Este trabalho tem como propósito, investigar a validade da lei de Hess-Murray, através da experimentação numérica, aplicando o método do Design Construtal associado ao método de otimização da busca exaustiva, no escoamento interno em estruturas em forma de T com seção circular. Variação do número de Reynolds, escoamento de fluidos newtonianos e não newtonianos, estrutura em forma de T com paredes impermeáveis e permeáveis, foram as principais características avaliadas para confrontar a lei de Hess-Murray. O estudo proposto assume escoamento tridimensional, laminar, incompressível, regime permanente e propriedades fluidodinâmicas constantes, sendo o regime de escoamento governado pelo número de Reynolds (Re). O objetivo principal consiste em determinar as configurações ótimas que facilitem o escoamento de fluido ou minimizem as resistências ao escoamento, quando a área ocupada pelos dutos (A) e o volume ocupado pelos dutos (V) são mantidos constantes, variando-se as razões de diâmetros (aD) e comprimentos (aL). As equações de conservação de massa e quantidade de movimento, foram resolvidas através do método de volumes finitos. A geometria foi discretizada através de uma malha tridimensional composta por aproximadamente 1.950.000 elementos. Como resultados, obteve-se as geometrias ótimas que apresentaram resistências ao escoamento até 30 vezes menor do que as demais configurações. Além disso, foi possível verificar que a lei de Hess-Murray nem sempre é válida, visto que o sistema adapta sua geometria ótima para cada condição de escoamento, a fim de proporcionar a melhor arquitetura de escoamento para atender ao objetivo de minimizar as resistências ao escoamento em acordo com a Lei Construtal. Esta dissertação avançou no presente estado da arte, pois desenvolveu um modelo tridimensional sem simplificações, aplicado ao sistema de escoamento de fluidos em estrutura em forma de T utilizando o método do Design Construtal, validando os resultados analíticos apresentados na bibliografia e apresentando novas referências que permitem ampliar a complexidade dos sistemas de escoamento bem como a implementação de métodos de otimização mais avançados. / This work investigates, through the numerical experimentation together with the Construtal Design method, the Hess-Murray Law in the internal flow in T-shaped structures with a circular section for the laminar flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids with impermeable and permeable walls, determining the optimal configurations that facilitate fluid flow or minimize flow resistance. The geometric global constants, the volume occupied by the ducts (V) and the area occupied by the ducts (A), delimit the space occupied by the T-shaped structure and the degrees of freedom, the ratio between the diameter of the parent duct and daughter (aD) and the ratio between parent duct length and daughter (aL), are the main geometric parameters to be evaluated. The proposed study is assumed three-dimensional, laminar, incompressible, permanent and constant fluidodynamic properties being the flow regime governed by Reynolds number (Re). Construtal Design method, associated with the exhaustive search, was used to determine the global geometric constants, degrees of freedom and objective function in the geometric evaluation of the system. The numerical solution of the mass conservation and momentum equations is solved based on the finite volume method. The geometries and mesh of the computational domain was discretized through a three-dimensional composed of approximately 1,950,000 elements. The results show that the optimal geometries that presented resistance to the flow up to 30 times smaller than the other configurations. In addition, it was possible to verify that the Hess-Murray Law is not always valid, since the system adapts its optimal geometry to each flow condition, in order to provide a better flow architecture to meet the objective of minimizing resistance to flow in agreement with the Constructal Law. This work advanced in the present state of the art, since it developed a three-dimensional model without simplifications, applied to the fluid flow system in T-shaped structure using the Construtal Design method, validating the analytical results presented in the bibliography and presenting new references that allow increase the complexity of flow systems as well as the implementation of more advanced optimization methods.

Resumo: O presente trabalho trata da solução de uma classe de problemas difusivo-convectivos, tanto de natureza elíptica como parabólica, em domínios de geometrias não-convencionais, através da aplicação da Transformada Integral. Para facilitar o tratamento analítico e a aplicação das condições de contorno, antes da aplicação da Técnica da Transformada Integral Generalizada - TTIG sobre a equação governante do problema estudado, emprega-se uma Transformação Conforme - TC visando efetuar uma mudança de coordenadas adequada. Analisa-se inicialmente o problema hidrodinâmico do escoamento laminar completamente desenvolvido de fluidos Newtonianos no interior de dutos. Para a obtenção do campo de velocidades do escoamento aplica-se a TTIG sobre a equação da quantidade de movimento. Os parâmetros hidrodinâmicos de interesse, tais como: velocidades média e máxima, fator de atrito de Fanning, fator de Hagenbach, número de Poiseuille, comprimento de entrada hidrodinâmico e queda de pressão são calculados para as diversas geometrias. Feito isso, efetua-se o estudo dos problemas difusivo-convectivos relacionados à transferência de calor do escoamento laminar hidrodinamicamente desenvolvido e termicamente em desenvolvimento de fluidos Newtonianos com perfil de temperatura de entrada uniforme em dutos submetidos a condições de contorno de Dirichlet. Para a obtenção do campo de temperatura aplica-se a TTIG sobre a equação da energia e então, calculam-se os parâmetros térmicos de interesse: temperatura média de mistura, números de Nusselt local e médio e comprimento de entrada térmica. Realiza-se, quando possível, a comparação dos resultados obtidos para os parâmetros termos-hidráulicos com os disponíveis na literatura. / Abstract: The present work describes the solution of a class of elliptical-parabolic diffusiveconvective problems, on unconventional geometries, employing the Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT). In order to facilitate the analytical treatment and the application of the boundary conditions, a Conformal Transform (CT) is used to change the domain into a more suitable coordinate system, just before GITT is to be applied. First of all, using this procedure, the hydrodynamic problem of fully developed Newtonian laminar flow inside ducts is analyzed. In order to obtain the velocity field, GITT is applied on the momentum equation. Interesting hydrodynamic parameters, such as: maximum and minimum velocity values, Fanning friction and Hagenbach factors, Poiseuille number, hydrodynamic entry length, as well as pressure loss, are evaluated for several geometries. Following that, diffusive-convective problems are studied in relationship to the heat transfer in hydrodynamically fully developed and thermally non-developed Newtonian laminar flow inside ducts under Dirichlet boundary conditions, considering uniform temperature entrance profile. In order to obtain the temperature field, GITT is applied on the energy equation, evaluating the relevant parameters: bulk mean temperature, average and local Nusselt numbers and thermal entry length. The results are compared, as much as possible, with the parameter values available in the literature. / Orientador: Cassio Roberto Macedo Maia / Coorientador: Ricardo Alan Verdú Ramos / Banca: João Batista Campos Silva / Banca: Marcelo Moreira Ganzarolli / Mestre

No description available.

A water droplet that impacts on a cold surface will start to freeze and in time ice will accumulate. To exemplify, effects of ice accretion is important in areas such as power generation e.g. wind power and vehicles located in a cold climate e.g. aircraft, cars, and boats. The common denominator for these examples is that ice accumulation can lead to a loss of efficiency and in some cases danger. Most studies have so far focused on investigating freezing water droplets visually in experiments or numerically in regards to how the freezing process behaves in terms of shape or freezing time for either a sessile or impacting droplet. It has been observed that the surface material and structures of the substrate is of importance. One part of the freezing process that has been less investigated is the internal flow and how it affects the freezing process. In this thesis, the internal flow in a freezing water droplet has been investigated experimentally. The internal flow inside a droplet is calculated by using Particle Image Velocimetry. A metal plate with a groove filled with ice was used to generate an area for the nucleation to start and to be able to control the shape of the droplet.  Previous work indicate that the substrate is of importance for the freezing process. The influence of the substrate material on the internal flow for similar shaped droplets is therefore investigated in Paper A, for a substrate temperature of -8°C. The results show that the substrate material, here in terms of metals such as aluminum, copper and steel, affect the magnitude of the internal velocity. In paper B it is investigated how the contact angle influence the internal flow. The vector field is examined at 9% of the total freezing time for water droplets at five different contact angles. A droplet with a higher contact angle will have a higher internal velocity in the center. A lower contact angle will barely show any movement in the center, however a higher velocity magnitude is observed close to the free surface compared to a droplet with a higher contact angle. Paper C studies the time until the directional change of the internal flow in a water droplet. Experiments at -8°C as in Paper B are used as well as experiments at -12°C for the five different contact angles. The time until the directional change is similar in time for both -8°C and -12°C while the total freezing time and also the time of the directional change varies with contact angles. A droplet with a lower contact angle will have a shorter time until the directional change occure while an increase in contact angle prolongs both freezing time and the time until the directional change.

With growing awareness and necessity for the world to move towards more sustainable (energy saving) forms of power generation, focus on the commercial use of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) turbine systems has subsequently increased in turn. ORC systems with their modular design can thus help in recovering heat, obtained as a byproduct from a variety of industrial processes, and thereby increase their overall system efficiency. As with conventional turbine systems, methods to improve their performance is an avenue that is still being actively researched on today. The various sources of losses in a turbine have thus been looked into, while prioritizing the literature study to factors that result in losses associated with the leakage flow over the blade tip. The purpose of this study is to develop a working methodology to investigate factors that affect the tip leakage loss in a small scale ORC turbine. The model and associated data used for comparison is based on an existing system, whose design has been provided by Againity AB, with the subsequent simulations carried out using Ansys CFX.

No description available.

No description available.

One of the main aspects in the development of modern diesel engines has been the direct injection systems, due to its influence in the atomization and evaporation processes. The study of all physical and chemical phenomena involved in the scarce milliseconds that the diesel injection last allows a better understanding of the injection. Therefore, it allows a better control of the combustion process (i.e. a higher energy efficiency and lower pollutant emissions). Despite its relevance, there are however many uncertainties regarding the internal flow and the air-fuel mixing process, caused by the small size of the injector ducts, the high injection pressures (i.e. high velocities in the ducts) and the transient nature of the diesel injection influenced by the needle lift. Hence, the use of numerical simulations provides invaluable data to improve the knowledge of the process. Therefore, CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations are each day commoner. In order to achieve the purpose of the present thesis, a comparative study of the injection process of three different diesel nozzles through a new CFD code, which simplifies the mesh creation and endows the simulation with the possibility of a dynamic mesh through the use of an AMR (adaptive mesh refinement) algorithm that refines the mesh where high gradients of the physical fields (velocity, concentration, etc.) exist, has been performed. This study has allowed to study the internal flow and diesel spray (in evaporative and non-evaporative conditions) and enlightened the relation between the nozzle geometry and the calibration parameters of the different sub-models used in the simulations (atomization, coalescence, evaporation, etc.). The computational study shows a good agreement between the experimental data and the computational results, in particular for the transient internal flow study, where the AMR algorithm has allowed a run-time mesh generation and thus the study of the needle lift without a negative influence in the mesh quality. Furthermore, the computational study of the diesel spray through an eulerian-lagrangian approach with three different nozzle geometries arose the existing relation between the spray sub-models and the nozzle geometry, so that the spray calibration was generalized for every injection system (injector). / Los sistemas de inyección directa han sido uno de los aspectos principales en el desarrollo de los motores diésel actuales, debido a su influencia en los procesos de atomización y evaporación del combustible. El estudio de todos los fenómenos físicos y químicos que ocurren durante los pocos milisegundos que dura el proceso de inyección diésel contribuye a una mejor comprensión del mismo, y por tanto, un mejor control del proceso de combustión (i.e. mejora de la eficiencia energética y reducción de las emisiones contaminantes). A pesar de su importancia, existen aún muchas incertidumbres respecto al flujo interno y al proceso de formación de la mezcla aire-combustible debido principalmente a la complejidad de su medida experimental, a causa de las pequeñas dimensiones de los orificios de los inyectores diésel, las altas presiones de inyección utilizadas (i.e. altas velocidades del combustible) y el comportamiento transitorio debido al movimiento de la aguja. Por ello, se recurre con cada vez más frecuencia al estudio computacional mediante simulaciones de CFD (computational fluid dynamics). El objetivo de la tesis es el estudio comparativo del proceso de inyección de tres geometrías de toberas de inyector diferentes mediante un novedoso código de cálculo CFD con malla adaptativa utilizado para el estudio del flujo interno y del chorro diésel, en condiciones no evaporativas y evaporativas, y arrojar luz en la relación entre la geometría de las toberas y las constantes de calibración de los diferentes sub-modelos utilizados (atomización, coalescencia, evaporación, etc.) en la simulación. La particularidad de este código CFD y el motivo por el cuál se ha elegido para la presente tesis es la generación automática de la malla mediante el algoritmo de AMR (adaptive mesh refinement) presente en el propio código, refinando el mallado en aquellas zonas donde, debido a la presencia de importantes gradientes de velocidad, concentración, etc., se requiera mayor precisión. Los resultados computacionales muestran un buen ajuste con los datos experimentales, especialmente en el caso del estudio transitorio del flujo interno, donde el algoritmo AMR ha permitido la generación dinámica de la malla y con ello el movimiento de la aguja del inyector sin afectar a la calidad de la misma. Además, el estudio computacional del chorro diésel mediante una aproximación euleriana-lagrangiana con tres geometría de toberas diferentes ha permitido generalizar la calibración de los modelos de chorros para cualquier sistema de inyección (inyector) al relacionar la variación de los parámetros de los modelos con las condiciones de inyección. / Els sistemes d'injecció directa han sigut un dels principals aspectes en el desenvolupament dels motors dièsel actuals, a causa de la seua influència en els processos d'atomització i evaporació del combustible. L'estudi de tots els fenòmens físics i químics que ocorren durant els pocs mil·lisegons que dura el procés d'injecció dièsel contribueix a un millor enteniment del mateix, i per tant, a un millor control del procés de combustió, una millora de la eficiència energètica i una reducció de les emissions contaminants. Malgrat la seua importància, hi ha encara moltes incerteses respecte al flux intern i el procés de formació de la mescla aire-combustible degut principalment a la complexitat de la mesura experimental, a causa del les menudes dimensions dels orificis dels injectors dièsel, les altes pressions d'injecció empleades (i.e. altes velocitats del combustible) y el comportament transitori degut al moviment de l'agulla. Per això, es cada volta mes freqüent d'utilització de ferramentes computacionals com les simulacions CFD (computational fluid dynamics). L'objectiu d'aquesta Tesi és l'estudi comparatiu del procés d'injecció de tres geometries de toveres d'injectors diferents mitjançant un innovador codi de càlcul CFD amb malla adaptativa utilitzat per al estudi del flux intern i de l'esprai dièsel, en condicions no evaporatives i evaporatives, i aclarir la relació entre la geometria de les toveres i les constants de calibratge dels diferents sub-models utilitzats (atomització, coalescència, evaporació, etc.) en la simulació. La particularitat d'aquest codi CFD i el motiu pel qual s'ha elegit per a la present Tesi es la generació automàtica de la malla mitjançant un algoritme AMR (\adaptive mesh refinement) present en el propi codi, el qual permet el refinat de la malla en aquelles regions que degut a la presencia d'importants gradients de velocitat, concentració, etc., es requereix major precisió. Els resultats computacionals mostren un bon ajustament amb les dades experimentals, especialment per al cas del estudi transitori del flux intern, on el algoritme AMR ha permès la generació dinàmica de la malla i en conseqüència el moviment de l'agulla del injector sense afectar negativament la qualitat d'aquesta. A més, l'estudi computacional de l'esprai mitjançant una aproximació euleriana-lagrangiana amb tres geometries de toveres diferents ha permès generalitzar el calibratge dels models d'esprai per a qualsevol sistema d'injecció (injector) al relacionar la variació dels paràmetres dels models amb les condicions d'injecció. / Jaramillo Císcar, D. (2017). Estudio experimental y computacional del proceso de inyección diésel mediante un código CFD con malla adaptativa [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/92183

Orientadores: Celso Kazuyuki Morooka, Sergio Nascimento Bordalo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T07:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valdivia_PauloGuilger_M.pdf: 3149280 bytes, checksum: 67a3cd4d1474a0a93fd6072dff86c551 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Risers de produção são dutos com a função de transportar os fluidos do poço produtor de petróleo, no leito marinho, à unidade de produção na superfície do mar. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal caracterizar a resposta dinâmica de um riser em configuração de catenária sob influência do escoamento de hidrocarbonetos em seu interior. Observa-se da literatura que poucos trabalhos podem ser encontrados abordando a questão da influência do escoamento interno no comportamento estático e dinâmico desse sistema de riser. Com esta finalidade, foi projetado e elaborado um modelo reduzido de um riser rígido em catenária (SCR - Steel Catenary Riser) para ensaios em laboratório. Considerou-se como protótipo um SCR em operação em lâmina de água de 900 metros. Os valores de vazão de campo foram considerados no desenvolvimento, e testes foram conduzidos, produzindo escoamento bifásico água e ar, representando o escoamento bifásico de óleo e gás no interior de um riser. Além disso, um modelo numérico da literatura foi implementado, a fim de simular o carregamento gerado pelo escoamento interno no duto. Os resultados obtidos experimentalmente, em termos de amplitudes de deslocamentos, freqüências de resposta e forças, foram comparados com valores gerados para o modelo de riser através de simulação numérica. Os valores obtidos através de simulação numérica mostraram boa equivalência com o experimento, e os ensaios mais bem representados pela implementação foram aqueles nos quais ocorreu padrão bifásico golfadas. / Abstract: The pipe which transports fluids from the petroleum production well, on the seabed, up to the production unity, on the sea surface, is named riser. The main objective of this work is to characterize the dynamic response of a riser, hanging in catenary configuration, with the influence of the internal flow of hydrocarbons. It was observed from literature, that only a few works have the approach of considering the internal flow in the riser static and dynamic behavior. On this purpose, a laboratory-scale model was designed and assembled, based on the properties of a SCR (Steel Catenary Riser). The prototype which was considered operates in 900 meters water depth and its values of field flow rates were taken into account. Flow tests were conducted with two-phase water and air mixtures, representing oil and gas inside the riser. Moreover, a numerical model from literature was implemented in order to reproduce the loading generated by the internal flow. Results obtained experimentally, in terms of displacements amplitude, response frequencies and forces, were compared with values generated for the riser model through numerical simulation. The values obtained by numerical simulation showed good agreement with experimental results, and the cases that were best represented by implementation were those that the two-phase flow occurred in slug pattern. / Mestrado / Explotação / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Ces travaux de thèse, répondent à la problématique liée à la sécurité incendie des bâtiments ventilés naturellement, et notamment au comportement des fumées chaudes lorsqu’elles interagissent avec le vent. Le premier chapitre concerne la mise en exergue de la problématique bâtimentaire, au travers de la présentation des moteurs de la ventilation naturelle, d’une analyse règlementaire croisée sécurité incendie / confort thermique, et de multiples retours d’expériences. La nécessité d’étudier les régimes d’écoulement interne lorsque le vent interagit avec la fumée est mise en évidence. Ainsi, dans le second chapitre, les verrous scientifiques, associés à l’identification des régimes d’écoulement en convection mixte, sont soulevés à l’aide d’une analyse de la littérature. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous nous intéressons à la caractérisation des régimes d’écoulement internes lorsque le vent oppose le tirage thermique dans un volume contenant une source constante générant les forces de flottabilité. Une expérimentation densimétrique, air/hélium, à échelle réduite est proposée. Trois régimes d’écoulement internes stables sont mis en évidence. Les transitions entre ces régimes sont caractérisées par une loi puissance, mettant en jeu le nombre de Froude, relatif à la source générant les forces de flottabilité, et le rapport entre la pression dynamique de la source et celle du vent. Dans le quatrième chapitre, ces régimes sont également identifiés, expérimentalement et numériquement, lors de la vidange de fluide léger lorsque le vent oppose le tirage thermique. Une relation entre le nombre de Richardson et un temps de vidange caractéristique est identifiée. L’étude numérique nous permet d’analyser des dynamiques particulières de vidange de manière quantitative. Dans la dernière partie, les lois de transitions entre régimes d’écoulement permettent d’introduire un indicateur de sécurité dépendant des conditions de vent. Une méthode d’analyse, qui considère à la fois la sécurité et le confort, est alors proposée pour éviter les conflits mis en avant dans les retours d’expériences du chapitre 1. / This thesis work presents deals with the issue of fire safety consideration in naturally ventilated buildings. The particular case of the interaction between the wind and hot smoke movement is pinpointed. In the first chapter, basics of natural ventilation mechanisms are shown. Then, the analysis of building’s regulations, relating to fire safety and thermal comfort, allows to highlight potential conflicts and normative gaps. Theses gaps and conflicts are illustrated through real buildings feedbacks. The challenge of indoor flow pattern studies for safety purpose is hence underline. In the second chapter, scientific’s barriers in relation with the transitions between existing flow pattern, when wind and buoyancy are opposed, are identified thought a literature review. A scaled experiment is proposed in the third chapter, using density difference between air and helium, to identify internal flow pattern when wind opposes buoyancy. Three stable internal flow patterns are identified. A power law characterizing the transitions between identified flow pattern, involving source Froude number and dynamic pressure ratio between source jet and wind, is found. In the fourth chapter, the identified flow pattern are observed when the tested volume is emptied, and a relation between the initial Richardson number Ri and the characteristic emptied time θ is found. Furthermore, specific behaviour of internal flow, when the volume is emptied, is quantitatively study thanks to a numerical model. In the last part of this thesis, transitions law between internal flow patterns allows to introduce a new wind dependent fire safety index. A methodology is then proposed to both analyse fire safety and thermal comfort in building. The presented method gives the opportunity to avoid conception conflicts underlined in the first chapter of the present work.