analyzing interdependencies between infrastructure networks is not only a complex problem in terms of its formalization, but also in terms of the intricacy required to test and validate that formalization. Furthermore, identifying and having access to the data necessary to validate the formal system is probably an even more complicated issue to resolve. It is, however, only through the study of these interdependencies that certain failures or weaknesses in the systems can be discovered; weaknesses that could not be studied through the analysis of a single isolated system. Not only is it a challenging task to analyze the interconnections between infrastructure systems, but studying these at moments of stress, when the interdependencies become dynamic, is even more difficult. In this thesis I explore the intersection between three main themes: Critical infrastructure interdependencies, Emergency Management, and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Furthermore, I analyze the different types of interdependencies between infrastructure systems, I describe some of the challenges that have to be dealt with when modeling interdependencies, and I explore the possibility of modeling and visualizing some of these interdependencies by constructing an Infrastructure Geographical Information System of the UBC campus. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Smart grid initiatives are becoming more and more achievable through the use of information infrastructures that feature peer-to-peer communication, monitoring, protection and automated control. The analysis of smart grid operation requires considering the reliability of the cyber network as it is neither invulnerable nor failure free. The objective of this dissertation is to categorize interdependencies between cyber and power networks and propose mathematical evaluation models to calculate the reliability of the power network when considering failures of the cyber network. This study categorizes interdependencies between cyber and power networks into direct and indirect. In this research direct interdependencies among cyber-power networks is studied and the concept of state mapping is proposed to map the failures in the cyber network to the failures of the power network. The impact of indirect interdependencies on the reliability of power system is different and more complicated than that of direct interdependencies. In this dissertation, various aspects of smart monitoring, as an application of indirect interdependency, are discussed and a mathematical model to assess its impact on power grid reliability is proposed. Based on a multiple-state Markov chain model, the failure and repair rates of power components with and without monitoring provisions are determined and compared. In addition, to model indirect interdependencies between cyber and power networks, the concept and formulations of state updating are proposed to update the probability of states due to failures in the cyber network. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the impact of both direct and indirect cyberpower interdependencies on the reliability indices, two optimization models are introduced to maximize the data connection in the cyber network and minimize the load shedding in the power network.

This study investigates the relationship between the three levels of dynamic capabilities and the two most prominent project interdependencies, by comparing the practises of an organisation in a single case study.  An understanding of organisational change capacity in terms of dynamic capabilities (DC) is widely accepted in academic literature. Likewise, project management literature agrees that multiple projects that serve to implement change may interact amongst one another resulting in increased or decreased benefits compared to individual project execution. The study explores the so far neglected gap between these two areas.  This study follows an inductive path of a single case study, as the authors investigate the case of the transformation of service of Police Scotland. This organisation is unique, as it exhibits a far above average use of project (inter-) dependency management, specifically created for this situation of change. Semi-structured interviews of ten organisational members with different perspectives, roles, and experiences was employed to gain a full understanding of this complex situation and answer questions as to the “how” and “why”.  This study revealed that there exists a connection. It has found practises, which the organisation specifically employs to combine interdependency management and dynamic capabilities. The study also found there to be a distinct pattern that links knowledge interdependencies to first and partially to third level DC, and resource interdependencies to second and third level DC. This investigation also contributes to the understanding of the resource and knowledge based view of the organisation, by expanding the criticism of the former and establishing the use of the latter.

A common issue with the power grid during natural disasters is low availability. Many critical applications that are required during and after natural disasters, for rescue and logistical operations require highly available power supplies. Microgrids with distributed generation resources along with the grid provide promising solutions in order to improve the availability of power supply during natural disasters. However, distributed generators (DGs) such as diesel gensets depend on lifelines such as transportation networks whose behavior during disasters affects the genset fuel delivery systems and as a result affect the availability. Renewable sources depend on natural phenomena that have both deterministic as well as stochastic aspects to their behavior, which usually results in high variability in the output. Therefore DGs require energy storage in order to make them dispatchable sources. The microgrids availability depends on the availability characteristics of its distributed generators and energy storage and their dependent infrastructure, the distribution architecture and the power electronic interfaces. This dissertation presents models to evaluate the availability of power supply from the various distributed energy resources of a microgrid during natural disasters. The stochastic behavior of the distributed generators, storage and interfaces are modeled using Markov processes and the effect of the distribution network on availability is also considered. The presented models supported by empirical data can be hence used for microgrid planning. / text

Syfte: Syftet med denna studien är att öka förståelsen kring hur medlemmar hanterar spänningar mellan ett traditionellt styrsystem och ett modernt styrsystem. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte har vi använt oss av den naturalistiska forskningsfilosofin och en induktiv forskningsansats. Empiriinsamlingen har bestått av intervjuer av en kvalitativ karaktär. Analys av den empiriska data gjordes med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Bidrag: Studien tillför ett teoretiskt bidrag där spänningarna bevisligen existerar mellan styrsystem. De centrala spänningar vi har fått fram är Ansvarstagande, Organisationsstruktur, Kommunikation och Arbetssätt, när Lean används som styrkoncept. Med hjälp av att kunna se verksamhetsstyrning som ett paket kan spänningarna dels förstås bättre, dels förklara varför de kan uppstå. Till sist, kan Loose coupling med framgång användas för att analysera hur medlemmarna hanterar spänningar som uppstår mellan dessa styrsystem. Vi kan se att företagen som undersöks i studien använder olika metoder för att hantera spänningarna. Förslag till vidare forskning: ● Vidareutveckla de teorier vi presenterat i studien gällande identifiering av spänningar. Genom att vidare undersöka hur spänningar fungerar och var de kan uppstå kan forskare bidra till en stabilare verksamhetsstyrning för företag. ● Mer fördjupning inom hantering av spänningar. Genom att utveckla de metoder som redan finns kan det underlätta för företag med spänningar och genom att formulera nya metoder och identifiera nya verktyg kan forskningen föras framåt ytterligare. ● Att undersöka om spänningar går att mäta, för att sedan bygga ett verktyg för företagen att kunna identifiera och hantera spänningarna. / Aim: The aim is to increase the understanding of how members in a company handle tensions between a modern traditional control system and a modern control system. Method: This study was conducted with a qualitative design using a multiple case study and an inductive process. Furthermore, has the study been shaped after the scientific method. Empirical data has been gathered from interviews and the analysing of the empirical data has been done using thematic analysis. Contributions of the thesis: The theoretical contribution of this study is proof that tensions exists between two different control systems. The most central tensions that we have discovered are Responsibility, Organizational structure, Communication and Working methods, when Lean is used as a control concept. With the help of being able to see business management as a package, the tensions can be better understood and also explain why they can arise. Finally, Loose coupling can be successfully used to analyse how members handle tensions that arise between these control systems. We can see that the companies that are analysed in this study use different methods to handle the tensions. Suggestions for future research: ● To further develop the theories we presented in the study regarding the identification of tensions. This can be made by further investigating how tensions work and where they can arise. Researchers can contribute to more stable business management for companies. ● More in-depth study of handling the tensions. By developing the methods that already exist, this can make it easier for companies to handle their tensions between the control systems. But also formulating new methods and identifying new tools that could take the research further. ● To examine if tensions could be measured in order to build a tool that could identify and handle the tensions.

Für komplexe Entwicklungsaufgaben von Großserienanwendungen mit hohem Reifegrad haben sich standardisierte Entwicklungsprozesse erfolgreich etabliert. Existieren diese für eine Aufgabenstellung nicht, kann bei überschaubarem Projektumfang gepaart mit hohem Neuheitsgrad ein Generalist den gesamten Entwicklungsprozess mit hoher Dynamik situativ und iterativ ohne Vorgegebene Ablaufstruktur erfolgreich leiten. Zur raschen und ganzheitlichen Erfassung von unbekanntem oder nicht hinreichend erfasstem (Teil-)Systemverhalten sowie der relevanten Interdependenzen und Einflussgrößen kann die menschliche Wahrnehmung bei der Testung von Spielmodellen und Prototypen einen wertvollen Beitrag leisten. Zur allgemeinen Nutzung des so erworbenen Wissens ist jedoch deren explizite Darstellung von zentraler Bedeutung. Anhand von zwei ausgewählten Praxisbeispielen wird dies verdeutlicht.

The smooth and reliable operation of key infrastructure components like water distribution systems, electric power systems, and telecommunications is essential for a nation?s economic growth and overall security. Tragic events such as the Northridge earthquake and Hurricane Katrina have shown us how the occurrence of a disaster can cripple one or more such critical infrastructure components and cause widespread damage and destruction. Technological advancements made over the last few decades have resulted in these infrastructure components becoming highly complicated and inter-dependent on each other. The development of tools which can aid in understanding this complex interaction amongst the infrastructure components is thus of paramount importance for being able to manage critical resources and carry out post-emergency recovery missions. The research work conducted as a part of this thesis aims at studying the effects of fire (a calamitous event) on the electrical distribution network of a city. The study has been carried out on a test bed comprising of a virtual city named Micropolis which was modeled using a Geographic Information System (GIS) based software package. This report describes the designing of a separate electrical test bed using Simulink, based on the GIS layout of the power distribution network of Micropolis. It also proposes a method of quantifying the damage caused by fire to the electrical network by means of a parameter called the Load Loss Damage Index (LLDI). Finally, it presents an innovative graph theoretic approach for determining how to route power across faulted sections of the electrical network using a given set of Normally Open switches. The power is routed along a path of minimum impedance. The proposed methodologies are then tested by running numerous simulations on the Micropolis test bed, corresponding to different fire spread scenarios. The LLDI values generated from these simulation runs are then analyzed in order to determine the most damaging scenarios and to identify infrastructure components of the city which are most crucial in containing the damage caused by fire to the electrical network. The conclusions thereby drawn can give useful insights to emergency response personnel when they deal with real-life disasters.

The interdependencies that exist within and between infrastructures can cause unexpected system properties to emerge when their components fail due to large disruptions. As witnessed following emergencies such as Hurricane Katrina, the complexities of these interdependencies make it very difficult to effectively recover infrastructure because of the challenges they create in prioritizing the most critical components for repair. The Joint Infrastructure Interdependencies Research Program was initiated by Public Safety Canada (PSC) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) in 2005 to research methods for remedying this problem. As a part of this research, the University of British Columbia (UBC) is developing an infrastructure interdependency simulator, named I2Sim, to simulate disasters and develop strategies for dealing with emergencies. Part of this development is to construct a model of the UBC electrical distribution system and interface it with I2Sim. In this research, a general methodology for such a model is presented, which employs an off-the-shelf powerflow modeling tool. In addition, a model of the UBC information technology infrastructure is developed to provide a second infrastructure model to demonstrate the electrical model's usefulness in multi-infrastructure disaster recovery simulations. Simulations with these models have shown that the recovery of this two-infrastructure system can be carried out more effectively following an earthquake if both infrastructures are considered together in the repair approach, rather than individually. This difference was on the order of thirty percent. To extend this research from electrical distribution systems to electrical bulk systems, an interdependency model of the British Columbia Transmission Corporation bulk power network and its communications system was also developed, along with a post-blackout restoration procedure. Using these, simulations of a post-blackout recovery were carried out to study the level of risk that communications outages may pose to the electrical network's recovery. These simulations revealed a correlation between restoration time and the number of communication points lost. This research also demonstrates there is value in combining the results of such simulations with risk evaluation tools. Together these results provided a clearer indication of where vulnerabilities exist.