Magister Legum - LLM

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Relations in the Faculty of Humanities Department of International Relations, 2016 / A feud between the African Union (AU) and the International Criminal Court (ICC) has been dragging for a while now. The indictment of President Omar Hassan Ahmad alBashir of Sudan and President Uhuru Kenyatta and his deputy president William Ruto in Kenya altered the cosy relations between the two organisations. Firstly, the AU contends that the ICC cannot prosecute heads of states that have immunity under international law. Secondly, the ICC disturbs the ongoing peace processes with its investigations. The AU accused the ICC of selecting African states for prosecution; as a protracted form of imperialism by prevailing western powers. Withstanding, some of the AU member states that are party to the ICC have willingly signed up to its jurisdiction. Besides, the AU’s founding documents support the fight against grave atrocities. Nonetheless, the AU has failed dismally to live up to the principles it endorses- which tantamount to hypocrisy. The contradictory rhetoric of the AU towards the ICC is not exclusive to the AU, but to international organisations due to conflicting pressures in external environments. The paper explains this empirical phenomenon by applying Organised Hypocrisy (OH) to capture such contradictory behaviour prone to international organisations. / XL2018

The paper analyses the trial before the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the light of theoretical models elaborated in the State traditions - the continental (inquisitorial) system and the Anglo-American (adversarial) system. Hypothesis from the beginning of this paper according to which the trial is predominantly based on features of the continental (inquisitorial) criminal procedure has been confirmed. Regulations comprise the trial procedure before the ICC contain mostly provisions typical for continental (inquisitorial) criminal procedure. The paper contain the case study of the first trial before the ICC (Thomas Lubanga case) with a view to procedural problems at this stage of the proceeding. The way of interpretation typical mainly for continental (inquisitorial) criminal procedure have been used as a solution of these problems.

Title of the dissertation: The Rome Statute's Crime of Aggression following the Kampala Review Conference The definition of crime of aggression was adopted in 2010 to fill the gap in article 5 (2) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ("ICC"). Complicated discussions preceding the adoption have identified many problematic aspects within the definition, including the relationship between the ICC and the UN Security Council ("SC") - whether the SC would be the only body capable to commence proceedings for the crime of aggression or not; further including the legal status of humanitarian intervention for the purposes of its criminalization under the Rome Statute; position of a perpetrator of the crime - should only leaders be considered perpetrators or should "lower" state officials be included; how should the amendment enter into force - under article 121 (4) or 121 (5) of the Rome Statute; etc. Many of these questions have not been answered by the adopted definition in a satisfactory way and so while the international community was celebrating the success of the adoption of the "supreme crime's" definition, many (including the author of this dissertation) have been seriously disappointed by the short-comings of the adopted text. Scholars continue to better understand the...

1 Victims of the Gravest Crimes: The Role of Victims in Legal Proceedings Before the International Criminal Court Abstract This thesis analyzes the role of victims in the proceedings before the International Criminal Court, or the so-called victims' mandate of the ICC. The purpose is to comprehensively introduce their rights as well as the way in which this regulation is being applied. Therefore, the research question has two parts. The first part inquires into the current design of the victim's rights before the Court, while the second asks about the results of its application to the present day. Answers offered by the author of the thesis appear respectively in the second and the third chapter. The first chapter is focused on a historical development of the position of victims in the system of international criminal justice. It is of introductory nature and serves to highlight the historically unprecedented character of the role of victims before the ICC. Regarding the research method, the thesis analyzes the role of victims of crimes prosecuted by the ICC from both, theoretical as well as empirical angle. The purpose is to practically and comprehensively describe the regulation of victims before the ICC but also go beyond the "letter of the law" to see the legal regulation within its material context -...

Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor a adoção do instituto da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional como forma de aumentar a efetividade de seus requerimentos de cooperação aos Estados. Para isto, foram analisadas as intervenções humanitárias e a criação dos tribunais penais internacionais de Ruanda e da Ex-Iugoslávia. Esta análise concluiu que a falta de efetividade tem sido o maior problema enfrentado pelas ações voltadas à proteção internacional dos direitos humanos. Sob este aspecto foi estudada a criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional, sua estrutura, suas normas de cooperação e apontada a falta de um instituto que garanta a eficácia de seus atos jurídicos quando estes dependem da cooperação com Estados. Através do estudo da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica percebeu-se sua compatibilidade com o Direito Internacional, em relação aos Estados sob atuação da jurisdição complementar do Tribunal. Sendo assim, defende-se sua adoção como uma contra-medida tomada no contexto da responsabilidade de um Estado perante o Tribunal Penal Internacional por um ato de não cooperação, quando este for caracterizado por fraude ou abuso de competência. Assim, afirma-se a possibilidade e a conveniência da adoção do instituto da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica como um instrumento que garanta uma maior efetividade do Tribunal no exercício de suas funções. / This work has for objective to consider the adoption of the institute of the disregard of the legal entity for the International Criminal Court as form to increase the effectiveness of its cooperation requirements to the States. For this, the humanitarian interventions and the creation of international the criminal courts of Rwanda and of Former-Yugoslavia had been analyzed. This analysis concluded that the effectiveness lack has been the biggest problem faced for the actions directed to the international protection of the human rights. Under this aspect was studied the creation of the International Criminal Court, its structure, its norms of cooperation and pointed the lack of an institute that guaranties the effectiveness of its legal acts when these they depend on the cooperation with States. Through the study of the disregarding of the legal entity its compatibility with the International Law was perceived, in re1ation to the States under performance of the complementary jurisdiction of the Court. Being thus, its adoption is defended as a countermeasure taken in the context of the responsibility of a State before the International Criminal Court for an act of non-cooperation, when this will be characterized by fraud or abuse of power. Thus, it is affirmed possibility and the convenience of the adoption of the institute of the disregarding of legal entity as an instrument that guaranties a bigger effectiveness of the Court in the exercise of its functions.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, inwieweit Geschädigte von völkerstrafrechtlichen Verbrechen sich am Verfahren vor dem Internationalen Strafgerichtshof (IStGH) beteiligen können. Im Jahr 1998 wurde das Rom Statut des IStGH errichtet, welches erstmalig im Völkerstrafrecht die Möglichkeit für Geschädigte vorsieht, über die „Beteiligung“ als Zeuge hinaus aktiv am Verfahren vor dem IStGH teilzunehmen. Die Arbeit setzt die Normen des Rom Statuts zunächst in einen historischen Kontext. Sodann wird die Auslegung der Normen in den unterschiedlichen Verfahrensabschnitten umfassend anhand der gängigen Interpretationsmechanismen sowie der bisherigen Rechtsprechung erläutert. Da die Auslegung der Normen aufgrund der teilweise sehr weiten Fassung der Normen und der fehlenden Rechtsprechung weitestgehend ungeklärt war und zum großen Teil immernoch ist, stellt die Erläuterung der Auslegungsmöglichkeiten einen Schwerpunkt der Arbeit dar. Es erfolgt sodann eine Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage, inwieweit die bestehenden Regeln auf der einen Seite den Wünschen und Erwartungen der Geschädigten entsprechen, und inwieweit sie auf der anderen Seite mit den Rechten der Angeklagten und übergeordneten Interessen in Übereinstimmung zu bringen sind. Es werden Alternativen zum Internationalen Strafgerichtshof untersucht. Die Arbeit zeigt im Ergebnis Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der sogenannten Opferbeteiligung auf und erarbeitet Verbesserungsvorschläge zu dem derzeit bestehenden Modell. / When the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court was adopted in 1998, one of its innovations was that victims were granted an active role in the proceedings. This thesis is among the first to focus on the International Criminal Court’s power to enable victims to take part in the proceedings. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework of the participation system, taking into account relevant Court decisions. The study examines the position of victims in international criminal law, especially their rights to participate in all stages of the proceedings. It further explores to which extent the rules of the International Criminal Court correspond to the victims’ needs and wishes and on the other hand how the rules can be reconciled with the rights of the accused and other interests. The extent to which the ICC, as a criminal court, can and will at all help victims to overcome the consequences of war crimes. It will finally be reflected on some possible alternatives.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giselle Ashitani Inouye.pdf: 577115 bytes, checksum: f72845783745f4ef134a852561e2a3de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / The advent of the internet has caused, no doubt, a revolution in communication, social, political and economic relations. Every day is greater the number of network users and, thus, the volume of data that travels over it. It is in this scenario that emerge a number of new issues to be overcome by humanity. The inherent characteristics of the virtual environment help the emergence of criminals willing to commit various types of crime in the virtual environment. Among them stand out those that result in serious violations of human rights. The present study aims to investigate the protection of human rights at the international level, specifically the issue of the individual responsabilization of those who commit the crime in the virtual environment, so-called cybercrime. To do so, we will begin our study with some considerations about the historical origins of the internet. Subsequently, we will analyze the evolution of human rights protection at the international level and then we will focus on conflicts resolution by the International Criminal Court, verifying the possibility of the ICC competence to investigate, prosecute and judge cybercrimes / O advento da internet causou, sem dúvidas, uma revolução na comunicação, nas relações sociais, políticas e econômicas. A cada dia é maior o número de usuários da rede e, com isso, do volume dos dados que nela trafegam. É nesse cenário que emergem uma série de novas questões a serem superadas pela humanidade. As características inerentes ao meio virtual propiciam o surgimento de criminosos dispostos a cometer os mais diversos tipos de delito no ambiente virtual dentre eles, destacam-se aqueles que resultam em graves violações aos direitos humanos. O presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar a tutela dos direitos humanos no âmbito internacional, mais precisamente a questão da responsabilização individual daquele que comete o delito no ambiente virtual, os chamados cibercrimes. Para tanto, iniciaremos nosso estudo com algumas considerações acerca das origens históricas da internet. Ato contínuo, analisaremos a evolução dos direitos humanos no plano internacional para, em seguida, nos concentrarmos na solução de conflitos pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional e verificarmos a possibilidade de atuação da Corte na apuração e julgamento dos crimes cibernéticos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leisa Boreli Prizon.pdf: 579099 bytes, checksum: 69b6c7fb5866f9aa45284179e5c56b9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-16 / This study aims to examine the International Criminal Court in the face of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988. This Court established by the Rome Statute in 1998, entered into force in 2002 when it was deposited the sixtieth document of ratification required for initiating the work. The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 is based on the dignity of the human person, governing themselves in their international relations for the peaceful solution of conflicts, defence of peace and prevalence of Human Rights. Given these pleas and the provisions of Article 7 of the Constitutional Act of the Transitional Provisions, Brazil ratified the Rome Statute in 2002, subject to the International Criminal Court by Constitutional Amendment No 45, 2004. This move to the study of the apparent conflict between the International Criminal Court and the constitutional arrangements taken as obstacles to the effectiveness of the International Criminal Jurisdiction. Among the topics covered are the immunities, sovereignty, the penalty of life imprisonment, extradition and other institutes. The themes were addressed on the basis of the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 / O presente trabalho visa analisar o Tribunal Penal Internacional em face da Constituição Brasileira de 1988. Tal Tribunal estabelecido pelo Estatuto de Roma em 1998, entrou em vigor em 2002 quando foi depositado o sexagésimo documento de ratificação exigido para dar início aos trabalhos. A Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988 possui como fundamento a dignidade da pessoa humana, regendo-se nas suas relações internacionais pela solução pacífica dos conflitos, defesa da paz e, prevalência dos Direitos Humanos. Diante destes fundamentos e do disposto no artigo 7º do Ato das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias, o Brasil ratificou o Estatuto de Roma em 2002, submetendo-se ao Tribunal Penal Internacional pela Emenda Constitucional n° 45 de 2004. Com isso passamos ao estudo dos aparentes conflitos entre a Corte Penal Internacional e os dispositivos constitucionais tidos como obstáculos para a efetivação da Jurisdição Penal Internacional. Dentre os temas tratados estão as imunidades, a soberania, a pena de prisão perpétua, a extradição e outros institutos. Os temas foram abordados com fundamento na Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988

This thesis argues that the International Criminal Court (ICC) brings a new more deontological paradigm to international interventions, founded upon the universal application of legal principle, and displacing consequentialist notions of justice linked to human rights. Based upon the Court’s Statute and mode of operations, it is argued that this is associated with assumptions concerning the ICC’s primacy, military enforcement, and theory of change. The consequences of this development in volatile contexts are demonstrated. The case study, founded upon analysis from the war-affected community, examines the impact of the International Criminal Court in the Lord’s Resistance Army war, and reveals the relationship between criminal justice enforcement, and community priorities for peace and human rights. On the basis of evidence, and contrary to narratives repeated but unsubstantiated in the literature, it demonstrates that in this case these two imperatives were in opposition to one another. The Court’s pursuit of retributive legal principle was detrimental to the community’s interests in peace and human rights. The subsequent failure of the ICC’s review process to interrogate this important issue is also established. The research establishes that statutory and operational assumptions upon which Court interventions are based do not hold in volatile contexts. For the case study community and elsewhere, this has had adverse impacts, with significant implications for the ICC. The findings indicate that if these issues are not fundamentally addressed, principled international criminal justice enforcement in volatile environments will continue to have profoundly negative human rights consequences.