El Perú está negociando el Acuerdo de Asociación Transpacífico, un acuerdo comercial que podría tener serias implicancias para los sistemas de salud de las naciones incluidas. Los capítulos de transparencia y propiedad intelectual son los más controversiales. El primero porque abre la posibilidad a los grupos interesados a objetar las decisiones de las autoridades sanitarias acerca de la incorporación de tecnologías sanitarias al sistema de salud, dándoles mecanismos de arbitraje si sus productos no son incorporados al sistema. El segundo, porque plantea restricciones al ingreso de productos genéricos al ampliar el período de datos de prueba e implementar mecanismos de oposición al registro de los mismos. Adicionalmente, el acuerdo contempla la posibilidad de restringir la regulación del consumo de alcohol, tabaco y alimentos procesados. Se deben crear sistemas de vigilancia del impacto del acuerdo si este se concreta, y generar mecanismos que impidan que los escasos recursos disponibles para la salud se desvíen a financiar tecnología de punta que no necesariamente va a tener un impacto positivo a nivel poblacional. / Peru is negotiating the Transpacific Partnership Agreement, a commercial treaty that could have deleterious implications for the health systems of the included partners. Transparency and Intellectual Property chapters are the most controversial elements. The first mostly because it opens the possibility for groups of interest to refuse decisions being taken by the sanitary authorities concerning the incorporation of health technologies to the public health systems. The second because it poses restrictions to the entrance of generic medical products, widening the period of data exclusivity and implementing mechanisms of opposition to their registry. Other chapters include strategies to block the states from regulating the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and processed foods. We ought to create surveillance systems to evaluate the impact of the agreement if it is signed, and generate mechanisms that prevent the little resources we already have devoted for health to be deviated to top technology that will not necessarily have a positive impact at a population level.

There are new challenges, facing the 21st century and one of them is the discussion around climate change and global warming. This phenomenon brings with it a deeper problem, which is the fact that millions of people have their lives strongly damaged as a consequence of the climate changes. There is no international instrument that protects these climate victims, which in this thesis are referred to as environmental refuges. This thesis focused on trying to evaluate solutions to the problem of environmental refugees. To achieve this we first had a look at the different types of forced migration since it would define which type of solution would suit this type of refugees the best. We had a look at the "Oustees" which are the people who are forced to move due to development projects in the different countries. Then we had a look at Bangladesh as one of the case studies since it is one of the countries at higher risk of suffering the adverse consequences of climate change, which forces many people to move internally or to cross the border to India. We were able to conclude that cross border migration increases tensions between countries and between social groups of the receiving communities. Since these people need protection and since these types of tensions threaten peace and security in some...

One way states can mitigate external threats is by entering into military alliances. However, threatened states are reluctant to enter into military alliances because alliance membership can require significant policy concessions. An important and unanswered question is: when will states be willing to make policy concessions in exchange for military alliances? This is the question that is investigated in this project. To address this question I develop a simple three actor bargaining model of alliance formation that endogenizes both external threat and policy concessions. I test the model's implications with two sets of large N analyses and find strong support for the hypotheses. The first set of empirical analyses uses a novel research design that takes into account the attributes of challengers to evaluate states' alliance formation decisions. The second set is based on the same research design and provides one of the first analyses of foreign policy concessions among alliance members. The results suggest that threatened states are willing to make more concessions in exchange for an alliance when they are unlikely to defeat their challengers alone and when their allies have a large effect on their probability of defeating their challengers. This research highlights both the security and non-security motivations for alliance formation and demonstrates that alliances have important influences beyond international security.

The Nature of International Law in Agreements concluded by International Non-governmental Organisations The aim of this thesis is to examine the international nature of agreements concluded by international non-governmental organisations (hereinafter referred to as INGOs). Do INGOs enter into contracts ruled by public international law? As INGOs regularly participate in international conferences, this first research question implies others: What is the role of INGOs in international treaty - making? Are they or might they become parties to "traditional" international treaties? With regard to the method of work and sources, the study is an analysis based on various academic publications including books and articles and detailed research into particular agreements. The work is composed of four chapters. Chapter one is introductory and defines the term INGOs, provides short information on their history in international law and describes their current position in international law. Chapter two discusses the issue of subjects of international law with respect to INGOs. The possibility of INGOs being the subjects of international law is investigated. Chapter three concentrates on international treaty-making. This chapter is divided into five parts aimed at characterising this general topic in accordance...

The aim of this thesis is to analyze international environmental agreements. It characterises the process of the making of international environmental agreements, the background in which they are made, the subjects, who take part in the process and generally define the position they have in international law. The focus is to point out their differences from the other international agreements. The second part concentrates on the analyses of the individual agreements, at first the general historical development and then follow the specific groups of agreements, divided by topics with the emphasis on the most important ones.

É histórica a exploração dos recursos naturais dos países periféricos pelos centrais. No seio da atual Divisão Internacional do Trabalho essa exploração foi ganhando maior regulamentação dentro de alguns países. Os países da bacia hidrográfica amazônica, ricos em recursos genéticos, podem considerar o acesso a estes recursos em seus territórios lícito, como quando uma empresa ou pesquisador cumprem todos os requisitos burocráticos e práticos que constam na lei, mas pode ser também ilícito, o que configura biopirataria. A diferença nessa classificação sobre os usos do território tem sido matéria de polêmicas internacionais em um contexto geral de queda de barreiras comerciais e de descoberta do potencial econômico de recursos naturais antes desprezados pelo mercado. Este acesso envolve relações em diferentes escalas e com diversos atores que compõem o sistema geopolítico internacional, com regulamentações em acordos internacionais, regionais e com leis nacionais. Entre estes atores destacam-se grandes corporações, Estados e populações tradicionais competindo desigualmente pelo controle ou pela influência sobre o território. A simples forma de se apropriar e até mesmo de descrever uma planta, por exemplo, já reflete diferentes estratégias para o controle e classificação do território: tal planta poderia ser simultaneamente avaliada pelo seu potencial econômico e pelas suas propriedades científicas, ou pelo risco do seu desaparecimento e pela defesa de seu isolamento em relação aos homens, ou ainda pela antiguidade e pela permanência de usos comunitários e empíricos de suas folhas e raízes para garantir a manutenção do modo de vida de um grupo tradicional. Dentro desse quadro, os objetivos do trabalho são compreender os desdobramentos do ordenamento jurídico sobre recursos genéticos na região amazônica. Faremos esse trabalho por intermédio de acordos internacionais, leis nacionais e publicações de autores que trabalham o tema recursos genéticos na Amazônia. / The exploration of the natural resources of the peripheral countries by the central ones is historical. Within the current Labor International Division, this exploitation has been gaining more regulation in some countries. The countries in the Amazon basin, which are rich in genetic resources, may consider legal access to these resources in their territories, such as when a company or a researcher meets all the bureaucratic and practical requirements which are contained in the law, but the access may also be illegal, which constitutes biopiracy. The difference in this classification of land uses has been the subject of international controversy in a general context of the end of commercial barriers and in the discovering of the economic potential of natural resources previously despised by the market. This access involves relations at different scales and with different actors that participates the international geopolitical system, with regulations in regional and international agreements, and national laws. Among these actors stand out large corporations, national states and traditional populations competing unequally for control or influence over the territory. The simple way of framing and even describing a plant, for example, are enough to expose different strategies for the control and classification over the territory: such a plant could be evaluated simultaneously by its economic potential and its scientific properties, or by the risk of its disappearance and the defense of their isolation in relation to humans, or the antiquity and permanence of communitarian and empirical uses of its leaves and roots to guarantee the maintenance of the way of life of a traditional group. Within this framework, the objectives of this work are to understand the unfolding of the legal order on genetic resources in the Amazon region. We will do this work based on international agreements, national laws and publications of authors working on genetic resources in the Amazon.

A presente dissertação teve como objetivo explicar as razões para a \"vitória\" da coalizão liderada pelo Brasil nas negociações do TRIPs e saúde Pública da OMC, que culminaram na Declaração de Doha em 2001. Partindo da literatura de teoria dos jogos aplicada aos estudos legislativos, procurei mostrar que era possível adaptar para a OMC os resultados dessa literatura, em particular a ênfase na idéia de controle de agenda. Basicamente, a tese central do trabalho é que para o caso ora em tela são as regras institucionais que determinam os resultados das negociações, pois determinam a distribuição de poder em barganhas. Assim, acreditamos ter mostrado que é possível explicar o resultado final das negociações em TRIPs e Saúde Pública a partir da regra do consenso, juntamente com a neutralidade no controle de agenda e a distribuição da impaciência dos atores. A análise sugere uma fecunda agenda de pesquisa tanto no estudo de se estudar quaisquer jogos nãocooperativos em instituições internacionais bem como para uma formulação do poder em relações internacionais de cunho institucionalista. / This dissertation aimed to explain why Brazilian leaded coalition was capable of achieve a \"victory\" in WTO negotiation on TRIPs and Public Health, which culminated in the Doha Declaration. Following game theory applied to legislative studies, we tried to show the attainableness of suiting that literature to WTO negotiation, specially the feature of agenda setting. Basically, our main thesis is that what dictate negotiation results in this case is the institutional setting, since it determine power distribution among actors. Thus, we expect have shown the possibility of explain the final result in the TRIPs and Public Health negotiation by consensus rule, neutrality of agenda setting and the distribution of states impatience. The analysis has suggested a rich research agenda in the study of any noncooperative game in international institutions as well in the formulation of an institutionalist power concept in international relations.

A presente dissertação teve como objetivo explicar as razões para a \"vitória\" da coalizão liderada pelo Brasil nas negociações do TRIPs e saúde Pública da OMC, que culminaram na Declaração de Doha em 2001. Partindo da literatura de teoria dos jogos aplicada aos estudos legislativos, procurei mostrar que era possível adaptar para a OMC os resultados dessa literatura, em particular a ênfase na idéia de controle de agenda. Basicamente, a tese central do trabalho é que para o caso ora em tela são as regras institucionais que determinam os resultados das negociações, pois determinam a distribuição de poder em barganhas. Assim, acreditamos ter mostrado que é possível explicar o resultado final das negociações em TRIPs e Saúde Pública a partir da regra do consenso, juntamente com a neutralidade no controle de agenda e a distribuição da impaciência dos atores. A análise sugere uma fecunda agenda de pesquisa tanto no estudo de se estudar quaisquer jogos nãocooperativos em instituições internacionais bem como para uma formulação do poder em relações internacionais de cunho institucionalista. / This dissertation aimed to explain why Brazilian leaded coalition was capable of achieve a \"victory\" in WTO negotiation on TRIPs and Public Health, which culminated in the Doha Declaration. Following game theory applied to legislative studies, we tried to show the attainableness of suiting that literature to WTO negotiation, specially the feature of agenda setting. Basically, our main thesis is that what dictate negotiation results in this case is the institutional setting, since it determine power distribution among actors. Thus, we expect have shown the possibility of explain the final result in the TRIPs and Public Health negotiation by consensus rule, neutrality of agenda setting and the distribution of states impatience. The analysis has suggested a rich research agenda in the study of any noncooperative game in international institutions as well in the formulation of an institutionalist power concept in international relations.

É histórica a exploração dos recursos naturais dos países periféricos pelos centrais. No seio da atual Divisão Internacional do Trabalho essa exploração foi ganhando maior regulamentação dentro de alguns países. Os países da bacia hidrográfica amazônica, ricos em recursos genéticos, podem considerar o acesso a estes recursos em seus territórios lícito, como quando uma empresa ou pesquisador cumprem todos os requisitos burocráticos e práticos que constam na lei, mas pode ser também ilícito, o que configura biopirataria. A diferença nessa classificação sobre os usos do território tem sido matéria de polêmicas internacionais em um contexto geral de queda de barreiras comerciais e de descoberta do potencial econômico de recursos naturais antes desprezados pelo mercado. Este acesso envolve relações em diferentes escalas e com diversos atores que compõem o sistema geopolítico internacional, com regulamentações em acordos internacionais, regionais e com leis nacionais. Entre estes atores destacam-se grandes corporações, Estados e populações tradicionais competindo desigualmente pelo controle ou pela influência sobre o território. A simples forma de se apropriar e até mesmo de descrever uma planta, por exemplo, já reflete diferentes estratégias para o controle e classificação do território: tal planta poderia ser simultaneamente avaliada pelo seu potencial econômico e pelas suas propriedades científicas, ou pelo risco do seu desaparecimento e pela defesa de seu isolamento em relação aos homens, ou ainda pela antiguidade e pela permanência de usos comunitários e empíricos de suas folhas e raízes para garantir a manutenção do modo de vida de um grupo tradicional. Dentro desse quadro, os objetivos do trabalho são compreender os desdobramentos do ordenamento jurídico sobre recursos genéticos na região amazônica. Faremos esse trabalho por intermédio de acordos internacionais, leis nacionais e publicações de autores que trabalham o tema recursos genéticos na Amazônia. / The exploration of the natural resources of the peripheral countries by the central ones is historical. Within the current Labor International Division, this exploitation has been gaining more regulation in some countries. The countries in the Amazon basin, which are rich in genetic resources, may consider legal access to these resources in their territories, such as when a company or a researcher meets all the bureaucratic and practical requirements which are contained in the law, but the access may also be illegal, which constitutes biopiracy. The difference in this classification of land uses has been the subject of international controversy in a general context of the end of commercial barriers and in the discovering of the economic potential of natural resources previously despised by the market. This access involves relations at different scales and with different actors that participates the international geopolitical system, with regulations in regional and international agreements, and national laws. Among these actors stand out large corporations, national states and traditional populations competing unequally for control or influence over the territory. The simple way of framing and even describing a plant, for example, are enough to expose different strategies for the control and classification over the territory: such a plant could be evaluated simultaneously by its economic potential and its scientific properties, or by the risk of its disappearance and the defense of their isolation in relation to humans, or the antiquity and permanence of communitarian and empirical uses of its leaves and roots to guarantee the maintenance of the way of life of a traditional group. Within this framework, the objectives of this work are to understand the unfolding of the legal order on genetic resources in the Amazon region. We will do this work based on international agreements, national laws and publications of authors working on genetic resources in the Amazon.

The object of this work is to analyze the sugar industry in the interwar period in European, and in addition, global context. The work focuses on international conventions, their national applications and the reaction of other countries in the sugar industry. It is divided into two thematic units. The first one deals with the characterization of the foreign trade of Czechoslovakia, the second addresses the particular issue of the sugar industry. The work puts great emphasis on the perception of the sugar industry in its broadest context possible. For this reason it analyzes the issue of the sugar industry also in periods of time, which are seemingly unrelated to the work, but are necessary for understanding the problematic. Further, it focuses on the interdependence of individual structures of the sugar industry institutions and their reaction to the development in the evaluated time period. The overall analysis style aims at gradually more specific problems. Conclusions of the work are supported by a great number of opinions, both those of the author and specialists of that time, but also quantitative data. The main goal of this work is to verify the hypothesis that the crises were caused by a shift away from the free market. Throughout the course of the analysis the assumption is verified in case of almost all considered crises. It also shows that no administrative measures can be effective due to the market. The connection between the government and the sugar industry was evident, and thanks to this interdependence the sugar industry enforced many laws.