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The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which existing law could provide a legal basis for the protection of cross-border, climate change displaced persons, with a particular focus on Southern Africa. Before such an analysis can be made, however, it is important first to determine what climate change displacement exactly implies. By means of integrating and refining existing legal terminology and ideas the study attempts to disentangle the international contention on the subject and proposes that individuals who are forced from their countries of habitual residence as a reaction primarily to climatic push factors which pose an existential threat to their right to life are most in need of protection and may be referred to as cross-border climate change displaced persons. As climate change displacement is expected to occur primarily on the sub-regional geopolitical level of governance, the inclusion of regional, AU, and sub-regional, SADC, elements is important for the practical feasibility of this study. Southern Africa's particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change, making the advent of large numbers of climate change displaced persons in the area a reasonable prediction for the future, further justifies this study's chosen scope. After analysing the different legal branches of refugee law, human rights law and environmental law for each geopolitical level of governance referred to, this study concludes that: While there are several potential provisions in law that could provide protection to persons displaced by climate change, a sufficient protection framework can be derived only from the composite characteristics of different branches of law. Therefore, it is recommended that a matrix approach is followed when providing legal protection to climate change displaced persons. Because different fields of law provide more prominent protection in different spheres of governance, it is also recommended that the configuration of a legal protection matrix be adjustable to particular circumstances. It is therefore suggested that a legal protection mechanism is developed for each geopolitical sphere, and that different mechanisms are coordinated internationally. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which existing law could provide a legal basis for the protection of cross-border, climate change displaced persons, with a particular focus on Southern Africa. Before such an analysis can be made, however, it is important first to determine what climate change displacement exactly implies. By means of integrating and refining existing legal terminology and ideas the study attempts to disentangle the international contention on the subject and proposes that individuals who are forced from their countries of habitual residence as a reaction primarily to climatic push factors which pose an existential threat to their right to life are most in need of protection and may be referred to as cross-border climate change displaced persons. As climate change displacement is expected to occur primarily on the sub-regional geopolitical level of governance, the inclusion of regional, AU, and sub-regional, SADC, elements is important for the practical feasibility of this study. Southern Africa's particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change, making the advent of large numbers of climate change displaced persons in the area a reasonable prediction for the future, further justifies this study's chosen scope. After analysing the different legal branches of refugee law, human rights law and environmental law for each geopolitical level of governance referred to, this study concludes that: While there are several potential provisions in law that could provide protection to persons displaced by climate change, a sufficient protection framework can be derived only from the composite characteristics of different branches of law. Therefore, it is recommended that a matrix approach is followed when providing legal protection to climate change displaced persons. Because different fields of law provide more prominent protection in different spheres of governance, it is also recommended that the configuration of a legal protection matrix be adjustable to particular circumstances. It is therefore suggested that a legal protection mechanism is developed for each geopolitical sphere, and that different mechanisms are coordinated internationally. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

O presente trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa desenvolvida com sujeitos pertencentes a populações oriundas de comunidades rurais de regiões da cordilheira dos Andes que foram atingidas pela violência durante as décadas do conflito armado interno no Peru, de 1984 a 2000. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as narrativas de vida desses sujeitos, considerando-se a memória como processo de reconstrução, essencial para ressignificar a vida na cidade após esse processo migratório traumático. Nessa análise, tecemos uma discussão acerca dos Direitos Humanos em situações de conflito armado e a condição de deslocados internos em relação aos refugiados. Nossos sujeitos deslocaram-se forçadamente, expulsos do campo rumo à reconstituição da vida em uma região urbana, no terceiro Estado mais pobre do Peru. Esse contexto apresentou problemas em relação ao modo de vida dessas pessoas que viviam imersas em sua cultura andina, em que a adoração à Mãe Terra é o centro das relações comunitárias, até que a experiência de deslocamento forçado os alcançou. Em busca da compreensão da constituição desses sujeitos, esta dissertação se fundamenta principalmente nos conceitos de memória de Halbwachs (2003, 2004) e Bosi (1994, 2003), de experiência de Benjamin (2012) e Larrosa (2002) e de narrativa de vida de Bertaux (2010). Apresentamos uma discussão sobre a memória como resistência e como arma, segundo propõe Schilling (2009). E discorremos sobre a ruralidade, conforme propõe Carneiro (1997), enquanto dimensão que perpassa a identidade de nossos sujeitos. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma abordagem qualitativa e utilizamos, como procedimentos metodológicos, a entrevista de caráter biográfico e a observação de campo. Por ter sido um processo de imersão, pautamo-nos nas entrevistas do tipo etnográfico, conforme considerado por Beaud e Weber (2007), ou seja, entrevistas realizadas no contexto estudado, porque não estão isoladas nem são independentes da situação de pesquisa, já que levam em conta a realidade social a que pertencem esses narradores. Nas análises, buscamos refletir sobre as narrativas de violência, considerando as práticas culturais que caracterizam esse grupo social, e o reconstruir da vida na cidade após o processo migratório, no sentido de entendermos a constituição desses sujeitos na condição de violência e desenraizamento. Escolhemos a violência como núcleo de significação porque são as ações do conflito armado que marcam profundamente esses sujeitos de forma a promover o intenso fluxo de migração forçada da população do campo para a cidade. Procuramos entender de que forma a violência surge nas narrativas de lembranças e marca esses sujeitos, tendo em vista as rupturas com a comunidade de pertencimento e implicações para a vida. E também analisamos as histórias contadas pelos sujeitos, com vistas ao período que antecedeu à migração e ao que se relaciona à reconstrução da vida no contexto urbano, quando eles passam à condição de deslocados internos. Interessou-nos conhecer de que forma a memória colaborou com esse processo de reedificação em relação à cultura como eixo estrutural desses indivíduos. / This work is the result of a research developed with subjects in populations from rural communities in the Andes mountains regions that were affected by violence during the decades of internal armed conflict in Peru, from 1984 to 2000. The aim of this study was to analyse the life narratives of these subjects, by considering memory as a reconstruction process, essential to reframe life in the city after this traumatic and migration process. In this analysis, we have a discussion about human rights in situations of armed conflict and also on the condition of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in relation to refugees. Our subjects were forced to move, expelled from the countryside towards the reconstitution of life in an urban context, the third poorest state of Peru. This context shows problems compared to Andean lifestyle, where the worship of Mother Earth is the center of community relations, until their forced displacement experience reached them. In pursuit of understanding of these subjects structures, this thesis is based mainly on the concepts of memory of Halbwachs (2003, 2004) and Bosi (1994, 2003), experience as conceived by Benjamin (2012) and Larrosa (2002) and life narrative of Bertaux (2010). It also brings a discussion about memory as resistance and as a weapon, as proposed by Schilling (2009) and a discussion about rurality, as proposed by Carneiro (1997), as a dimension that permeates our subjects identities. The research was conducted in a qualitative approach using as methodological procedures biographical interview and field observation. Because it was an immersion process, we rely on ethnographic interviews as considered by Beaud and Weber (2007), i.e. interviews in the research context since they are not isolated nor are independent of the research situation as they consider the social reality to each one of the tellers belongs. In the analyses, we try to reflect about the narratives of violence, considering cultural practices that characterize this social group, and the rebuilding of life in the city after the migration process, in order to understand the constitution of these subjects on conditions of violence and uprooting. We chose violence as a meaning core because these actions of the armed conflict deeply marked these subjects in order to promote the intense flow of forced migration of rural people to the city. We seek to understand how violence emerges in narratives of remembrances and affects these subjects, bearing in mind the disruption with the community of belonging and implications for life. And we analysed the stories told by the subjects, concerning the period previous to the migration and the one related to the reconstruction of life in the urban context, when they their condition became of IDPs. We were interested in knowing how memory collaborated with this process of rebuilding in relation to culture as a structural axis of these individuals

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-01T21:52:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 05.pdf: 1241685 bytes, checksum: ee79ee50c3c969c2bcadff87ca4c1c20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-01T21:52:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05.pdf: 1241685 bytes, checksum: ee79ee50c3c969c2bcadff87ca4c1c20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-09 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar que a questão dos deslocados internos pode ser caracterizada no Brasil a partir das remoções forçadas que permeiam as violações dos direitos humanos à moradia e à cidade no processo de preparação e realização de megaeventos esportivos, em razão do modelo de desenvolvimento adotado pelo Estado brasileiro, marcado pela colonialidade do poder. Em vista disso, a pesquisa pretende analisar a configuração atual dos deslocados internos no mundo, as causas e principais violações de direitos humanos que ocorrem nesse contexto, bem como as principais manifestações de proteção e assistência que lhes são dirigidas. Ademais, busca analisar em que medida as instituições e as características do Estado moderno são determinadas por uma matriz colonial do poder, propiciando um modelo de progresso e desenvolvimento que aprofunda as desigualdades, encobre identidades e silencia lutas. Verificar-se-á, nesse sentido, que o modelo de desenvolvimento moderno/capitalista/colonial, adotado pelo Brasil, tem como consequência o padrão discriminatório, excludente e opressivo dos processos de modernização das cidades e de planejamento urbanístico, evidenciados no âmbito da preparação de grandes cidades do país para a realização de megaeventos esportivos, especialmente através da violação do direito à moradia adequada. A necessidade de caracterizar os atingidos por remoções forçadas como deslocados internos amplia as possibilidades de proteção jurídica e de consciência coletiva, subjetiva e institucional, em relação a este problema que, dentre tantos outros, foi desvelado a partir dos processos de preparação à realização dos megaeventos esportivos no Brasil. Partindo do referencial teórico do pensamento descolonial, será analisada a categoria colonialidade do poder no âmbito das violações de direitos humanos apontadas no contexto dos megaeventos, a partir da lógica desenvolvimentista em que estas violações são legitimadas. Através da análise bibliográfica, documental e de observação não participante em relação a quem está direta e indiretamente envolvido com as tensões que envolvem o processo de preparação dos megaeventos no Brasil, em especial na cidade de Porto Alegre, pretende-se revelar com maior precisão a realidade enfrentada nessa seara, bem como identificar os fundamentos teóricos que lhes explicam, a fim de concretizar um saber estratégico dos direitos humanos que não se limite aos discursos sociais, mas que se aprofunde em suas causas e apresente argumentos para atuar e gerar disposições efetivamente críticas e antagonistas à estrutura social hegemônica. / The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate that the issue of internal displacements is featured in Brazil as a consequence of forced remotions that go through violations of the human rights of housing and the city, during the process of preparation and execution of sports mega-events, in reason of the developing model addopted by the brazilian State, flagrantly marked by coloniality of power. From that, the research intends to analyze the current displaying of internal displacements around the world, the causes and the main human rights' s violations that occur in this context, as well as the main protection and assistence manifestations adressed to them. Furthermore, it intends to analyze in which measurement the institutions and the modern State features are determined by a colonial matrix of power, therefore allowing a model of progress and development that deepens unequality, conceals identities and silences conflicts. By this notion, we shall verify that this modern/capitalist/colonial model of development adopted by Brazil has got as consequece a pattern of discriminatory, excludent and opressive city modernization process and urban planning, enhanced by the scope of the preparation of major cities of the country for the accomplishment of sports mega-events, specially through compulsory evictions and the violation of the housing right. Besides the verification of traditional causes of forced internal displacements, the need of casting the affected by forced removals such as internally displaced broadens possibilities of legal protection and also collective, subjective and institutional awareness about this matter that, among others, was unveiled by the processes of preparation for the mega-events' execution in Brazil. Based on the theoretical framework of decolonial thought, analyzes the coloniality of power within the category of human rights violations identified in the context of mega-events, from the developmental logic in which these violations are legitimized. Through bibliographic, documental and non-participant observation analysis on who is directly and indirectly involved in the tensions of the process of mega events preparation, specially in the Porto Alegre town, we intend to reveal more precisely the reality faced in this harvest, as well as to identify the theoretical fundamentals which explain them, in order to concretize a strategic knowledge of human rights so it shall not be confined to social speech, but that it deepens in causes and increases arguments to act and generate critical dispositions and antagonists facing the structure or hegemonic social order.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-16T19:15:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Igor Henriques Sabino de Farias.pdf: 43642403 bytes, checksum: 74f590c3743109c75d9820a458b64f7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-16T19:15:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Igor Henriques Sabino de Farias.pdf: 43642403 bytes, checksum: 74f590c3743109c75d9820a458b64f7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / CAPES / This dissertation discusses the influence of religion on International Relations (IR). Its general objective is to emphasize the importance of religion as one of the explanatory variables of contemporary international politics. In order to do so, it uses concepts from the English School to analyze the increase in the number of internally displaced persons due to religious persecution in Iraq after the rise of the terrorist group Islamic State between 2006 and 2014. It is therefore argued that there is a relation between the two facts. In order to verify this assumption and achieve the general objective of the research, the main religious elements that can influence international relations are classified, emphasizing the concepts of non-state religious actor and transnational religious issues. It then discusses how these elements can be understood in the light of the main theories of IR, such as Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and English School, but emphasizes the latter. It is also conceptualizes terms such as internal displacement and religious persecution, with reference to the main sources of international law. Finally, it is demonstrated, through analysis of the official propaganda of the Islamic State, how Islamic religious elements were used by the group in order to persecute Christians and Yazidis in Iraq. This fact caused a large number of internally displaced persons due to religious persecution in the country. It is concluded, therefore, that, although religion is still an explanatory variable of IR neglected in the academic world, it is increasingly present in events of international politics, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. / Esta dissertação discute a influência da religião nas Relações Internacionais (RI) e tem como objetivo geral ressaltar a importância da religião enquanto uma das variáveis explicativas da política internacional contemporânea. Para isso, utiliza-se de conceitos da Escola Inglesa para analisar o aumento do número de deslocados internos por perseguição religiosa no Iraque após a ascensão do grupo terrorista Estado Islâmico, entre 2006 e 2014. Defende-se, portanto, que existe uma relação entre os dois fatos. A fim de verificar esse pressuposto e alcançar o objetivo geral da pesquisa, classifica-se os principais elementos religiosos que podem influenciar as relações internacionais, dando ênfase aos conceitos de ator religioso não estatal e questões religiosas transnacionais. Em seguida, discute como esses elementos podem ser compreendidos à luz das principais teorias de RI, como Realismo, Liberalismo, Construtivismo e Escola Inglesa, ressaltando, porém, essa última. Conceitua-se também termos como deslocado interno e perseguição religiosa, tendo como referente as principais fontes de Direito Internacional. Por fim, é demonstrado, por meio da análise da propaganda oficial do Estado Islâmico, como elementos religiosos islâmicos foram instrumentalizados pelo grupo a fim de perseguir cristãos e yazidis no Iraque. Fato que ocasionou um grande número de deslocados internos por perseguição religiosa no país. Conclui-se, portanto, que, embora a religião ainda seja uma variável explicativa das RI negligenciada no meio acadêmico, está cada vez mais presente em eventos da política internacional, sobretudo após os atentados terroristas do 11 de setembro de 2001.

O presente trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa desenvolvida com sujeitos pertencentes a populações oriundas de comunidades rurais de regiões da cordilheira dos Andes que foram atingidas pela violência durante as décadas do conflito armado interno no Peru, de 1984 a 2000. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as narrativas de vida desses sujeitos, considerando-se a memória como processo de reconstrução, essencial para ressignificar a vida na cidade após esse processo migratório traumático. Nessa análise, tecemos uma discussão acerca dos Direitos Humanos em situações de conflito armado e a condição de deslocados internos em relação aos refugiados. Nossos sujeitos deslocaram-se forçadamente, expulsos do campo rumo à reconstituição da vida em uma região urbana, no terceiro Estado mais pobre do Peru. Esse contexto apresentou problemas em relação ao modo de vida dessas pessoas que viviam imersas em sua cultura andina, em que a adoração à Mãe Terra é o centro das relações comunitárias, até que a experiência de deslocamento forçado os alcançou. Em busca da compreensão da constituição desses sujeitos, esta dissertação se fundamenta principalmente nos conceitos de memória de Halbwachs (2003, 2004) e Bosi (1994, 2003), de experiência de Benjamin (2012) e Larrosa (2002) e de narrativa de vida de Bertaux (2010). Apresentamos uma discussão sobre a memória como resistência e como arma, segundo propõe Schilling (2009). E discorremos sobre a ruralidade, conforme propõe Carneiro (1997), enquanto dimensão que perpassa a identidade de nossos sujeitos. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma abordagem qualitativa e utilizamos, como procedimentos metodológicos, a entrevista de caráter biográfico e a observação de campo. Por ter sido um processo de imersão, pautamo-nos nas entrevistas do tipo etnográfico, conforme considerado por Beaud e Weber (2007), ou seja, entrevistas realizadas no contexto estudado, porque não estão isoladas nem são independentes da situação de pesquisa, já que levam em conta a realidade social a que pertencem esses narradores. Nas análises, buscamos refletir sobre as narrativas de violência, considerando as práticas culturais que caracterizam esse grupo social, e o reconstruir da vida na cidade após o processo migratório, no sentido de entendermos a constituição desses sujeitos na condição de violência e desenraizamento. Escolhemos a violência como núcleo de significação porque são as ações do conflito armado que marcam profundamente esses sujeitos de forma a promover o intenso fluxo de migração forçada da população do campo para a cidade. Procuramos entender de que forma a violência surge nas narrativas de lembranças e marca esses sujeitos, tendo em vista as rupturas com a comunidade de pertencimento e implicações para a vida. E também analisamos as histórias contadas pelos sujeitos, com vistas ao período que antecedeu à migração e ao que se relaciona à reconstrução da vida no contexto urbano, quando eles passam à condição de deslocados internos. Interessou-nos conhecer de que forma a memória colaborou com esse processo de reedificação em relação à cultura como eixo estrutural desses indivíduos. / This work is the result of a research developed with subjects in populations from rural communities in the Andes mountains regions that were affected by violence during the decades of internal armed conflict in Peru, from 1984 to 2000. The aim of this study was to analyse the life narratives of these subjects, by considering memory as a reconstruction process, essential to reframe life in the city after this traumatic and migration process. In this analysis, we have a discussion about human rights in situations of armed conflict and also on the condition of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in relation to refugees. Our subjects were forced to move, expelled from the countryside towards the reconstitution of life in an urban context, the third poorest state of Peru. This context shows problems compared to Andean lifestyle, where the worship of Mother Earth is the center of community relations, until their forced displacement experience reached them. In pursuit of understanding of these subjects structures, this thesis is based mainly on the concepts of memory of Halbwachs (2003, 2004) and Bosi (1994, 2003), experience as conceived by Benjamin (2012) and Larrosa (2002) and life narrative of Bertaux (2010). It also brings a discussion about memory as resistance and as a weapon, as proposed by Schilling (2009) and a discussion about rurality, as proposed by Carneiro (1997), as a dimension that permeates our subjects identities. The research was conducted in a qualitative approach using as methodological procedures biographical interview and field observation. Because it was an immersion process, we rely on ethnographic interviews as considered by Beaud and Weber (2007), i.e. interviews in the research context since they are not isolated nor are independent of the research situation as they consider the social reality to each one of the tellers belongs. In the analyses, we try to reflect about the narratives of violence, considering cultural practices that characterize this social group, and the rebuilding of life in the city after the migration process, in order to understand the constitution of these subjects on conditions of violence and uprooting. We chose violence as a meaning core because these actions of the armed conflict deeply marked these subjects in order to promote the intense flow of forced migration of rural people to the city. We seek to understand how violence emerges in narratives of remembrances and affects these subjects, bearing in mind the disruption with the community of belonging and implications for life. And we analysed the stories told by the subjects, concerning the period previous to the migration and the one related to the reconstruction of life in the urban context, when they their condition became of IDPs. We were interested in knowing how memory collaborated with this process of rebuilding in relation to culture as a structural axis of these individuals