[pt] O campo da tecnologia nuclear tem sido predominantemente dominado por homens, resultando na omissão ou exclusão das contribuições das mulheres e sua participação integral nas atividades relacionadas. Apenas após a Guerra Fria (1947- 1991), o gênero ganhou relevância como categoria de análise nas Relações Internacionais, o que levou a considerações sobre inclusão e participação de mulheres nas políticas internacionais. Nesse contexto, a transversalização de gênero das Nações Unidas tornou-se estratégia globalmente reconhecida na promoção da igualdade de gênero. Esta dissertação discute criticamente a elaboração e a implementação dessas estratégias no âmbito da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (AIEA), entre 2009 e 2023. Interroga-se como a AIEA implementa a transversalização de gênero como estratégia de transformação político-institucional no setor nuclear. Diante desse questionamento, partir-se-á do seguinte argumento: é possível verificar que a AIEA tem implementado gradativamente as políticas de transversalização de gênero, especialmente quanto ao investimento na construção de capacidades, seja por medidas voltadas para o treinamento e capacitação de funcionárias ou investimento em novas gerações de mulheres por meio de programas educacionais. Para responder a essas indagações, inicialmente foram analisados relatórios da AIEA entre 1958 e 2021. A análise também se baseia em pesquisas acadêmicas, interações e conversas online com funcionários de diversos níveis hierárquicos da organização. A conjunção de tais análises permite concluir que a AIEA norteou a política institucional para a educação, com a promoção de bolsas de mestrado para mulheres, como meio de acesso à igualdade de gênero, em longo prazo. / [en] The field of nuclear technology has been predominantly dominated by men, resulting in the omission or exclusion of women s contributions and their full participation in related activities. Only after the Cold War (1947–1991) did gender gain relevance as a category of analysis in international relations, which led to considerations about the inclusion and participation of women in international politics. In this context, the United Nations gender mainstreaming has become a globally recognized strategy for promoting gender equality. This dissertation critically discusses the elaboration and implementation of these strategies within the scope of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) between 2009 and 2023. It questions how the IAEA implements gender mainstreaming as a political-institutional transformation strategy in the nuclear sector. Faced with this question, we will start with the following argument: it is possible to verify that the IAEA has gradually implemented gender mainstreaming policies, especially regarding investment in capacity building, whether through measures aimed at training and qualifying female employees or investment in new generations of women through educational programs. To answer these questions, IAEA reports between 1958 and 2021were initially analyzed. The analysis is also based on academic research, interactions, and online conversations with employees from different hierarchical levels of the organization. The combination of such analyses allows us to conclude that the IAEA guided the institutional policy for education with the promotion of master s scholarships for women as a means of accessing gender equality in the long term.

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Tous les États sans discrimination ont un droit inaliénable de développer les utilisations de l'énergie nucléaire à des fins civiles, à condition de ne pas détourner ces utilisations pacifiques vers des armes nucléaires. Cependant, il est accordé à cinq pays le droit de posséder ces armes, à savoir les États-Unis, la France, la Russie, la Chine et le Royaume-Uni. Autour de cette position, un vif débat à la fois juridique et éthique a été soulevé. En effet, pour ses opposants, le nucléaire représente un risque durable et non maîtrisable par la science. Les accidents nucléaires majeurs, les déchets radioactifs et le détournement du nucléaire à des fins militaires sont des risques ingérables et d‟une gravité exceptionnelle. En revanche, les défenseurs de cette énergie la présentent comme sûre, voire partie prenante du développement durable. Selon eux, le nucléaire est un moyen fiable de lutter contre le réchauffement climatique et aussi une solution à la pénurie énergétique à laquelle le monde est confronté. En examinant et analysant la fiabilité et la crédibilité de tous les arguments allant à l‟encontre et en faveur de cette industrie, on constate que la licéité et la légitimité du recours à l'énergie nucléaire sont mal fondées. Par conséquent, nous estimons qu‟il est nécessaire de dépasser le nucléaire par la conclusion d'une convention internationale posant l'interdiction progressive mais complète du nucléaire. / All states without discrimination have an inalienable right to develop the uses of nuclear energy for civilian purposes, provided they do not divert these peaceful uses to nuclear weapons. However, five states have been granted the right to possess these weapons, that is : United-States, France, Russia, China and United-Kingdom. Around this position a fierce debate, both legal and ethical, has been raised. Indeed for its opponents nuclear represents a persistent risk that is non controllable by science. Major nuclear accidents, radioactive wastes and the use of nuclear for military purposes are unmanageable risks of exceptionnal serious gravity. On the other hand, the proponents of this energy present it as safe, even as part of sustainable development. According to them, nuclear is a reliable means to fight global warming and is also a solution to the energy shortage the world is facing. When analyzing the reliability and the credibility of all arguments for and against this industry, it can be noticed that the lawfulness and legitimacy of the use of nuclear energy are ill-founded. Therefore, we believe there is a need to go beyond nuclear with the conclusion of an international convention dealing with the progressive but comprehensive nuclear ban.