Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2018-07-20T12:30:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosangela de Mattos Muller.pdf: 962789 bytes, checksum: 383c73cf4eacc5fb95ef62f66d865c8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T12:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosangela de Mattos Muller.pdf: 962789 bytes, checksum: 383c73cf4eacc5fb95ef62f66d865c8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Introduction: The internet has many features and is fully integrated with modern society. Studies show that some individuals are losing control of time, neglecting their basic hygiene care, social interaction, causing significant losses in their relationships, academic and professional activities. Objectives: The objective of the study was to verify the prevalence of Internet addiction in undergraduate students from two public and private universities and a Federal Institute in the city of Pelotas and to investigate associated factors. Methods: A crosssectional and randomized study was performed using the following instruments: International Addiction Test, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Games Dependency Questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of internet addiction was 41.7%, being inversely proportional to age. There was a significant correlation with depression, those who presented changes in screening tests for depression had a prevalence of internet addiction 83% higher. Three out of ten university students presented daytime somnolence and 3% of the sample were classified as at risk for gambling dependence. There is a correlation between consumption of hypercaloric foods, alcohol use and sedentary lifestyle, and dependence on the internet. Conclusion: The dependence of internet on university students is a reality that needs to be approached in an interdisciplinary way, since it compromises the physical and mental health of these young people. / Introdução: A internet apresenta inúmeras funcionalidades e está totalmente integrada à sociedade moderna. Estudos evidenciam que alguns indivíduos estariam perdendo o controle do tempo, negligenciando seus cuidados básicos de higiene, convívio social, acarretando prejuízos significativos em seus relacionamentos, atividades acadêmicas e profissionais. Objetivos: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a prevalência de dependência de internet em estudantes universitários dos cursos de graduação de duas universidades, pública e privada, e de um Instituto Federal na cidade de Pelotas e investigar fatores associados. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal e randomizado, sendo utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: International Addiction Test, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Epworth sleepness scale e Game Addiction Scale. Resultados: A prevalência de dependência de internet foi de 41,7%, sendo inversamente proporcional à idade. Verificou-se uma correlação significativa com depressão, aqueles que apresentaram alterações nos testes de triagem para depressão tiveram uma prevalência de dependência de internet 83% maior. Três em cada dez universitários apresentaram sonolência diurna e 3% da amostra foram classificados como em risco para dependência de jogos. Existe uma correlação entre o consumo de alimentos hipercalóricos, uso de álcool e sedentarismo e dependência de internet. Conclusão: A dependência de internet em universitários é uma realidade que precisa ser abordada de uma maneira interdisciplinar, visto que compromete a saúde física e mental desses jovens.

Within this study, a psycho-educational strategy was designed to promote online safety practices for adolescents living in the northern suburbs of Cape Town. The study made use of a mixed method methodology, including both quantitative and qualitative research. This enabled access to 183 adolescents, as well as gaining more focused and specific insights from adolescent focus groups with a total of eight focus groups. This psycho-educational strategy was designed in the form of an interactive website. The website included information on safety practices pertaining to six areas of online safety. The information was provided in various formats, including videos, clips, slide shows and questionnaires. The six areas which were focused on included cyber bullying, pornography, social networking, online gaming, sharing of personal information and plagiarising and stealing of content. Adolescents were exposed to the website in order to test its usability and its effectiveness as a tool for education regarding online safety. From the literature and findings of the research, it is evident that there is a dire need for age-appropriate and relevant mechanisms to address online safety among adolescents. The present research revealed; through the remarks obtained from focus groups, that adolescents could benefit from the psycho-educational strategy as it created an awareness of the possible harms of the internet; awareness that was previously limited. Specific areas of concern included cyber bullying and the reality that they face regarding this hurtful activity. Adolescents further indicated that they lacked knowledge in areas concerning pornography, plagiarising and sharing of personal information. By creating an awareness regarding possible harms, adolescents are enabled to safeguard themselves from potential harm, and if education is used in future, it can play a preventative role in terms of the negative consequences of online activities. The research indicated that a psycho-educational perspective holds value when addressing online safety. Lastly, the internet as a form of psycho-education was successful as the adolescents accepted and related to this means of education. The psycho-educational strategy is an innovative tool that can be used by schools, parents and educators when engaging with adolescents about online safety. / PhD (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Within this study, a psycho-educational strategy was designed to promote online safety practices for adolescents living in the northern suburbs of Cape Town. The study made use of a mixed method methodology, including both quantitative and qualitative research. This enabled access to 183 adolescents, as well as gaining more focused and specific insights from adolescent focus groups with a total of eight focus groups. This psycho-educational strategy was designed in the form of an interactive website. The website included information on safety practices pertaining to six areas of online safety. The information was provided in various formats, including videos, clips, slide shows and questionnaires. The six areas which were focused on included cyber bullying, pornography, social networking, online gaming, sharing of personal information and plagiarising and stealing of content. Adolescents were exposed to the website in order to test its usability and its effectiveness as a tool for education regarding online safety. From the literature and findings of the research, it is evident that there is a dire need for age-appropriate and relevant mechanisms to address online safety among adolescents. The present research revealed; through the remarks obtained from focus groups, that adolescents could benefit from the psycho-educational strategy as it created an awareness of the possible harms of the internet; awareness that was previously limited. Specific areas of concern included cyber bullying and the reality that they face regarding this hurtful activity. Adolescents further indicated that they lacked knowledge in areas concerning pornography, plagiarising and sharing of personal information. By creating an awareness regarding possible harms, adolescents are enabled to safeguard themselves from potential harm, and if education is used in future, it can play a preventative role in terms of the negative consequences of online activities. The research indicated that a psycho-educational perspective holds value when addressing online safety. Lastly, the internet as a form of psycho-education was successful as the adolescents accepted and related to this means of education. The psycho-educational strategy is an innovative tool that can be used by schools, parents and educators when engaging with adolescents about online safety. / PhD (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This dissertation attempts to expand our understanding of the deficient self-regulation (DSR) of Internet use and media habit development. Drawing from a social cognitive perspective, DSR is described as lapses in effective self-control that are self-corrected over time. A shortcoming in this area of research is that factors relevant to the technology that may encourage the development of DSR or media habits are rarely, if ever, discussed. A large focus of existing research is instead narrowly placed on individual factors that motivate DSR and media habits. An extension is proposed to theory on DSR in this dissertation by examining the role played by novelty perceptions of technology. In the initial stages of technology use, when perceptions of novelty generally grow, perceived novelty is hypothesized to elicit a state of flow, which in turn diminishes the subfunctions of self-regulation and provokes DSR. The relationship between perceived novelty and flow is moderated by psychosocial problems, boredom proneness, and self-reactive outcome expectation. As perceived novelty of a technology decreases, it is presumed that self-control is restored given that flow no longer inhibits self-regulation. However, DSR and media habits are hypothesized to persist in later technology use if individuals experience psychosocial problems, boredom proneness, or high self-reactive outcome expectations. The manifestation of DSR in later stages of technology use increases the likelihood of forming media habits. The influence of novelty perceptions was evaluated on flow, DSR, and media habits at initial and later stages of technology use. The pretest demonstrated that a novelty frame successfully manipulated novelty perceptions of Second Life, the technology used in this experiment, in anticipated directions. In the main study, perceived novelty resulted in flow, which in turn predicted growth of DSR during initial stages of Second Life use. In the familiar stages of use, DSR led to the development of media habits over time; however, the relationship between novelty perceptions and DSR was not moderated by psychosocial problems, boredom proneness, or self-reactive outcome expectation. The findings of this investigation are discussed aside their implications for research, theory, and practice.

This thesis deals with rather comprehensive topic of unauthorized use of the copyright on the Internet. The aim of this work is to present selected specifics of the online environment as well as the challenges this environment represents from legislative point of view. Presented paper is divided into five chapters, among which first three focus on the subjected issue in general, whereas the chapter four presents modern and constantly developing cloud computing technology. Its development has given rise to multiple new challenges including the copyright. Last chapter comprises of de lege ferenda ideas regarding this issue. The aim of the first chapter is to present the specific environment of the Internet and the dangers it represents in respect of the copyright. This chapter therefore deals with the various forms of using the copyrighted work including the analysis of new and unified legal regulation of licensing in the new civil code. Chapter two describes the international protection of copyrighted work, which is crucial due to the uniqueness of the Internet, as a space that knows no boundaries. This chapter therefore analyzes the development of international cooperation as well as it gives an overview of the most significant international treaties in this area. This chapter reflects the...

Syfte – Syftet med denna rapport är att bidra med information om hur sociala medier används inom rekrytering och hur de kan användas för att öka chanserna för arbetssökande att få jobb inom marknadsföringsbranschen. Metod – För att besvara frågeställningarna användes metoderna studie av sociala medie-profiler och kvalitativa intervjuer. Studien genomfördes för att se hur rekryterare inom marknadsföringsbranschen betraktar en arbetsansökandes sociala medier. Detta gjordes genom att visa upp olika personers sociala medie-profiler och betrakta vad rekryterarna valde att undersöka på profilen. Resultat – Rapportens resultat är baserat på de intervjuer och den studie av sociala medie-profiler som utfördes. Resultatet visar på att sociala medier används för att styrka en uppfattning av den sökande. Däremot är välstrukturerade sociala medier inte det viktigaste för en anställning. Personligt brev, CV, kompetens och personliga attribut vägde tyngre. Sociala medier kunde dock få en allt viktigare roll i valet mellan arbetssökande där de förstnämnda faktorerna såg lika ut. Resultatet av intervjun visade att det var Facebook, Instagram och Linkedin som rekryterare helst undersökte när det kom till sociala medier. I studien framgick det att rekryterare som undersökte den sökandes sociala medier oftast blickade igenom den väldigt flyktigt och endast läste och kollade extra på de delar som verkligen fångade deras intresse. Det innehåll som skapade en bra uppfattning av den sökande var en blandning mellan yrkesrelaterade uppdateringar och information kring intressen och privatliv. Det som var det mest positiva med blandningen mellan privat och professionellt material var att rekryteraren fick möjligheten att se dels en passion för yrket och vilka sociala färdigheter och ambitioner den sökande besatt. Implikationer – Resultatets användningsområden är främst kopplade till arbetssökande inom markandsföringsbranschen men kommer även att kunna användas av rekryterare, arbetssökande inom andra branscher och privatpersoner. För rapportens primära målgrupp kommer användningsområdet att vara en ökad förståelse för rekryteringsprocessen i branschen samt en ökad förståelse för hur sociala medier kan användas till den arbetssökandes fördel. Begränsningar – Den största begränsningen i detta arbete har främst varit bristen till kontakt av företag. Hade vi fått möjlighet att få tag på fler företag hade vi kunnat dra fler generella slutsatser än de som gjorts. En annan begränsning som finns i rapporten är den snäva tiden. Hade mer tid funnits hade det varit möjligt att utföra en jämförande studie mellan vad arbetssökande inom marknadsföringsbranschen själva tror att deras sociala medier ska vara utformade på bäst sätt och jämfört det med vad rekryterarna tycker. / Purpose – The purpose of this report is to provide information on how social media is used in recruitment and how they can be used to increase the chances for job seekers to get a job in the advertising industry. Method – In order to answer the questions in our report we used the methods study of social media profiles and qualitative interviews. The study was conducted to see how recruiters in the marketing industry look at an applicant's social media. This was done by showcasing different people's social media profiles and view what recruiters chose to see and read. Findings – The report's results are based on the interviews and the study of social media profiles that were performed. The results show that social media is used to force an idea of the applicant. However, well-structured social media is not the most important for employment. Cover letter, resume, skills and personal attributes outweighed. Social media could, however, play an increasingly important role in the choice between two job applicants with the same experience. The result of the interview showed that it was Facebook, Instagram and LinkedIn that where examined when it came to social media. The study revealed that recruiters who examined the applicant's social media usually checked through very volatile and only read and checked extra on the parts that really caught their interest. The content that created a good view of the applicant was a mix between professional updates and information about the user’s interests and privacy. The most positive thing was a mix between private and professional materials so that the recruiter had the opportunity to see both a passion for the profession and the social skills and ambitions of the applicant possessed. Implications – The results are mainly linked to job seekers in marketing but can also be used by recruiters, job seekers in other industries and individuals. The report's primary target audience can use the result to acquire a greater understanding of the recruitment process in the industry and a greater understanding of how social media can be used for the jobseeker's benefit. Limitations – The main limitation of this work has been the opportunity to contact the company. Had we been able to get hold of more companies, we could have drawn a more general conclusion than the ones made. Another limitation contained in the report is the limited time. If we had had more time, we would have done a comparative study between what job seekers in the marketing industry itself believes that their social media should be designed in the best way and how hiring managers think.

L’addiction à Internet a fait l’objet de nombreuses études à travers le monde durant les vingt dernières années. Pourtant aucun consensus au sujet de sa définition ou de ses critères diagnostiques n’a encore été admis, soulevant ainsi de nombreux débats. Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier la conceptualisation de l’addiction à Internet principalement au travers de ses outils d’évaluation, et de combler un manque de données empiriques au sein d’échantillons français.Étude 1 – Objectif : Déterminer le nombre d’outils de mesure de l’addiction à Internet et mettre en avant leurs qualités psychométriques. Résultats : Quarante-cinq outils mesurant l’addiction à Internet ont été identifiés dont seulement dix-sept ayant été évalués plus d’une fois en termes de propriétés psychométriques. La plupart des échelles existantes nécessitent de plus amples travaux de validation. Bien que critiqué, l’Internet Addiction Test (IAT) est l’échelle présentant le plus de supports empiriques. Cependant, de nombreuses échelles prometteuses requièrent un examen plus approfondi. Étude 2 – Objectif : Évaluer les qualités psychométriques de l’Online Cognition Scale (OCS). Résultats : Les analyses factorielles de l’OCS suggéraient un meilleur ajustement du modèle avec une solution à 5 facteurs (27 items), comparé au modèle original (36 items). Nos résultats mettent en avant une excellente consistance interne et des corrélations inter items et test-retest satisfaisantes. Les scores de l’OCS étaient significativement corrélés avec ceux de l’IAT, du temps passé en ligne et des symptômes dépressifs au cours des deux passations. Étude 3 – Objectifs : Évaluer les qualités psychométriques de la Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale-2 et la pertinence du modèle d’Utilisation Problématique Généralisée d’Internet (UPGI) au sein d’étudiants français. Résultats : Les résultats de la modélisation en équations structurelles soutiennent ce modèle conceptuel de l’addiction à Internet, et un bon ajustement du modèle aux données. Les qualités psychométriques de la version française de la GPIUS-2 étaient satisfaisantes, notamment la fiabilité, et les validités convergente et concurrente, confirmant l’utilité de cet outil multidimensionnel. Étude 4 – Objectif : Explorer la relation entre l’UPGI et les Utilisations Problématiques Spécifiques d’Internet (UPSI). Résultats : Nos analyses mettent avant des relations significatives entre l’UPGI, les symptômes psychopathologiques et la plupart des UPSI, avec de nombreuses différences en fonction du genre et de l’âge. Alors que les scores d’UPSIcommunication prédisaient ceux d’UPGI chez l’ensemble des participants, ceux d’UPSIrecherche d’informations et jeux en ligne, ainsi que les symptômes dépressifs n’étaient significatifs que chez les femmes, les hommes et les jeunes adultes, et l’UPSIconsommation de vidéo/musique et le temps passé en ligne uniquement chez les femmes et les jeunes adultes. / Internet addiction has been the subject of numerous studies worldwide, during the last twenty years. Yet, no consensus on its definition or diagnosis criteria has been admitted, which therefore is triggering numerous debates. The present research aims to study the conceptualization of Internet addiction mainly through its assessment tools, and to fill in the lack of empirical data among French samples.Study 1 - Aim: To assess the measurement tools for Internet addiction and their psychometric properties. Results: Forty-five tools assessing Internet addiction were identified, of which only seventeen had been evaluated more than once in terms of their psychometric properties. Most of the existing scales for Internet addiction require further validation work. Despite criticism, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) appears to be the scale with the most empirical support. However, numerous promising scales warrant further examination.Study 2 - Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Online Cognition Scale (OCS). Results: Confirmatory factorial analyses showed that the 4-factor solution did not demonstrate satisfactory fit but the 5-factor model was found to better fit the data. Our results revealed that the scale scores demonstrated excellent internal consistency and satisfying inter-item correlation and test-retest reliability. The OCS was significantly correlated with the IAT, time spent online and depressive symptoms at both time points.Study 3 - Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale-2 and the relevance of the Generalized Problematic Internet Use (GPIU) model among French users. Results: Path analysis provided support for this conceptual model of problematic Internet use, and a good fit to the data. The psychometric properties of the French version of the GPIUS-2 were satisfying, including reliability, concurrent and convergent validities, suggesting the usefulness of this multidimensional tool.Study 4 - Aim: To explore the relationship between GPIU and Specific Problematic Internet Uses (SPIU) Results: Our analysis revealed significant relationships between GPIU, psychopathological symptoms and most of SPIU, with many differences according to gender and age. SPIUcommunication scores significantly predict GPIU scores among the whole sample, whereas SPIUinformation seeking and gaming, and depressive symptoms were only significant among women, men and young adults, and SPIUconsumption of video/music and time spent online, among women and young adults.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Columbia International University, 2007. / "December, 2007." Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-169).

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-17T18:31:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2476717 bytes, checksum: eca979f56844d0c2a0773a9967188076 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-06-20T12:56:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2476717 bytes, checksum: eca979f56844d0c2a0773a9967188076 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-06-20T12:56:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2476717 bytes, checksum: eca979f56844d0c2a0773a9967188076 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T12:57:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2476717 bytes, checksum: eca979f56844d0c2a0773a9967188076 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / The purpose of this thesis dissertation was to study how skills, attitudes and sociodemographic conditions contribute do Internet use. In order to do that, we conducted three specific studies. First (chapter 2) we explored the relationship among gender, age, education and Internet use (level, types and non-use). Through a literature review and secondary data provided by the Information and Communication Technology Research Institute (CETIC.br) it was possible to: (a) verify that these sociodemografic conditions represent an incomplete source to understand Internet use; and (b) identify the necessity of studying cognition factors (in particular, skills and attitudes). In the second study (chapter 3), we tried to understand how these two factor are defined, measured and relate to sociodemographic conditions studied. Through two mapping studies it was possible to: (a) identify two main frameworks (operational, formal, information and strategic skills; terminological knowledge) that guide Internet skills research, and that although they have the objective of studying the same concept, they possess characteristics, sophistication and distinct range; (b) systemize the attitudinal concept in two dimensions (cognition and affection) as a start point to refine and deep understand of its role on Internet effective use (for now on strategic skills); and (c) establish three propositions to further verification. In the third study (chapter 4), we explored the relationship among gender, age, education, Internet skills and attitudes. Through primary data, first we adapted and validated scales to measure the constructs. Then, by estimating linear regression models (parametric and non-parametrics) it was possible to verify that information skills and perceived appreciation (curiosity, interest and satisfaction) were the main predictor of strategic skills. Taking together the results of the three studies conducted, they contributed to reach the proposed objective and develop the thesis argument. That is, through a multidisciplinary, integrated and emergent approach we verified that attitudes and skills are intricate elements to understand internet use. / O objetivo desta tese foi estudar como habilidades, atitudes e condições sociodemográficas contribuem para o uso da Internet. Para isso, segmentamos o trabalho em três estudos específicos. No primeiro (capítulo 2), exploramos o relacionamento entre gênero, idade, escolaridade e uso da Internet (nível, tipos e não-uso). Por meio de revisão de literatura e dados secundários disponibilizados pelo Centro de Estudos sobre as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (CETIC.br) foi possível: (a) verificar que esses aspectos sociodemográficos representam fonte incompleta para entendimento do uso da Internet; e (b) identificar a necessidade de avançar no estudo de aspectos de ordem cognitiva (em particular habilidades e atitudes). No segundo estudo (capítulo 3), buscamos compreender como esses dois fatores são definidos, medidos e se relacionam com as condições sociodemográficas em estudo. Por meio de dois mapeamentos sistemáticos da literatura foi possível: (a) identificar duas vertentes principais (habilidades operacionais, formais, informacionais e estratégicas; e conhecimentos terminológicos) para estudo de habilidades, que, embora trabalhem o mesmo conceito, possuem características, refinamento e alcance distinto; (b) sistematizar o conceito de atitudes em relação à Internet de forma bidimensional (cognição e afeição) como ponto de partida para refinamento, aprofundamento e estudo do seu papel no processo de efetividade de uso da Internet (doravante habilidades estratégicas); e (c) estabelecer três proposições para verificação empírica subsequente. No terceiro estudo (capítulo 4), exploramos o relacionamento entre gênero, idade, nível de escolaridade, habilidades e atitudes. Utilizando-se de dados primários, inicialmente, adaptamos e validamos escalas para mensuração dos construtos. Em seguida, por meio da estimação de modelos de regressão linear (paramétrico e não-paramétricos) foi possível verificar que habilidades informacionais e percepções de apreciação (curiosidade, interesse e satisfação) constituíram os principais fatores de influência em relação a habilidades estratégicas. Em conjunto, as evidências obtidas por meio dos estudos específicos contribuíram para alcance do objetivo proposto e desenvolvimento do argumento de tese. Isto é, a partir de uma abordagem multidisciplinar, integrada e emergente foi possível evidenciar que atitudes e habilidades são elementos intricados para entendimento do uso da Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D. (Media Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / This study focuses on the use of the internet for students’ academic performance at institutions of higher learning. Various internet applications including search engines, online library resources and social media are evaluated to explore how best they can be used to enhance students’ performance at institutions of higher learning. This is critical to ensure that students maximise the use of technology specifically for academic purposes. Generally, students are constant users of the internet at institutions of higher learning, hence it is cardinal to examine their internet use patterns for academic purposes. Institutions of higher learning have invested in advanced technology through the internet to enhance student academic purposes. Therefore, one would expect students to use various internet applications effectively for the betterment of their studies. In this study, the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. The researcher also employed exploratory and descriptive designs. These methodologies and designs are appropriate for this study because they allow data to be collected through focus group interviews and questionnaires. Focus group interviews were employed to collect qualitative data and questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data. The researcher conducted six focus groups from three institutions of higher learning, namely the University of Limpopo, University of Venda and Tshwane University of Technology, Polokwane campus. Three hundred and forty-three (343) questionnaires were analysed for this study. These data collection tools were pertinent for this study since they assist to determine factors that influence the attitudes, opinions and behavior of the participants. Online library resources play a cardinal role in enhancing the learning process for students by providing online content which could have been difficult to access without the internet. Social media improve and enhance students’ academic performance, but students do not know how best to use it for academic purposes. Proper integration of social media into education is needed. In contrast, students prefer to use social media purely for socialising and entertainment. Despite their ability to assist students in enhancing and improving learning process, social media are, mostly not used for academic purposes. xiv Additionally, students’ use of internet search engines exposes them to an array of information which require critical online information literacy in order to choose the best information. Lastly, the study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by creating a model which will enhance and assist students to easily access academic information through the use of a mobile application. The study also provides significant information which could be used to amend and draft new ICT policies within institutions of higher learning, taking into consideration the adoption of online learning through the use various technologies including social media. / The National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS)