In today's world of international economic integration, foreign investment is an important element of countries' economic development. International law in this area has to come to terms with, on one hand, the effort of the host country to attract foreign investors by providing investors with an attractive investment environment and on the other the need to preserve sovereignty of the host country. The thesis aims to offer an overview of the issue of regulation of foreign investment protection at the international level and focuses, within selected problems, on the interaction of agreements on the protection of foreign investment and EU law after passage of foreign direct investment within the exclusive competence of the European Union. For the purpose of fulfilling the objective of this paper the author used general theoretical knowledge and used descriptive and comparative methods and analogy. The work consists of three chapters, each of which is divided into subsections. The first chapter - Introduction presents the issue of protection of foreign investment. The second chapter, entitled Agreements on the protection of foreign investment and EU law focuses on selected aspects of the interaction of international investment agreements and EU law. In subsection 2.1 entitled International Investment...

Desde o início dos anos 2000, o regionalismo sul-americano vive uma tendência multidimensional, incluindo novas temáticas ao foco das discussões sobre integração, entre elas, a energia. Diante deste cenário, o objetivo central deste trabalho é entender como se dá a formação de preferências do Brasil por um acordo de integração energética. Além dele, foram adotados como objetivos secundários: (i) estudar o histórico da integração energética na América do Sul, especialmente no que tange ao Brasil; (ii) entender o processo de negociação que envolve um acordo, formulando um tipo ideal voltado a integração energética e; (iii) reconhecer os benefícios e as dificuldades que envolvem a opção por um acordo energético de tipo bilateral ou multilateral. A fim de responder a essas perguntas, adotou-se a abordagem de Jogos de Dois Níveis, de Robert Putnam, por sua capacidade em relacionar a dinâmica da política interna com a externa, permitindo a análise do cenário complexo das negociações de um acordo de integração energética. A partir desta pesquisa, viu-se que a morosidade que envolve o processo de integração energética na América do Sul não é resultado apenas da falta de vontade política ou da ausência de um ator que arque com seus custos, mas principalmente da dificuldade em coordenar uma ampla gama de atores, interesses, expectativas e ordenamentos jurídicos, em mais de uma esfera de negociação. Por isso, diante de necessidades pontuais e imediatas, vê-se, por parte do Brasil, a adoção majoritária de acordos bilaterais, sem abandonar, no entanto, paralelamente, as discussões dos foros multilaterais. / Since the early 2000s, the South America regionalism lives a multidimensional trend, including new themes to focus the integration discussions, including energy. In this scenario, the aim of this research is to understand the preferences formation in Brazil for an energy integration agreement. Besides, were adopted as secondary objectives: (i) study the history of energy integration in South America, especially in regard to Brazil; (ii) understand the negotiation process that involves an agreement by formulating an ideal energy integration agreement and; (iii) recognize the benefits and difficulties involving the choice of an energy bilateral or multilateral agreement. In order to answer these questions were adopted the approach of Two-Level Games by Robert Putnam, because of its ability to relate the dynamics of internal politics with the foreign policy, allowing the analysis of the complex scenario of an energy integration agreement negotiations. From this research, it is clear that the length involving the energy integration process in South America is not the result only a political lack or a paymaster absence, but mainly the difficulty in coordinating a wide range of actors, interests, expectations and legal systems, in more than one sphere of negotiation. So, by particular needs, Brazil elects bilateral agreements, without abandoning, however, in parallel, discussions in multilateral forums.

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In the first part we introduce what we consider the main features of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (CMCC) and its context, in terms of prejuridical issues about climate diplomacy and general considerations about this convention. In the second part, we discuss some references in order to show the synergies between the international agreements and the CMCC and some other more specific legal instruments. / En la primera parte se elabora una caracterización de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMCC) y su contexto en términos de consideraciones prejurídicas acerca de la diplomacia climática y de consideraciones generales sobre dicha convención. En la segunda parte se abordan, a modo de muestra, referencias sobre las sinergias entre compromisos internacionales y la CMCC y algunas derivaciones jurídicas más específicas.

Desde o início dos anos 2000, o regionalismo sul-americano vive uma tendência multidimensional, incluindo novas temáticas ao foco das discussões sobre integração, entre elas, a energia. Diante deste cenário, o objetivo central deste trabalho é entender como se dá a formação de preferências do Brasil por um acordo de integração energética. Além dele, foram adotados como objetivos secundários: (i) estudar o histórico da integração energética na América do Sul, especialmente no que tange ao Brasil; (ii) entender o processo de negociação que envolve um acordo, formulando um tipo ideal voltado a integração energética e; (iii) reconhecer os benefícios e as dificuldades que envolvem a opção por um acordo energético de tipo bilateral ou multilateral. A fim de responder a essas perguntas, adotou-se a abordagem de Jogos de Dois Níveis, de Robert Putnam, por sua capacidade em relacionar a dinâmica da política interna com a externa, permitindo a análise do cenário complexo das negociações de um acordo de integração energética. A partir desta pesquisa, viu-se que a morosidade que envolve o processo de integração energética na América do Sul não é resultado apenas da falta de vontade política ou da ausência de um ator que arque com seus custos, mas principalmente da dificuldade em coordenar uma ampla gama de atores, interesses, expectativas e ordenamentos jurídicos, em mais de uma esfera de negociação. Por isso, diante de necessidades pontuais e imediatas, vê-se, por parte do Brasil, a adoção majoritária de acordos bilaterais, sem abandonar, no entanto, paralelamente, as discussões dos foros multilaterais. / Since the early 2000s, the South America regionalism lives a multidimensional trend, including new themes to focus the integration discussions, including energy. In this scenario, the aim of this research is to understand the preferences formation in Brazil for an energy integration agreement. Besides, were adopted as secondary objectives: (i) study the history of energy integration in South America, especially in regard to Brazil; (ii) understand the negotiation process that involves an agreement by formulating an ideal energy integration agreement and; (iii) recognize the benefits and difficulties involving the choice of an energy bilateral or multilateral agreement. In order to answer these questions were adopted the approach of Two-Level Games by Robert Putnam, because of its ability to relate the dynamics of internal politics with the foreign policy, allowing the analysis of the complex scenario of an energy integration agreement negotiations. From this research, it is clear that the length involving the energy integration process in South America is not the result only a political lack or a paymaster absence, but mainly the difficulty in coordinating a wide range of actors, interests, expectations and legal systems, in more than one sphere of negotiation. So, by particular needs, Brazil elects bilateral agreements, without abandoning, however, in parallel, discussions in multilateral forums.

Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e Cruz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T17:25:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Friedmann_GustavoCodas_M.pdf: 1704656 bytes, checksum: 3777aef6f0bf0b963d5ef740e9a74adc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: As mudanças do capitalismo na sua fase da globalização neoliberal tiveram como um dos seus focos o questionamento e alteração dos direitos e as condições de trabalho alcançados na etapa anterior. As forças pró-globalização serviram-se para tanto das fortes pressões que o mercado mundial exerceu sobre (e contra) a soberania dos Estados-nação que eram, até então, o lócus principal de consolidação de normas relativas às relações capital-trabalho. O panorama hoje, trinta anos depois de iniciada tal ofensiva, é de uma ampla e crescente desregulamentação do mundo do trabalho, em variados estágios dependendo do continente, região ou país. Dessa forma colocou-se a questão de se haveria condições (e necessidade) de uma nova regulamentação do mundo do trabalho. Nosso objetivo em este texto é analisar criticamente duas dimensões do problema. Primeira, quais foram as mudanças ocorridas, seu caráter, sua profundidade, sua abrangência e até que ponto condicionam e impactam o mundo do trabalho. Essa parte se encerra com um balanço crítico sobre a existência, ou não, de uma ¿corrida ao fundo¿. Segunda dimensão: dada tal caracterização, quais as condições de uma re-regulamentação e, especialmente, qual capacidade teriam cláusulas sociais e trabalhistas em acordos comerciais internacionais de operar nesse sentido / Abstract: Under its phase of neoliberal globalization changes in capitalism had as focus the questioning and alteration of labor rights and conditions conquered during the previous stage. In order to do so pro-globalization forces have taken advantage of the strong pressure put upon by the global market over (and against) Nation-state sovereignty which was, until then, the main locus for the consolidation of capital-labor related rules. Nowadays, thirty years after the offensive has been initiated, the panorama shows a broad and increasing deregulation within the world of labor, at different stages depending on the continent, region or country. Therefore emerges the question regarding the existence of conditions (and the need) to have a new regulation for labor. The objective in this text is to critically analyze both dimensions of the problem. First, what were the changes that took place, with which characteristics, deepness, reach, and to what extent do they condition and impact the world of labor. This part ends with a critical assessment on the existence, or not, of a ¿race to the bottom¿. Second dimension: given the mentioned characterization, what would be the conditions to a re-regulation and, more specifically, what capacity would social and labor clauses within international trade agreements have to point out to this direction / Mestrado / Relações Internacionais / Mestre em Relações Internacionais

1 CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Mexico and climate change in the international context according to political agendas Master's Thesis Author: Marjhory Melissa Iturbe Perez Study Programme: International Economics and Political Studies (IEPS) Supervisor: Mgr. Lukáš Perutka, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2019-2021 2 Declaration of Authorship 1. The author hereby declares that he compiled this thesis independently, using only the listed resources and literature 2. The author hereby declares that all the sources and literature used have been properly cited. 3. They author hereby declares that the thesis has not been used to obtain a different or the same degree. Prague … 27 July 2021 Marjhory Melissa Iturbe Perez 3 Acknowledgements I Thank my mom for being my driving force in every step of my life. I would like to thank Dr. Lukáš Perutka for his supervision and direction as well as Dr. Vilém Semerák for his clarity support and guidance in this analysis I thank my family for their encouragement and support throughout my master's degree. 4 Bibliographic Annotation Iturbe Perez Marjhory Melissa, Mexico and climate change in the international context according to political agendas. Prague 2021: Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences. Department of North American Studies. Supervisor Mgr....

This master’s thesis deals with international climate agreements and their legitimacy, using the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol as examples. The thesis examines sociological legitimacy as a possible reason for implementation deficiencies of international climate agreements. Sociological legitimacy of an international agreement, as defined by Bernstein (2005), is hinged on a normative consensus among the international community adopting the agreement in question. In order to determine the degree of sociological legitimacy in the illustrative cases, a critical discourse analysis is employed as a method to identify and sort the explicit and implicit norms of the agreements according to various and contrasting sustainability discourses. This analysis allows for an assessment of the internal consistency of the norms in each case, ultimately leading to conclusions about the extent to which sociological legitimacy is present or not. The results show that neither of the two cases portray an internally consistent application of norms, and therefore lack sociological legitimacy. Further research into the sustainability norms in a given nation or society is needed for determining the external sociological legitimacy of both agreements, thus providing a final conclusion.

The Concept of Investment in International Agreements on Investment Protection The definition of investment is the key task for correct scope of application of rights and obligations, arising from investment contracts and for establishment of tribunals' jurisdiction above disputes, arising from contracts of investment character. The Work goal is analysis of individual bilateral, multilateral and versatile legal acts, containing the term "investment", from the international law viewpoint. It contains brief historical development and clarification of requirements that the investment must fulfill so that the investor, no matter whether a natural person or a juridical person, could claim protection of his/her investment, provided in compliance with relevant investment protection agreements. In spite of general cultural, political and geographical variety of the acts analyzed, it is possible to observe an effort to find common elements that the investment should contain and that are based, in particular, on their economic significance. The introductory chapter deals briefly with historical understanding of an investment in the context of international business development, beginning with the diplomatic protection institute, amended in international customary law. The second chapter pursues...