There is a notable overlap and co-occurrence of mental health and learning challenges among school-aged youth. Existing research highlights associations between learning disabilities (LD) and mental health problems; however, there has been little exploration of additional variables, such as familial influences, that represent multiple levels of influence (Cen & Aytac, 2016). From a developmental relational systems framework (Overton, 2015), advancing the understanding of familial influences on youth development is crucial. Using a mixed methods design, the present study examined the influences of parent depression, parenting behaviours, family functioning, and youth social and emotional competencies on symptoms of anxiety and depression among youth with LD. Addressing two hypotheses, the quantitative Study 1 aimed to identify factors associated with mediating effects on internalized distress in 14- and 15-year-old youth with LD using secondary analysis of a cross-sectional national sample of youth and their parents. Youth social and emotional competencies and parental monitoring were found to be the most significant buffering influences in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. The qualitative Study 2 built on the results from Study 1, to expand the quantitative findings. In Study 2, youth at the end of middle school and their parents were interviewed to gain deeper understanding about the experiences of co-occurring LD and mental health problems from a family perspective. Data analysis identified youth fatigue, youth self-efficacy, and family relationships as central themes related to the challenges youth and their families experienced. Integrating the findings of the two studies illustrated the complex psychological, social, and educational implications for youth with LD in a family context. The interplay of factors embedded in the relation between the LD and mental health problems underscores this complexity, suggesting the relation cannot be completely understood without considering the multiple levels of influences. Implications for theory, research, and practice are described with an emphasis on ecological approaches and building school-family relationships. / Graduate

Contexte. Selon les directives de Mouvement 24 heures adoptées par le gouvernement du Canada, l’équilibre de trois habitudes de vie (activité physique, temps d’écran et sommeil) serait la clé pour une meilleure santé physique et psychologique. Plusieurs enfants ne respecteraient pas ces directives. L’adoption d’habitudes de vie problématiques à l’enfance serait liée prospectivement, entre autres, à l’apparition de problèmes intériorisés. Inversement, il semblerait que les problèmes intériorisés soient également associés prospectivement à l’adoption d’habitudes de vie problématiques à l’enfance. Bien que la tendance soit à considérer les habitudes de vie de façon conjointe, très peu d’études ont fait cet exercice. De plus, très peu d’études longitudinales ont vérifié les liens entre les problèmes intériorisés et les habitudes de vie à l’enfance. Objectifs. (1) Identifier les profils d’habitudes de vie à 10 ans en utilisant des indicateurs d’activité physique, de temps d’écran et de sommeil. (2) Examiner si les problèmes intériorisés à 8 ans prédisent l’appartenance aux profils d’habitudes de vie. (3) Examiner si les enfants qui composent chacun des profils d’habitudes de vie se distinguent en termes de problèmes intériorisés à 12 ans. Méthode. Les données utilisées sont celles de l’Étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec. L’échantillon utilisé pour dériver les profils est composé de 1334 enfants. Les habitudes de vie à 10 ans ont été rapportées par les mères. Les problèmes intériorisés à 8 ans ont été rapportés par les mères et les enseignants, puis par les enfants à 12 ans. Ces données ont été collectées par questionnaires. Les profils ont été dérivés empiriquement par une analyse de profils latents. Des régressions logistiques multinomiales et des analyses de covariance ont été faites pour tester les associations entre les problèmes intériorisés et les profils. Résultats. Quatre profils ont été trouvés : (1) Habitudes de vie équilibrées (43 %), (2) Habitudes de vie moyennes (38 %), (3) Habitudes de vie inactives (15%) et Habitudes de vie très inactives (4 %). Les problèmes intériorisés à 8 ans ne prédisent pas l’appartenance aux profils d’habitudes de vie à 10 ans. Toutefois, l’appartenance au profil Habitudes de vie très inactives prédit un niveau élevé de sentiments dépressifs à 12 ans à comparer aux enfants du profil Habitudes de vie équilibrées. Implications. Les programmes gouvernementaux comme le Mouvement 24 heures visant à augmenter le niveau d'activité physique et à réduire le temps d'écran chez les jeunes seraient bénéfiques pour leur bien-être psychologique. Par ailleurs, l’ajout d’une composante d’activité physique aux programmes visant à diminuer les sentiments dépressifs chez les jeunes serait à encourager. / Context. According to the 24-Hour Movement guidelines adopted by the government of Canada, a balanced lifestyle regarding physical activity, screen time, and sleep is essential for a better physical and psychological health. Many children do not follow these guidelines. The adoption of an unhealthy lifestyle in childhood is prospectively linked, among other things, to internalizing problems such as depressive symptoms and anxiety. Conversely, internalizing problems are also prospectively associated with an unhealthy lifestyle in childhood. Very few studies have examined the specific effects of physical activity, screen time, and sleep when modelled jointly. In addition, very few longitudinal studies have examined the links between internalizing problems and lifestyle in childhood. Objectives. (1) To identify lifestyle profiles at 10 years old using indicators of physical activity, screen time, and sleep. (2) To examine the association between internalizing problems (depressive symptoms and anxiety) at 8 years old and lifestyle profiles membership at 10 years old. (3) To compare children according to profile membership in order to examine the differences in terms of internalizing problems at 12 years old. Method. Data are from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. The sample used to derive lifestyle profiles at age 10 included 1334 children. Physical activity, screen time and sleep were reported by mothers. Internalizing problems at age 8 were reported by mothers and teachers, then by children at age 12. All data were collected by questionnaires. The profiles have been derived empirically by a latent profile analysis. Multinomial logistic regressions and covariance analysis were conducted to test the associations between internalizing problems and profiles. Results. Four lifestyle profiles at age 10 were found among our sample: (1) Balanced lifestyle (43 %), (2) Average lifestyle (38 %), Inactive lifestyle (15 %), and Very inactive lifestyle (4 %). Internalizing problems at age 8 did not predict profile membership, whereas, children in the Very inactive lifestyle profile had significantly more depressive symptoms at age 12 compared to children in the Balanced lifestyle. Implications. In line with our hypothesis, children with an inactive lifestyle in childhood are at risk of elevated depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Therefore, governmental programs such as the 24-Hour Movement which aim to increase the levels of physical activity and decrease screen time in youth are beneficial for their psychological well-being. Furthermore, a physical activity component should be added to programs that aim to reduce depressive symptoms in youth.

„Comorbidity“ among mental disorders is commonly observed in both clinical and epidemiological samples. The robustness of this observation is rarely questioned; however, what is at issue is its meaning. Is comorbidity „noise“ – nuisance covariance that researchers should eliminate by seeking „pure“ cases for their studies – or a „signal“ – an indication that current diagnostic systems are lacking in parsimony and are not „carving nature at its joints?“ (Krueger, p. 921). With these words, Krueger started a discussion on the structure of mental disorders, which suggested that a 3-factor model of common mental disorders existed in the community. These common factors were labeled „anxious-misery,“ „fear“ (constituting facets of a higher-order internalizing factor), and „externalizing.“ Along with similar evidence from personality research and psychometric explorations and selective evidence from genetic and psychopharmacologic studies, Krueger suggested that this model might not only be phenotypically relevant, but might actually improve our understanding of core processes underlying psychopathology. Since then, this suggestion has become an influential, yet also controversial topic in the scientific community, and has received attention particularly in the context of the current revision process of the Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-V) and the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). Focusing on anxiety disorders, this article critically discusses the methods and findings of this work, calls into question the model’s developmental stability and utility for clinical use and clinical research, and challenges the wide-ranging implications that have been linked to the findings of this type of exploration. This critical appraisal is intended to flag several significant concerns about the method. In particular, the concerns center around the tendency to attach wide-ranging implications (eg, in terms of clinical research, clinical practice, public health, diagnostic nomenclature) to the undoubtedly interesting statistical explorations.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns naturligt förekommande kombinationer av copingstrategier i ungdomsåren.Vårt andra mål med studien var att utröna om dessa olika kombinationer av copingstrategier är relaterade till ungdomars grad av depression, självkänsla och somatiska symptom. Med färdiginsamlad data från Youth & Sports Project, Örebro Universitet utfördes studien. Vårt urval bestod av 638 ungdomar boende i Sverige (Målder = 14.09, SD = 0.39; åldersspann: 13-17; 46 % flickor). Med klusteranalys fann vi 5 distinkta kluster innehållande olika nivåer av de tre copingstrategier, problemlösande coping, internaliserande coping och externaliserande coping som vi har med i denna studie. Våra resultat visar att olika kluster och nivåer av studiens copingstrategier har en inverkan på den enskildes grad av depression, självkänsla och somatiska symptom. Att identifiera kluster av copingstrategier kommer ge bättre förutsättningar att nå ungdomar som behöver stöttning under ungdomsåren in i vuxenlivet. / The aim of this study is to examine if there are naturally occurring combinations of coping strategies in adolescence. The second goal with the study was to find out if these different combinations of coping strategies are related to young people's degree of depression, self-esteem and somatic symptoms. With pre-collected data from Youth & Sports Project, Örebro University, we conducted the study. Our sample included 638 adolescence living in Sweden (Mage = 14.09, SD = 0.39; age range: 13-17; 46 % girls). With cluster analysis we found 5 distinctive cluster with different levels of our three coping strategies that our study investigated, problemsolving coping, internalizing coping and externalizing coping. Our result show that different cluster and levels of the studies coping strategies have an impact on the individual's degree of depression, self-esteem and somatic symptoms. Identifying clusters of coping strategies will provide better conditions for reaching young people who need support during adolescence into adulthood.

Le contrôle psychologique parental est un facteur de risque réputé pour les problèmes intériorisés des enfants (p. ex., Affrunti & Ginsburg, 2011; McLeod, Wood & Weisz, 2007). Selon la Théorie de l'auto-détermination, le contrôle psychologique mène aux problèmes intériorisés (Ryan, Deci, Grolnick, & La Guardia, 2006) car il brime le besoin fondamental d'autonomie. En effet, recevoir de la pression afin de penser, se comporter et se sentir d’une certaine façon (Ryan, 1982) semble favoriser une régulation trop rigide et surcontrôlée (Ryan et al., 2006). Suite aux travaux de Soenens et Vansteenkiste (2010), la distinction conceptuelle entre deux formes de contrôle psychologique, soit manifestes (p. ex., les menaces, forcer physiquement) et dissimulées (p. ex., la surprotection, le marchandage), ont été utilisées pour évaluer le style parental (Étude 1) et les pratiques disciplinaires (Étude 2). Le contrôle psychologique parental et le soutien de l'autonomie (Étude 2) ont été mesurés durant la petite enfance puisque (1) les problèmes intériorisés émergent tôt, (2) le développement du sentiment d'autonomie est central au cours de cette période, et (3) attire probablement plus de contrôle psychologique parental. Avec ses deux articles, la présente thèse vise à clarifier la façon dont le contrôle psychologique manifeste et dissimulé est lié au développement précoce de problèmes intériorisés. L'étude 1 est une étude populationnelle examinant l'impact relatif du style parental sur des trajectoires développementales d'anxiété (N = 2 120 enfants; de 2,5 à 8 ans) avec de nombreux facteurs de risque potentiels provenant de l'enfant, de la mère et de la famille, tous mesurés au cours de la petite enfance. Les résultats ont montré qu'en plus de la timidité des enfants, de la dépression maternelle et du dysfonctionnement familial, le contrôle psychologique manifeste (c.-à-d., coercitif) et dissimulé (c.-à-d., la surprotection) augmentent le risque, pour les enfants, de suivre une trajectoire d'anxiété élevée. Une interaction entre la dépression maternelle et le contrôle dissimulé a été trouvée, ce qui indique que la surprotection augmente l'anxiété des enfants seulement lorsque la dépression maternelle est élevée. Enfin, le contrôle dissimulé prédit également l'anxiété telle que rapportée par les enseignants de deuxième année. Le deuxième article est une étude observationnelle qui examine comment l'autorégulation (AR) des bambins est liée au développement précoce des symptômes intériorisés, tout en explorant comment les pratiques disciplinaires parentales (contrôle et soutien de l'autonomie) y sont associées. Les pratiques parentales ont été codifiées lors d'une requête de rangement à 2 ans (contexte "Do", N = 102), tandis que l'AR des bambins a été codifiée à la fois durant la tâche de rangement ("Do") et durant une tâche d'interdiction (ne pas toucher à des jouets attrayants; contexte «Don't » ), à 2 ans puis à 3 ans. Les symptômes d'anxiété / dépression des enfants ont été évalués par leurs parents à 4,5 ans. Les résultats ont révélé que l'AR aux interdictions à 3 ans diminue la probabilité des enfants à manifester des taux élevés de symptômes d'anxiété / dépression. Les analyses ont aussi révélé que le parentage soutenant l'autonomie était lié à l'AR des enfants aux requêtes, un an plus tard. En revanche, le contrôle psychologique manifeste et dissimulé ont eu des effets délétères sur l'AR. Enfin, seul le contrôle dissimulé a augmenté les probabilités de présenter des niveaux plus élevés de problèmes intériorisés et ce, au-delà de l’effet protecteur de l'AR des bambins. Des résultats mitigés sont issus de cette thèse concernant les effets respectifs des deux formes de contrôle sur les problèmes intériorisés, dépendamment de l'informateur (mère c. enseignant) et de la méthodologie (questionnaires c. données observationnelles). Toutefois, le contrôle psychologique dissimulé était lié à ce problème affectif dans les deux études. Enfin, le soutien à l'autonomie s’est révélé être un facteur de protection potentiel et mériterait d'être étudié davantage. / Parental psychological control is a well known risk factor for children’s internalizing problems (e.g., Affrunti & Ginsburg, 2012; McLeod, Wood & Weisz, 2007). According to self-determination theory, psychological control leads to internalizing problems (Ryan, Deci, Grolnick, & La Guardia, 2006) because it thwarts the basic need for autonomy. Indeed, receiving pressure to think, behave and feel in particular ways (Ryan, 1982) is thought to foster a too rigid and overcontrolled regulation (Ryan et al., 2006). Following Soenens and Vansteenkiste (2010), the conceptual distinction between overt (e.g., threats, physical force) and covert (e.g., overprotection, bribes) forms of psychological control was used when assessing parenting style (Study 1) and disciplinary practices (Study 2). Parental psychological control and autonomy support (Study 2) were measured during toddlerhood as (a) internalizing problems emerge early, (b) the budding sense of autonomy and agency is central during this period, perhaps (c) “pulling for” parental control. With its two articles, the present thesis aims to clarify how overt and covert psychological control relate to the early development of internalizing problems. Study 1 is a population study examining the relative impact of parenting style onto child anxiety developmental trajectories (N = 2120 children; 2.5- to 8-years-old) along a host of putative child, mother, and family risk factors measured in toddlerhood. Results revealed that in addition to child shyness, maternal depression and family dysfunction, both overt (i.e., coercive) and covert (i.e., overprotection) parenting increase the risk for higher child anxiety. An interaction between maternal depression and covert control was found, indicating that overprotection only increases child anxiety when maternal depression is high. Finally, maternal covert control also predicted second grade teacher reports of children’s anxiety. Study 2 is an observational study investigating how toddlers’ self-regulation (SR) relates to later internalizing symptoms, while also exploring how parental disciplinary practices (controlling and autonomy-supportive) relate to these child outcomes. Parental practices were coded during a clean-up request task at 2 years of age (“Do” context; N = 102), while toddlers’ self-regulation was coded in both a clean-up (“Do”) and an attractive toys prohibition (“Don’t”) contexts, at age 2 and 3. Their anxious/depressed symptoms were rated by parents at 4.5-years-old. Results revealed that SR to prohibitions at 3-years-old decreased the odds of children showing high levels of anxious/depressed symptoms. Analyses also revealed that autonomy-supportive parenting was positively related to child SR to requests one year later. In contrast, overt and covert controlling parenting had detrimental effects on SR. Finally, only covert control increased the odds of showing higher levels of internalizing problems, above the protective effects of toddlers’ SR skills. There were somewhat mixed results in this thesis for the respective effects of both forms of control onto internalizing problems, depending on informant (mother vs. teacher) and methodology (questionnaires vs. observational data). However, covert psychological control was related to this affective problem across both studies. Coding autonomy support revealed that it may be an indirect, protective factor that merits further investigation.

Les problèmes intériorisés, comprenant principalement les problèmes d’anxiété et de dépression, sont des conditions ayant de multiples conséquences pour les personnes touchées (p.ex. : détresse, fatigue importante, difficultés fonctionnelles). Malgré cela, peu d’interventions visent la prévention de ces difficultés à la petite enfance. Plusieurs facteurs pourraient être associés au développement des symptômes intériorisés entre 0 et 5 ans, dont les pratiques parentales et les problèmes extériorisés. Quelques auteurs suggèrent que les programmes de prévention et d’intervention visant la promotion de pratiques parentales adéquates et la diminution des troubles extériorisés en bas âge pourraient permettre la réduction des symptômes intériorisés. La présente étude a pour objectif d’examiner le lien entre la participation au Programme Équipe, un programme préventif visant les pratiques parentales, et les symptômes intériorisés des enfants. Afin de bien comprendre les processus sous-tendant cette relation, les rôles médiateurs des pratiques parentales et les symptômes extériorisés seront examinés. De plus, le rôle modérateur du sexe sera testé afin de voir si les liens diffèrent pour les filles et les garçons. Pour ce faire, 162 familles comptant des enfants de 4 ou 5 ans ont été recrutées pour participer à cette étude expérimentale (participants randomisés dans les groupes intervention et contrôle). Les résultats obtenus dans des analyses de régression linéaire soutiennent que la participation au Programme Équipe tend à prédire une amélioration de l’encadrement et le niveau de soutien à l’autonomie offert par les parents. Des analyses subséquentes d’effets indirects suggèrent que le renforcement de l’encadrement serait associé à une diminution des problèmes de comportements et des symptômes intériorisés. Ces résultats appuient donc la pertinence d’offrir des programmes préventifs dans la diminution des problèmes intériorisés même s’ils ont pour but initial la réduction des problèmes extériorisés à la petite enfance. / Internalizing problems, including anxiety and depression problems, are associated with a range of negative consequences. Despite this, there are only a limited number of interventions that aim to prevent these difficulties in early childhood. Several factors are associated with the development of internalizing symptoms between 0 and 5 years of age, including parenting practices and externalized problems. Some authors suggest that prevention and intervention programs aimed at promoting adequate parenting practices and reducing externalizing symptoms at a young age could reduce internalizing symptoms. The objective of this study is to examine the link between participation in the Équipe Program (COPE in English), a preventive program targeting parenting practices, and internalizing symptoms in children. In order to fully understand the processes underlying this relationship, the mediating role of parenting practices and the externalizing symptoms will be examined. In addition, the moderating role of sex will be tested to see if associations are different for girls and boys. For this, 162 families with children aged 4 or 5 were recruited to participate in a small experimental trial (participants randomized to either the Équipe intervention or a no-intervention control group). The results obtained in linear regression analysis support that participation in the Équipe Program is associated with an improvement in parenting practices related to the discipline and level of autonomy offered by the parents. Subsequent analyzes of indirect effects suggest that the strengthening of adequate discipline is associated with a decrease in behavioral problems and internalizing symptoms. These results support therefore the relevance of offering preventive programs in reducing internalizing problems even if their initial goal is to reduce externalized problems in early childhood.

De nombreuses études montrent une association robuste entre le stress parental et les difficultés socioaffectives de l’enfant. Toutefois, la majorité de ces études ont seulement pris en considération le stress parental de la mère en omettant complètement de considérer celui du père. Bien que les pères soient de plus en plus inclus dans la littérature, plusieurs études récentes sur le stress parental déplorent l’absence de données paternelles. Pourtant, il est bien établi que les pères s’investissent de façon importante dans le développement de leurs enfants et qu’ils peuvent ressentir des niveaux de stress parental comparables à ceux des mères. Ainsi, l’objectif de la présente étude était d’examiner l’association entre le stress parental des deux parents et le développement de problèmes de comportement extériorisés et intériorisés chez l’enfant. L’interaction entre le stress parental paternel et maternel a également été vérifiée dans l’association avec les problèmes de comportement de l’enfant. L’échantillon de l’étude était composé de 157 enfants et leurs parents. Afin d’évaluer leurs niveaux de stress parental, les deux parents ont complété le Parental Stress Index- Short Form alors que leur enfant était âgé de 18 mois. Ils ont ensuite évalué la sévérité des problèmes extériorisés et intériorisés chez leur enfant alors qu’il était âgé de 4 ans, à l’aide du Child Behavior Checklist. Les résultats suggèrent que seul le stress parental paternel prédit la sévérité des problèmes extériorisés (mais non intériorisés) chez l’enfant. Les résultats suggèrent également une interaction entre le stress parental du père et de la mère, de sorte que l’association entre le stress paternel et les comportements extériorisés diminue à mesure que le stress maternel augmente. En somme, la présente étude souligne le rôle du stress paternel quant au développement socioaffectif de l’enfant, particulièrement pour les problèmes extériorisés. / Numerous studies highlight a robust association between parenting stress and child socioemotional difficulties. However, the majority of these studies have only considered maternal parenting stress, failing to consider paternal stress. Although fathers are increasingly considered in recent literature, several recent studies on parenting stress note the absence of paternal data. Yet, it is well established that fathers are involved in their children's development and experience levels of parenting stress comparable to those of mothers. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the association between both parents’ parenting stress and child externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. The interaction between paternal and maternal parenting stress was also examined in association with child behavior problems. The study sample consisted of 157 children and their parents. To assess their levels of parenting stress, both parents completed the Parental Stress Index-Short Form when their child was 18 months old. They then assessed their child’s externalizing and internalizing behaviors when children were 4 years old, using the Child Behavior Checklist. The results suggest that only paternal parenting stress predicts subsequent child externalizing (though not internalizing) behaviors. The results also suggest an interaction between paternal and maternal parenting stress, such that the association between paternal stress and externalizing behaviors decreases as maternal stress increases. In sum, this study underscores the role that paternal stress may play in child socio-emotional development, particularly in the development of externalizing behaviors.

This study examined whether the quality of the sibling relationship can alter the negative impact of stress on child well being. Participants were of 311 families (236 two parent families and 75 single parent families) with an adolescent child (M age of child at Time 1 = 11.25, SD = .99, 51% female) who took part in the Flourishing Families Project. Data were assessed using both a multiple time point cross-section and a two wave longitudinal design. Hierarchal linear regression suggested that when assessing the direct effects of sibling on well being, sibling affection is a better predictor of well being, but when assessing indirect effects, sibling conflict is a better predictor. Little evidence was found to support the idea that siblings moderate the impact of stress by buffering or decreasing the negative impact of stress. Results did indicate that sibling conflict was a salient moderator of stress in that conflict exacerbates the already negative impact of stress. Results from this study also suggest that when assessing the buffering or exacerbating impact of siblings, cross-sectional data produces better explanatory power than when these constructs are assessed longitudinally. However a single time point, cross-sectional design does not account for dynamic changes over time in either the sibling relationship, the level of stress or well being. Research designs such as multiple time, point cross-sectional studies or growth curve analyses are recommended.

No description available.

Research suggested that the economic and parenting stress experienced by mothers and fathers are important factors in predicting individually children's emotional and behavioral functioning. In a time of economic recession, understanding the mechanisms (e.g., mediators) that may be active in explaining this relationship may prove important. Therefore, this study examined the relationships among the economic and parenting stress experienced by mothers and fathers, their parenting behaviors, and their ratings of their young children's emotional and behavioral functioning. Thirty-three parents who have children ranging in age from 2- to 6-years and who are living in the greater Orlando area completed measures regarding the variables of interest for this study. Results of this study indicated that parenting stress predicts significantly young children's internalizing, externalizing, and total problems; however, economic variables do not predict significantly young children's internalizing, externalizing, and total problem behaviors. This study emphasized the importance of research examining the relationships among economic and parenting stress, parenting behaviors, and the emotional and behavioral functioning experienced by young children in order to ensure better outcomes for families in a time of economic recession.