Le premier chapitre présente la finance islamique, ses principes, ses produits, ses institutions. Le deuxième chapitre, présente une comparaison entre les deux systèmes bancaires, islamique et conventionnel à partir d'une étude de ratios bancaires et une analyse en composantes principales. Le troisième chapitre a pour but de clarifier les différents facteurs attirant les clients vers les banques islamiques et montre que ceux-ci ne se limitent pas aux critères religieux pour faire leur choix. Le quatrième chapitre analyse les marges d'intermédiation des banques islamiques et conventionnelles, en utilisant une approche dynamique du panel (Arellano-Bond, 1991). Il conclut que les banques islamiques se caractérisent par des marges plus élevées. Le cinquième chapitre examine, pour les deux systèmes bancaires, l'impact de la pression réglementaire. Il apparait que les banques islamiques et conventionnelles opérant dans la région MENA se caractérisent par des niveaux de capital déjà bien au-dessus du minimum réglementaire, et que la pression réglementaire n’a donc pas d’impact sur les banques islamiques. Cette inefficacité de la réglementation prudentielle peut être expliquée par l’inadaptation de cette réglementation à la nature du risque de ces banques. Enfin, le sixième et dernier chapitre, étudie la relation entre le capital et le risque de défaillance. Il en ressort que, dans la zone MENA, la probabilité de défaillance serait plus élevée pour les banques islamiques. / The first chapter presents Islamic finance, its principles, its products, its institutions. The second chapter presents a comparison between the two banking systems, Islamic and conventional through a study of banking ratios and principal component analysis. The third chapter aims to clarify the factors attracting customers towards Islamic banks and shows that they are not confined to religious criteria for their choice. The fourth chapter analyzes the intermediation margins of Islamic and conventional banks, using a dynamic approach of the panel (Arellano-Bond 1991). It concludes that Islamic banks are characterized by higher margins. The fifth chapter examines, for the two banking systems, the impact of regulatory pressure. It appears that Islamic and conventional banks operating in MENA are characterized by high capital levels which already well above the regulatory minimum, and therefore regulatory pressure has no impact on Islamic banks. This inefficiency of prudential regulation can be explained by the inadequacy of the regulations to the nature of the risk of these banks. The sixth and final chapter examines the relationship between capital and the risk of failure. It shows that, in MENA, the probability of failure is higher for Islamic banks.

This thesis analyses the effect of sectoral and macroeconomic variables on the profitability of the Turkish commercial banks over the period 2005-2009:3 by using multiple regressions. In this study, profitability of Turkish banking system in the mentioned period is discussed and questions such as why some commercial banks are more profitable than others and to what extent discrepancies in banks&rsquo / profitability are due to variation in endogenous factors under the control of bank management and to what extent external factors impact the profitability performance of these banks are sought to answer. Firstly, the empirical results revealed that sectoral characteristics explain a substantial part of the within country variation in bank interest margins and net profitability. High profitability tends to be associated with banks that hold a relatively high amount of equity capital, and with large non interest income. Other important internal determinants of banks&rsquo / profitability are non-interest expenses and fixed assets which have negative and significant impact. Also, equity capital is the internal determinant of net interest margin. Secondly, it is found that inflation is the macroeconomic determinant of net interest margin and profitability.

The goal of thesis titled "Analysis of the impact of low interest rates on banking business in Sweden" is to define conditions of bank business and profitability of banks in Sweden. Bank management is monitored mainly in terms of low interest rate policy. Among the indicators observed in the period from 2011 to 2015 include particularly the net interest margin, profitability ratios and loans volume. Risk incurred by banks is also monitored through losses from credit operations and the share of risk-weighted assets to total banking assets.

This thesis aims to analyze the significance of the impact of low interest rates on profitability of banks in the Czech Republic. Profitability of banks is examined through an analysis of the financial profitability ratios on a sample of 6 banks in the period 2004 to 2014. A more detailed analysis and a better assessment of the impact of low interest rates on bank profitability are used decomposition of return on equity, which did not show the effect of low interest rates on return on assets. A more relevant indicator for assessing the impact of low interest rates is the net interest margin, reflecting a negative impact with half of all banks. The financial analysis results were confirmed in a subsequent regression analysis, which examined a variety of internal and external determinants of profitability including the impact of low interest rates. The impact of low interest rates, there was again demonstrated only in the net interest margin, but it certainly can not talk about the dominant factor.

This study analyses the bank market competition and bank interest margins in the European Union member countries banking sector during the period 2007–2019, using panel data analysis and aggregated data for each country ́s banking sector. Our starting point is the theory about market structure and two structural indexes are used as proxies of the degree of market competition. The methodology is based on the model developed by Ho and Saunders (1981), where the bank is viewed as a risk averse dealer amongst borrowers and lenders. This model has later been extended to fit analyses on nationally aggregated levels, which is appropriate in this study. The result show that bank concentration is not statistically significant in explaining variability of interest margin in the EU banking sectors. Instead, the statistically significant determinants of interest margins are more bank specific variables, such as average operating cost and credit risk. Although this study cannot claim economic significance, it provides information that economic policies should be designed to lower average operating cost rather than market competition, in order to lower interest margin. / I denna studie analyserar vi konkurrensen på bankmarknaden och bankernas räntemarginaler i Europeiska unionens medlemsländers banksektor under perioden 2007–2019, genom paneldataanalys och aggregerad data för varje lands banksektor. Vår utgångspunkt är teorin om marknadsstruktur och vi använder två strukturella mått för att mäta konkurrens på marknaden. Metoden är baserad på den modell som Ho and Saunders (1981) utformade, där banken ses som en riskavert förmedlare mellan låntagare och långivare. Modellen har sedan utökats till att lämpa sig för analyser på en nationellt aggregerad nivå, vilket är passande för denna studie. Resultatet visar att konkurrens på bankmarknaden inte på ett statistiskt signifikant sätt förklarar variabilitet i räntemarginalen. Istället visar resultatet att de statistiskt signifikanta faktorerna för räntemarginalen är mer bankspecifika variabler, såsom genomsnittlig operationell kostnad och kreditrisk. Trots att denna studie inte kan påvisa ekonomisk signifikans, ger den information om att ekonomiska policys bör utformas för att sänka den genomsnittliga operationella kostnaden snarare än att öka marknadskonkurrens, för att minska räntemarginalen.

Background: Denmark, along with other European countries, has decided to cut its policy interest rate into negative territory to meet macroeconomic objectives. This has historically been thought of as impossible and impacts commercial banks significantly. As a consequence, concerns have been raised about commercial bank profitability, which is a primary indicator of the banking industry’s soundness. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between persistently negative interest rates and commercial bank profitability in Denmark, covering an extended timeframe (2011 – 2018, 165 bank years, 21 commercial banks). Method: Bank profitability is measured using the Return on Average Assets (ROAA) and the Net Interest Margin (NIM). The thesis follows a simple form of mixed-methods approach –quantitatively focused, followed by a supplementary qualitative study. For the quantitative part, data is collected through the Orbis database, which provides global company data. We utilized a Fixed Effects Model with strongly balanced panel data, covering 59% of the Danish banking industry’s assets. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with professionals working in the industry to interpret the quantitative findings. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that in the time period observed: Interest rates are not correlated with the NIM; The duration of consecutive negative interest rates (in years) is negatively correlated with the NIM; Interest rates are not correlated with the ROAA; The duration of consecutive negative interest rates (in years) is not correlated with the ROAA; The duration of consecutive negative interest rates seems to be more significant since it takes time for the profitability-reducing effect of negative interest rates to materialize. The ROAA is not impacted by the (years in negative) interest rates, as it is mainly determined by factors under management control.

This thesis addresses issues of measuring and managing the performance of commercial bank institutions by means of a system called Corporate Performance Management (CPM). The theoretical part of this work is devoted to introduction of banking industry and methods of performance measurement in commercial banks. It introduces a general concept and key components of CPM supported by Business Intelligence technology. In the practical part of this work there is introduced the design of two concrete CPM solutions which are being currently built in banks -- KPI processing and interest margin calculation. The main thesis contribution to the existing literature is a creation of complex material about relevant aspects of implementation CPM solutions in data warehouses of commercial banks and creation the conceptual design of a concrete solution.

The government of Ghana borrows from both domestic and foreign sources to finance the budget deficit. By the year 2013, the domestic debt was 55% of the public debt. Government domestic borrowing is competitive and can potentially crowd out the private corporate sector. Therefore, the specific research problem addressed in this study was whether the Ghanaian government's domestic debt (DEBT) caused financial crowding out (FCO) in Ghana. FCO theory is not conclusive and not proven specifically for Ghana, so the purpose of this research was to investigate its presence in Ghana. The neoclassical theory of FCO underpinned the research. The 2 research questions investigated FCO along the quantity and cost channels. The research examined the relationship between DEBT as the independent variable, the quantity of private sector credit (PSCREDIT), and the net interest margin (NIM) of banks as dependent variables. Covariates were macroeconomic and banking industry variables. The research population was the banking sector of the financial services industry. The research was correlational, and it used time series data from the Bank of Ghana and the World Bank. Data analysis used the autoregressive distributed lag method. The analysis returned a negative relationship between DEBT and PSCREDIT, and a positve relationship between NIM and DEBT. These results indicated the presence of FCO along both the quantity and cost channels. The research provides policymakers a means of quantifying the extent and effects of fiscal policies. The study may contribute to positive social change by promoting the revision of fiscal policies to favor the private corporate sector to invest, create jobs, and grow the Ghanaian economy.

Existen posturas variadas respecto a los factores que participan y cómo estos influyen en la determinación del spread bancario o rentabilidad bancaria, representado también por la eficiencia bancaria. La investigación muestra cómo los factores influyen en el spread de forma positiva o negativa en países en desarrollo, desarrollados y en transición, así como en diversas regiones a nivel mundial. El cálculo del spread se representa por la diferencia entre el promedio de la tasa de interés de los préstamos y los depósitos en un periodo determinado, aunque otro grupo de autores utiliza el Margen de Interés Neto como la medida para el cálculo de rentabilidad, pues este analiza los determinantes en un escenario de equilibrio general, considerando todas las operaciones del banco. La investigación sugiere que un elevado spread se relaciona con un sistema bancario ineficiente; asimismo, se revela que los países Latinoamericanos en los últimos 20 años presentan un elevado spread comparados con otras regiones del mundo. En otro momento, se detalla la evolución del sector bancario, participantes y el rol que cumple en la economía de un país. En la tercera sección, se explica la política monetaria y su relación con las tasas de interés, mientras que en la cuarta sección se muestra el proceso de intermediación financiera. En el quinto capítulo, se describe las variables que participan en la determinación del spread; luego de ello, se exponen las principales medidas adoptadas por la regulación bancaria para reducir los riesgos de la operación. Finalmente, se contrastan las variables utilizas de algunos modelos utilizados para la determinación del spread bancario. / There are varying points of views regarding factors involved and how they influence the determination of bank spread or bank profitability, also represented by bank efficiency. The research shows how the factors influence the spread positively or negatively in developing, developed and transition countries, as well as in various regions worldwide. The calculation of the spread is represented by the difference between the average interest rate on loans and deposits in a given period, although another group of authors uses the Net Interest Margin as the measure for calculating profitability, as it analyzes the determinants in a general equilibrium scenario, considering all the bank's operations. The research suggests that a high spread is related to an inefficient banking system, likewise, it is revealed that Latin American countries in the last 20 years present a high spread compared to other regions of the world. Another section details the evolution of the banking sector, its participants and the role it plays in a country's economy. The third section explains monetary policy and its relationship with interest rates, while the fourth section shows the financial intermediation process. The fifth chapter describes the variables involved in the determination of the spread, followed by a description of the main measures adopted by banking regulation to reduce the risks of the operation. Finally, the variables used in some of the models used to determine the bank spread are contrasted. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Studiens syfte är att analysera och undersöka om det finns något samband mellan den finansiella risken och lönsamheten. Det övergripande syftet är att se om valet av finansiell risk fungerar som finansieringsstrategi i verkligheten.</p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> Studien bygger på den deduktiva ansatsen där teorier kommer att testas och analyseras mot empiriska data tagna från årsredovisningar. Den kvantitativa metoden används då data från 305 stycken årsredovisningar ska användas för att finna om det finns samband och variation mellan finansiell risk och lönsamhet definierad som vinstmarginal, <em>Rt</em> och <em>Re</em>. Årsredovisningarna utgörs av sekundärdata som samlats in från databasen Retriever. De statistiska metoder som används är bland annat medelvärde, standardavvikelse, regressions- och korrelationsanalys, hypotesprövning och <em>t</em>-test.</p><p><strong>Resultat och slutsats: </strong>Såväl korrelation- och regressionsanalys som hypotesprövning och <em>t</em>-test visar att det finns samband mellan finansiell risk och lönsamhet definierad som <em>Re</em>. Studien visar även att det finns inget samband mellan finansiell risk och lönsamhet definierad som vinstmarginal eller <em>Rt</em>. Valet av finansiell risk fungerar alltså som finansieringsstrategi i verkligheten om lönsamheten är definierad som <em>Re</em>.</p><p><strong>Uppsatsens bidrag:</strong> Resultaten påvisade att det finns samband mellan finansiell risk och <em>Re</em> precis som teorin förespråkar.</p>