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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
451

Avaliação dos efeitos imunomoduladores de estatinas e glicocorticoides na terapêutica  da colite experimental / Evaluation of the immune modulatory effects of statins and glucocorticoids in experimental colitis

Paulo José Basso 20 August 2015 (has links)
A Doença de Crohn (CD) e a Colite Ulcerativa (UC) são as principais enfermidades componentes das Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais (DII). Embora existam vários medicamentos atualmente empregados para atenuar a inflamação descontrolada no intestino, tratar as complicações ou prolongar os períodos de remissão clínica, não há, ainda, uma terapia que seja totalmente efetiva para estas doenças. Os glicocorticoides (GCs), anti-inflamatórios comumente usados nas DII, possuem eficácia limitada e mais da metade dos pacientes se tornam refratários ou dependentes da medicação. Por outro lado, as estatinas são conhecidas por possuírem propriedades pleiotrópicas e seu uso concomitante com os GCs tem gerado boas perspectivas em várias doenças autoimunes e inflamatórias, inclusive nas DII. Apesar de já existirem indicativos de melhora de pacientes com DII pela utilização combinada destas drogas, ainda há escassez de dados que mostrem as alterações causadas no sistema imunológico. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos imunomoduladores do uso concomitante de GCs e estatinas na colite experimental induzida por dextran sulfato de sódio (DSS) em camundongos C57BL/6. Os resultados mostraram que o uso contínuo de GCs (dexametasona - DX), associados ou não a estatinas (atorvastatina - ATO), não alterou o curso da doença e antecipou a morte dos camundongos, enquanto que o oposto foi observado com o uso isolado de ATO. Tratamentos em curto prazo (3 doses) contendo ATO (isolada ou associada à DX) causaram melhora clínica e histológica dos animais doentes, diminuíram o número de leucócitos circulantes (principalmente monócitos) e de células mononucleares na lâmina própria (LP), a frequência de células CD11b+ na LP, a frequência de células dendríticas (DCs) CD11b+CD11c+ e CD11b-CD11c+ no baço e a frequência de células CD4+ produtoras de IFN- nos linfonodos mesentéricos (LNM). Entretanto, ambos os esquemas terapêuticos aumentaram a frequência de linfócitos T CD8+ no baço e LNM. Ainda, as terapias inibiram a proliferação de esplenócitos tratados in vitro, diminuíram a síntese de IL-6 e, quando em baixas concentrações, aumentaram a produção de IL-10. Diferencialmente, o tratamento combinado pareceu exercer os efeitos acima descritos de modo mais pronunciado do que o uso isolado de estatina. Adicionalmente, diminuiu os níveis de expressão de RNAm das citocinas IL-1, IL-17 e IFN- no local da inflamação, reduziu o número de linfócitos circulantes, de leucócitos no baço e LNM e de linfócitos T CD4+ nos LNM, além de ter aumentado a frequência de DCs CD11b-CD11c+ na LP e a concentração de Fas-L no intestino grosso. Considerando o uso em curto prazo com ATO isolada, foi observado aumento da frequência de DCs CD11b-CD11c+ nos LNM e de células Natural killer (NK) no baço dos camundongos doentes e diminuição dos níveis de expressão de RNAm de PPAR- no intestino grosso. O uso isolado de DX em curto prazo melhorou os aspectos histológicos, diminuiu o número de macrófagos e os níveis de IFN- no cólon, diminuiu o número de leucócitos circulantes (principalmente linfócitos), aumentou a frequência de células CD11b+ no baço e a síntese de IL-10 por esplenócitos ex vivo. Apesar da frequência de células T reguladoras (Treg) e da susceptibilidade dos esplenócitos à sinais reguladores não terem sido modificados após os diferentes tratamentos, nossos resultados sugerem que as estatinas usadas isoladamente preservaram a resposta inflamatória do organismo de modo eficiente e controlado, enquanto que o uso associado das drogas causou a imunossupressão dos animais doentes, contribuindo para as complicações clínicas decorrentes da colite experimental induzida por DSS. / Crohn\'s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) are the main conditions that comprise the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). The conventional drug therapies for IBD aim to attenuate the uncontrolled inflammation in the intestinal mucosa, to treat the complications and to extend clinical remission. However, all available drugs have unpredictable or limited effects. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly anti-inflammatory drugs, which are associated to refractoriness and/or dependence in over half of IBD patients. On the other hand, statins have pleiotropic properties and the concomitant use with GCs has shown good prospects in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including IBD. Despite the putative clinical improvement after combined use of GCs and statins in IBD, there is a lack of data indicating their additive effects on the immune system. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the immune modulatory effects of the concomitant use of statins and GCs in experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The results showed that long-term use of GCs (dexamethasone - DX), alone or associated to statins (atorvastatin - ATO), did not improve the clinical signs and increased the death rates of C57BL/6 mice exposed to DSS, while the opposite was observed after treatment with statins alone. Short-term use of ATO (3 doses), alone or associated to DX, improved the clinical signs and histological parameters in DSS-exposed mice, decreased the number of white blood cells (mainly monocytes), the number of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria (LP), the frequency of CD11b+ cells in the LP, the frequency of CD11b+CD11c+ and CD11b-CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) in the spleen and the frequency of IFN--producing CD4+ T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). However, ATO alone or associated to DX lead to increased CD8+ T lymphocytes in the spleen and MLN. Moreover, both therapies containing ATO inhibited the proliferation of in vitro-treated splenocytes, besides decreasing IL-6 and increasing IL-10 synthesis. Differentially, the association of drugs led to a more pronounced effects over the changes mentioned above than the single use of statin and additionally decreased IL-1, IL-17 and IFN- mRNA expression levels at the intestinal tissue, the number of circulating lymphocytes, the number of leukocytes in spleen and MLN and the frequency of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the MLN. In addition, statins and GCs increased the frequency of CD11b-CD11c+ DCs in LP and the Fas-L concentrations in the large intestine. Considering the short-term use of ATO there was increased frequency of CD11b-CD11c+ DCs in MLN, increased frequency of natural killer (NK) cells in the spleen and decreased mRNA expression of PPAR- in the large intestine. The short-term use of DX improved the histology parameters, decreased the number of macrophages and IFN- levels in the colon, reduced the number of circulating leukocytes (mainly lymphocytes), and increased the frequency of CD11b+ cells in spleen and IL-10 synthesis by ex vivo splenocytes. Finally, since both regulatory T cells (Treg) frequency and the splenocytes susceptibility to regulatory signals have not been modified after the different treatments, our findings suggest that single use of statins preserved an efficient and controlled inflammatory response, while the combined use of GCs and statins led to immunosuppression, which probably contributed to long-term clinical complications of DSS-induced colitis.
452

Aconselhamento nutricional em idosos com constipação intestinal funcional: efeitos de ensaio clínico aleatorizado / Elderly's nutritional counseling with functional bowel constipation: causes of randomized clinic trial

Marcia Maria Hernandes de Abreu de Oliveira Salgueiro 21 February 2008 (has links)
Introdução: Os idosos representam um segmento demográfico crescente tanto nos países desenvolvidos como nos em desenvolvimento. A constipação intestinal é um sintoma relatado por 24 a 40% desses indivíduos, afetando 26% dos homens e 34% das mulheres. O consumo de uma dieta rica em fibras alimentares e líquidos ajuda na diminuição das queixas relacionadas à constipação intestinal funcional. Os idosos necessitam de atenção especial com intervenções dietéticas diferenciadas por meio de ações educativas específicas. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do aconselhamento nutricional centrado no cliente, em idosos com constipação intestinal funcional matriculados em ambulatório geriátrico. Métodos: O estudo foi experimental do tipo ensaio clínico aleatorizado realizado entre abril de 2002 e novembro de 2003. Os idosos foram alocados em grupo intervenção (n=19) e controle (n=21) e os dois grupos participaram de sete consultas mensais. O aconselhamento nutricional centrado no cliente foi o modelo educativo adotado nas consultas com o grupo intervenção. Esse modelo considera a educação como o processo de ensino, treinamento e facilitação, que permite a troca de informações entre o educador e o educando, por meio de uma linguagem entendível, dentro de um ambiente que conduz ao aprendizado. As variáveis analisadas foram: Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), prática de atividade física, consumo alimentar (energia, carboidratos, lipídios, grupo das frutas, das leguminosas, ingestão de líquidos, grupo dos cereais, consumo de fibras alimentares), uso de medicamentos total e laxante e as queixas que caracterizam a constipação intestinal funcional. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelo recordatório de 24 horas em medidas caseiras e a atividade física pelo Questionário de Baecke. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Variância de Medidas Repetidas (paramétrica ou não paramétrica) e método de Bonferroni. O nível de significância adotado para os testes foi de 5%. Resultados: Os idosos mais jovens do grupo controle eram mais pesados que os mais velhos desde o início do acompanhamento (p=0,001) e os dois grupos não alteraram a prática de atividade física. O grupo intervenção aumentou o consumo de líquidos a partir da quarta consulta até o final do seguimento quando comparado à entrevista inicial (p=0,031) e, no que se refere à ingestão de leguminosas, observou-se aumento no consumo na quarta (p=0,028) e sexta (p=0,042) consultas na comparação intergrupos. Em relação ao uso de medicamentos total, tanto o grupo controle quanto o grupo intervenção não modificaram seu consumo (p=0,650), por outro lado, o grupo controle consumiu mais laxantes durante o acompanhamento quando comparado ao grupo intervenção (p=0,018). Os dois grupos apresentaram redução das queixas que caracterizam a constipação intestinal funcional durante o seguimento. Conclusões: Os resultados desse estudo indicam que o aconselhamento centrado no cliente é eficaz como uma abordagem educativa para a mudança de comportamento alimentar e conseqüente diminuição das queixas intestinais que caracterizam a constipação intestinal funcional. / Introduction: The elderly represent a growing demographic line not only in the developed countries but also the ones in developing. The bowel constipation is a related symptom for 24 to 40% of those persons, affecting 26% men e 34% women. The consumption of diet full in dietary fibers and liquids helps on decreasing of claims related to functional intestinal constipation. The elderly need to a special attention with diversified dietetics intervention through specific educated actions. Objective: Analyze the effects of client-centered nutritional counseling, in elderly with functional bowel constipation enrolled in geriatric ambulatory. Methods: The studying was experimental as a randomized clinic trial carried out between April 2002 and November 2003. Elderly were assigned in intervention group (n=19) and control (n=21) and both groups participated of seven consults, one per month. The client-centered nutritional counseling was the educating model adopted in consults with the intervention group. That model takes into account the education as the process of teaching, training and make it easy, that allows the changing of information between the educator and the student through understanding language inside of a place that lead to learning. The variables analyzed were: Body Mass Index (BMI), practice of physical activity, food intake (energy, carbohydrate, lipids, group of fruits, group of leguminous, ingestion of liquids, group of cereals, intake of dietary fibers), using of total drugs and laxatives and the claims that characterizes the functional bowel constipation. The food intake was evaluated with 24 hours recall on household measures and the physical activity by Baecke Questionnaire. The data were examined critically through Analyses of Variance With Repeated Measures (parametric and non-parametric) and Bonferroni's method. The significance level adopted to the tests was 5%. Results: The youngest elderly of control group were heavier than the oldest since the beginning of accompanying (p=0,001) and both group didn't change the practicing of physical activity. The intervention group increased the consumption of liquids since of fourth consult up the ending of segment when compared with initial interview (p=0,031) and, in what refers to ingestion of leguminous, it was observed an increasing in consumption in forth (p=0,028) and sixth (p=0,042) consults in the comparing between the groups. Relating the using of total drugs, not only the control group but also intervention group didn't change their consumption (p=0,650), on the other hand, the control group consumed more laxatives during the accompanying when compared to intervention group (p=0,018). Both groups presented reduction of claims that characteristic the functional bowel constipation during the segment. Conclusions: The results of that studying indicate that the client-centered counseling is efficient as an educative approach to the changing of alimentary behavior and consequent reduction of intestinal claims that characterize the functional bowel constipation.
453

Avaliação comparativa do resistoma clínico fecal em individuos eutróficos, com sobrepeso e obesos

Sarmiento, Marjorie Raquel Anariba 20 January 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-26T11:00:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marjorieraquelanaribasarmiento.pdf: 1120912 bytes, checksum: 6a8973bd4e76f20aac92a1cf055a09e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-05-02T00:49:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marjorieraquelanaribasarmiento.pdf: 1120912 bytes, checksum: 6a8973bd4e76f20aac92a1cf055a09e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T00:49:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marjorieraquelanaribasarmiento.pdf: 1120912 bytes, checksum: 6a8973bd4e76f20aac92a1cf055a09e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A obesidade é uma doença de grande impacto para saúde pública e está relacionada com alterações na fisiologia, com reflexo no intestino, sobretudo do ponto de vista ecológico. Nestas condições, alterações na estrutura da comunidade microbiana podem ocorrer, mas pouco se sabe sobre suas implicações no fenômeno da resistência aos antimicrobianos, que atualmente figura como uma grande ameaça à medicina moderna. É aceito que a microbiota intestinal atue como reservatório de genes de resistência. Por outro lado, a exposição a diferentes xenobióticos pode alterar a composição da microbiota e atuar como agente de pressão seletiva no intestino, selecionando bactérias resistentes. Considerando as alterações no estilo de vida, dieta e microbiota que acontecem em pacientes com excesso de peso, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a ocorrência de marcadores genéticos representativos do resistoma clínico no metagenoma intestinal de indivíduos eutróficos, com sobrepeso e obesos, sem história de antibioticoterapia recente. Foram avaliados 72 pacientes classificados em eutróficos, com sobrepeso e obesos, de acordo com o IMC. Medidas antropométricas, avaliação sócio-demográfica e nutricional dos pacientes foi realizada. Reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) convencional a partir do DNA metagenômico fecal extraído foi utilizada para avaliar a presença de 59 genes de resistência pertencentes a diferentes famílias de antibióticos. A densidade de diferentes grupos bacterianos foi avaliada por hibridização fluorescente in situ (FISH). Do total de genes pesquisados, foram detectados 27 tipos de genes, dos quais 17 genes de resistência são compartilhados entre os três grupos (eutróficos, com sobrepeso e obeso), o que indica a presença de um núcleo comum no resistoma formado principalmente por genes de resistência a tetraciclinas e beta-lactâmicos. Além disso, o grupo com obesidade que apresentou maior quantidade de genes detectados e variedade de genes (176:26), em comparação com o grupo sobrepeso (145:21) e o grupo eutrófico (132:0). A análise da densidade bacteriana mostrou principalmente a presença de bastonetes Gram negativos anaeróbios, seguido por bastonetes Gram negativos e cocos Gram positivos, os quais estiveram aumentados no grupo obeso, especialmente para Escherichia coli e Acinetobacter. Foi calculada a proporção de genes de resistência em comparação com as espécies bacterianas, mostrando uma maior probabilidade do surgimento de genes de resistência para o grupo dos bastonetes Gram negativos. Foi realizado o análise de correlação (Odds Ratio) entre os genes de resistência o IMC, ingesta calórica, consumo de xenobióticos, e uso de edulcorantes, e uma correlaçao positiva entre o surgimento dos genes de resistência e esses fatores foi observada. Os resultados sugerem que fatores relacionados ao excesso de peso como o IMC, dieta e a exposição a diferentes xenobióticos afetam a composição da microbiota intestinal, permitindo uma maior probabilidade da ocorrência de marcadores genéticos de resistência a drogas antimicrobianas no metagenoma fecal. / Obesity is a disease of great impact to public health and is related to changes in physiology, reflected in the gut, especially from an ecological point of view. Under these conditions, changes in microbial community structure may occur, but little is known about its implications in the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon, which currently ranks as a major threat to modern medicine. It is accepted that the intestinal microbiota acts as resistance genes reservoir. Moreover, exposure to different xenobiotics can change the composition of the microbiota and act as an agent of selective pressure in the intestine selecting resistant bacteria. Considering the changes in lifestyle, diet and microbiota that happen in overweight patients, the objective of this research was to evaluate the occurrence of genetic markers representative of the clinical resistoma in the gut metagenome of normal weight, overweight and obese individuals, with no history of recent antibiotic therapy. 72 patients were evaluated and classified as normal weight, overweight and obese according to BMI. Also, anthropometric, sociodemographic and nutrition evaluation of patients was performed. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the fecal metagenomic DNA extracted was used to assess the presence of 59 resistance genes belonging to different families of antibiotics. The density of different bacterial groups was assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Of the total surveyed genes were detected 27 types of genes, of which 17 resistance genes are shared among the three groups (normal weight, overweight and obese), which indicates the presence of a common core in resistoma mainly made up of genes that confere resistance to tetracyclines and beta-lactams. Moreover, the obese group presents the highest amount of detected genes and variety of genes (176:26), compared to the overweight (145:21) and eutrophic group (132:0). The bacterial density analysis showed mainly the presence of Gram negative anaerobes, followed by Gram negative rods and Gram positive cocci, which were increased in the obese group, particularly Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii. Also, was calculated the ratio of resistance genes in comparison with the bacterial species showing more likely the emergence of resistance genes for the group of Gram negative rods. We performed the correlation analysis (odds ratio) between resistance genes BMI, caloric intake, consumption of xenobiotics, and use of sweeteners, and a positive correlation between the emergence of resistance genes and these factors was observed. The results suggest that factors related to overweight as BMI, diet and exposure to different xenobiotics affect the composition of the intestinal tract, allowing for a greater likelihood of genetic markers of antimicrobial drug resistance in fecal metagenome.
454

Diversidade bacteriana intestinal e parâmetros nutricionais de indivíduos obesos, com sobrepeso e eutróficos

Paula, Thaís Oliveira de 14 March 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T20:11:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thaisoliveiradepaula.pdf: 2273561 bytes, checksum: 4f5aa492b38202c3543127af1e67af1e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-07T15:46:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thaisoliveiradepaula.pdf: 2273561 bytes, checksum: 4f5aa492b38202c3543127af1e67af1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T15:46:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thaisoliveiradepaula.pdf: 2273561 bytes, checksum: 4f5aa492b38202c3543127af1e67af1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A obesidade nos dias atuais é considerada uma pandemia, acometendo pessoas de todas as idades, sexo e raça. É uma doença que cursa com um estado inflamatório crônico de baixo grau, de causa multifatorial, associada a complicações metabólicas de alta morbimortalidade que geram elevados custos ao sistema de saúde. A microbiota intestinal possui grande importância no desenvolvimento da função intestinal. Estudos recentes têm associados à microbiota intestina humana ao desenvolvimento e manutenção da obesidade envolvendo vários mecanismos distintos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a diversidade bacteriana no ecossistema intestinal de indivíduos obesos, com sobrepeso e eutróficos e correlacionar o perfil microbiano com o perfil nutricional e bioquímico destes pacientes. Foram avaliados 72 indivíduos classificados em eutróficos (n=24), com sobrepeso (n=24) e obesos (n=24), de acordo com o IMC. Medidas antropométricas, avaliação sociodemográfica e nutricional dos pacientes foram realizadas. Dos 72 indivíduos amostrados 63,9% pertence ao sexo feminino e 36,1% ao masculino, com uma média de idade de 39,6 anos, representativo de indivíduos adultos. A densidade de diferentes grupos bacterianos foi avaliada por hibridização fluorescente in situ (FISH) e análises de fingerprint foram realizadas pelo método de PCR-Eletroforese em Gel com Gradiente Desnaturante (DGGE) utilizando os iniciadores para o domínio Bactéria. Os resultados da FISH mostraram uma densidade relativa menor no grupo de obesos, comparado aos eutróficos, na maioria dos grupos bacterianos estudados, porém a razão Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes encontra-se aumentada nos obesos em relação aos eutróficos. A MIH dos indivíduos com sobrepeso mostrou estar em um processo de transição, indo ao encontro à microbiota de pessoas obesas. A análise de PCR-DGGE mostrou uma maior similaridade da MIH entre os grupos com sobrepeso e obeso. Indivíduos do mesmo grupo tenderam a se agrupar mais próximo, mesmo em clusters diferentes. As análises de correlação (spearman) entre os grupos bacterianos e paramêtros bioquímicos e antropométricos dos indivíduos mostrou uma correlação negativa moderada entre colesterol total e colesterol LDL e alguns grupos bacterianos, porém essa correlação só foi percebida no grupo de eutróficos, sugerindo que a MIH se comporta de maneira diferente dependendo do tipo de ambiente intestinal. A análise de correlação (odds ratio) entre razão Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes alterada (razão >1), com os índices IMC (>25), glicose (>100 mg/dL) e colesterol séricos (>200 mg/dL) mostraram uma correlação positiva, sugerindo que esses fatores que estão fortemente associados ao processo de obesidade, podem afetar a composição da MIH, de maneira a propiciar um ambiente que privilegie um aumento de Firmicutes. / Nowadays obesity is considered a pandemic, affecting people of all ages, gender and ethnicity. It is a chronic disease that leads to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, with multifactorial cause, associated with metabolic complications with high morbimortality which generates high costs to the health care system. There is a great importance related to the gut microbiota and its functional development. Recent studies have associated gut microbiota to obesity development and maintenance, involving different mechanisms. This study objective was to evaluate the bacterial diversity in gut ecosystem between obese, overweight and eutrophic people, besides correlating microbial profile and nutricional-biochemical profile in each patient. 72 patients have been evaluated and classified as eutrophic (n=24), overweight (n=24) or obese (n=24) according to BMI. Anthropometric measurements, socio-demographic and nutricional evaluation have been carried out. . From these 72 patients 63% are female and 36,1% male, with a mean age of 39,61 years, representative of adults individuals. The density of different bacterial groups has been evaluated using Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and Fingerprint Analyze have been made with PCR- Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) using initiators to the domain Bacteria. Though the results from FISH showed that the ratio Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes is greater in obeses than eutrophics, they showed a reduced relative density in obese. The overweights gut microbiota is still at the process of transition to meet obese people’s microbiota. PCR-DGGE Analysis showed more similarity of Human Gut Microbiota(HGM) between the groups with overweight and obese, and who is in the same group tends to group together next to, even on different clusters. Correlation analysis (spearman) between bacterial groups and Anthropometric-Biochemical from these individuals showed a moderate negative correlation between total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and some bacterial groups, but this correlation was just realized in eutrophic group, suggesting the HGM behas in a different way according to intestinal environment. Correlation analysis (odds ratio) between ratio Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes changed (ratio>1), with the BMI index (>25), glucose (>100 mg/dL) and serum cholesterol (>200 mg/dL) showed a positive correlation suggesting that these factors, which are related with the obese process, can affect the composition of Human Gut Microbiota, increasing positively Firmicutis.
455

Onicomicoses em pacientes com doenças inflamatórias intestinais: prevalência e fatores de risco

Gaburri, Débora 28 September 2007 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-24T14:09:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 deboragaburri.pdf: 395486 bytes, checksum: c8e82a348e86db1af2b14e68de58fe53 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-09T13:36:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 deboragaburri.pdf: 395486 bytes, checksum: c8e82a348e86db1af2b14e68de58fe53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T13:36:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 deboragaburri.pdf: 395486 bytes, checksum: c8e82a348e86db1af2b14e68de58fe53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-28 / As doenças inflamatórias intestinais (Dll) são representadas por duas principais entidades, a retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica (RCUI) e a doença de Crohn. Admite-se que fatores ambientais e distúrbios imunológicos associados à predisposição genética sejam a base do aparecimento das Dll. Os imunomoduladores têm se mostrado úteis no tratamento de pacientes que se tomam dependentes ou se mostram refratários aos esteróides. As onicomicoses compreendem infecções fúngicas crônicas do aparelho ungueal. Os principais fungos responsáveis por esta infecção incluem dermatófitos, leveduras e fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos. A onicomicose pode se desenvolver como conseqüência de imunossupressão. Tendo em vista os distúrbios imunológicos documentados nas DII, aliado ao uso freqüente de imunossupressores no tratamento destes doentes, nós conjecturamos que os pacientes com DII sejam mais susceptíveis a estas infecções ungueais. Nenhum estudo, até presente momento, examinou a prevalência das onicomicoses nos pacientes portadores de DII. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência e identificar os possíveis fatores de risco para as onicomicoses nos pacientes com DII. Material e Métodos: Estudo caso-controle longitudinal realizado a partir de exames micológico direto e cultura para fungos. Foram registrados dados sócio-demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais de todos os pacientes. Amostras ungueais suspeitas foram coletadas durante 15 meses em 141 pacientes com DII (61 homens e 80 mulheres) e de um grupo controle de 100 pacientes sem DII (41 homens e 59 mulheres). Exames micológico direto e cultura para fungos foram realizadas em cada unha suspeita para diagnóstico diferencial das onicomicoses com demais onicodistrofias. A análise estatística foi realizada através dos testes do qui-quadrado e t de Student, considerando-se como diferença significativa o valor de p<0,05. Este estudo foi submetido à apreciação e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa Humana da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Resultados: Os 141 pacientes com DII incluíram 61 (43,3%) homens e 80 (56,7%) mulheres com média de idade 40 ±13 anos. O grupo controle incluiu 100 pacientes com média de idade of 45,7 ±11 anos sendo 41 (41%) homens e 59 (59%) mulheres. A média de idade do grupo controle foi significantemente superior ao grupo com DII (45,7 ± 11,5 vs. 40 ± 13,1 respectivamente, P= 0,001). Por outro lado, os pacientes com DII eram mais freqüentemente de zona rural que os controles (P= 0,003). As demais variáveis sócio-demográficas foram similares em ambos os grupos. Em comparação aos controles, os pacientes com DII possuíram uma maior proporção de onicomicoses (16,3% vs. 6%, respectivamente, P <0,05). Os fatores de risco predisponentes nos pacientes com DII para onicomicose foram maior idade (P =0,02) e menor contagem de leucócitos durante o tratamento com azatioprina (AZA) (P=0,04). Quando consideramos os patógenos de maior prevalência, os dermatófitos (76,2%) predominaram amplamente sobre leveduras (19%) e fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos. Conclusões: A prevalência das onicomicoses nos pacientes com DII foi relativamente alta (16.3%). Os fatores de risco associados com infecções ungueais incluíram, idade mais avançada e menores níveis de leucócitos durante terapia com AZA. Desta forma, DII deve ser incluída nos fatores de risco predisponentes para onicomciose. / -
456

Comorbidade obesidade-tuberculose: influência no sistema imune e na microbiota intestinal

Vieira, Werner Vieira 13 April 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-07-16T10:54:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 wernervieiravieira.pdf: 1818667 bytes, checksum: 0f98b1d90ebb147a1e61c2d9e940ea8b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:16:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wernervieiravieira.pdf: 1818667 bytes, checksum: 0f98b1d90ebb147a1e61c2d9e940ea8b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:16:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wernervieiravieira.pdf: 1818667 bytes, checksum: 0f98b1d90ebb147a1e61c2d9e940ea8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-13 / De acordo com a OMS, em 2014, 39% da população adulta mundial estava acima do peso e 13% foram diagnosticados com obesidade. A tuberculose (TB) é a segunda principal causa de morte por doenças infecciosas em todo o mundo. Estudos têm demonstrado que a obesidade ou o excesso de peso estão relacionados à diminuição do risco de desenvolver TB ativa. Além disso, demonstrou-se que as pessoas com alto índice de massa corporal têm níveis sistêmicos elevados da maioria das citocinas pró-inflamatórias e diminuição dos níveis de citocinas anti-inflamatórias. Além disso, tanto os humanos obesos quanto os camundongos têm uma composição microbiana que é significativamente diferente dos grupos eutróficos, considerados magros, e podem ser corresponsáveis pelo surgimento da obesidade. Reconhece-se agora que a microbiota intestinal mantém uma interação complexa e recíproca com o sistema imune do hospedeiro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar se a obesidade promove alterações fisiológicas em camundongos infectados com BCG, com foco nas mudanças da microbiota intestinal. Para isso foram utilizados camundongos C57/BL6 alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica ou padrão. Os camundongos foram infectados ou não com M. bovis BCG. Após 24, 48 ou 72h de infecção os camundongos foram eutanasiados em câmara de gás carbônico (CO2). As amostras fecais foram coletadas diariamente após a infecção para identificação da composição da estrutura microbiana intestinal. Um lavado pleural foi realizado e os leucócitos pleurais foram montados em laminas para análise de corpúsculos lipídicos (CL) e o sobrenadante desse lavado foi utilizado para análise das citocinas. Além disso, a porção final do intestino foi coletada para análise histológica. As gorduras retroperitoneal e perigonadal foram retiradas para pesagem. Após 16 semanas, os camundongos alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica apresentaram-se obesos. Nós avaliamos que a infecção induziu a biogênese de corpúsculos lipídicos em ambos os camundongos eutróficos ou obesos. Além disso, camundongos obesos 72hs pós-infecção mostraram um aumento significativo no número de corpúsculos lipídicos, quando comparado aos camundongos eutróficos. Além disso, observamos que a infecção induziu um aumento na síntese de KC e TNF-α, e a obesidade não conseguiu alterar esses níveis. Em relação a IL-10, notamos uma redução nos níveis de síntese nos camundongos obesos com 72hs de infecção quando comparados aos camundongos eutróficos. Além disso, demonstramos que os camundongos obesos apresentaram um perfil estrutural da microbiota intestinal diferente quando comparado aos eutróficos. Nos camundongos eutróficos, a infecção por M. bovis BCG modificou rapidamente a estrutura da comunidade microbiana, apresentando variações em 24, 48 e 72h. Observamos que a obesidade atrasou a mudança de estrutura da microbiota intestinal. Além disso, mudanças menores foram observadas com 24 e 48 horas após a infecção, no entanto, mudanças visíveis ocorreram após 72h de infecção. Além disso, um aumento da área de infiltrados inflamatórios intestinais em resposta a infecção foi observada no grupo obeso. Assim, sugerimos que a obesidade influencia o curso da infecção, modulando a biogênese de corpúsculos lipídicos, síntese de citocinas, infiltrados inflamatórios intestinais e composição estrutural de microbiota intestinal. Além disso, o possível efeito protetor da obesidade no desenvolvimento da tuberculose pode ocorrer de outras formas, pela resistência frente à mudança estrutural da microbiota intestinal e pela consequente estimulação do sistema imunológico. / Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide. According to WHO, by 2014, 39% of world's adult population were overweight and 13% were diagnosed with obesity. Studies have shown that obesity or overweight are related to a decreased risk of developing active TB. In addition, people with a high body mass index have been shown to have elevated systemic proinflammatory cytokine levels and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, both obese humans and mice have a microbial composition that is significantly different from eutrophic groups, considered lean, and may be co-responsible for the emergence of obesity. It is now recognized that the intestinal microbiota maintains a complex and reciprocal interaction with the host immune system. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate whether obesity promotes physiological changes in mice infected with BCG, focusing on changes in the intestinal microbiota. C57/BL6 mice fed a standard or hyperlipidic diets were used. Mice were infected or not with M. bovis BCG. After 24, 48 or 72h of infection the mice were euthanized in a carbon dioxide chamber (CO2). Fecal samples were collected daily after infection to identify the composition of the intestinal microbial structure. Pleural lavage was performed and pleural leukocytes were mounted on laminae for analysis of lipid bodies (LB) and the supernatant of this lavage was used for cytokine analysis. In addition, the final portion of the intestine was collected for histological analysis. Retroperitoneal and perigonadal fats were removed for weighing. After 16 weeks, the mice fed a hyperlipid diet were obese. We evaluated that the infection induced the biogenesis of lipidic corpuscles in both eutrophic and obese mice. Moreover, obese mice 72h after infection showed a significant increase in lipid bodies as compared to eutrophic mice. In addition, we observed that the infection induced an increase in the synthesis of KC and TNF-α, and obesity failed to change these levels. Regarding IL-10, we observed a reduction in the synthesis levels in obese mice with 72h of infection when compared to eutrophic mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that the obese mice presented a structural profile of the intestinal microbiota different when compared to the eutrophic In the eutrophic mice, M. bovis BCG infection rapidly modified the structure of the microbial community, showing variations in 24, 48 and 72 hours. We observed that obesity delayed the change in the structure of the intestinal microbiota. In addition, minor changes were observed at 24 and 48 hours post infection, however, visible changes occurred after 72h of infection. In addition, an increase in the area of inflammatory bowel infiltrates in response to infection was observed in the obese group. Thus, we suggest that obesity influences the course of infection by modulating biogenesis of lipid bodies, cytokine synthesis, intestinal inflammatory infiltrates and structural composition of intestinal microbiota. Moreover, the possible protective effect of obesity on the development of tuberculosis may occur in other ways, by resistance to the structural change of the intestinal microbiota and by the consequent stimulation of the immune system.
457

Characterization of Gut Butyrate Producers and Plasmidome in First-onset Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abujamel, Turki January 2016 (has links)
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a growing disorder with unknown etiology. However, increasing evidence strongly highlights the role of gut microbiota with possible involvement of microbial plasmidome in the inflammatory process. Although the composition of the gut microbiota has been extensively studied, important functional groups such as butyrate producers remain poorly characterized, particularly in pediatric IBD. Furthermore, evaluation of the gut plasmidome in healthy and IBD children is missing. In this study, we used molecular techniques involving quantitative PCR (qPCR) and next-generation sequencing of functional and 16S rRNA genes to analyze the level and composition of butyrate-producing microbes in mucosal washes collected from the right colon of healthy children and Crohn's disease (CD) patients during diagnostic colonoscopy. Also, we isolated and characterized the gut plasmidome from the right colon mucosal washes collected from pediatric non-IBD control, ulcerative colitis (UC), and CD subjects. Although no difference was observed in the total amount of butyrate producers that utilize the butyrate kinase (BUK) pathway for butyrate synthesis, butyrate producers that use the butyryl CoA:acetate CoA-transferase (BCoAT) pathway were decreased in CD patients with inflamed colon as compared to controls. This functional gene approach shows that pediatric CD is characterized by generalized decreased abundance of Eubacterium rectale and increased abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in patients with inflamed colon. Also, phylogenetic analysis highlighted 15 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) as potential novel butyrate producers, five of which were decreased in CD patients. Using 16S rRNA sequencing approach validated the functional gene results and showed decreased abundance of Coprococcus in CD patients with inflamed colon. Furthermore, non-IBD plasmidome has higher level of genes involved in butyrate synthesis and regulation of different cellular processes and stress response. On the other hand, IBD plasmidome is enriched with antibiotic resistance genes and phage elements, and pediatric CD plasmidome in particular has higher abundance of the adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase gene. Altogether, our study represents the first comprehensive description of gut butyrate producers and plasmidome of pediatric subjects that emphasize a characteristic dysbiosis of butyrate producers in pediatric CD and a potential link between the gut plasmidome and IBD pathogenesis.
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Rôle du peptidoglycane et du récepteur NOD2 dans les capacités immunorégulatrices des lactobacilles / Role of peptidoglycan and NOD2 receptor in the immunoregulatory capacities of lactobacilli

Macho Fernandez, Elise 04 May 2011 (has links)
D’étiologie inconnue, les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin, telles que la maladie de Crohn ou la rectocolite hémorragique, semblent résulter d’une réaction immunitaire inappropriée vis-à-vis de la flore commensale chez des individus génétiquement prédisposés. De ce fait, la modulation du microbiote par des probiotiques, majoritairement des bactéries lactiques commensales (lactobacilles et bifidobactéries), représente une alternative thérapeutique intéressante et a déjà conduit à un certain nombre d’essais cliniques concluants. Cependant, les effets thérapeutiques des bactéries probiotiques se sont avérés spécifiques de la souche utilisée et les mécanismes d’action de ces micro-organismes restent encore méconnus. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle du peptidoglycane et de la voie de signalisation NOD2 dans les capacités anti-inflammatoires de certains lactobacilles probiotiques. Dans un modèle murin de colite expérimentale mimant la pathologie humaine, nous avons tout d’abord montré que les capacités protectrices de la souche anti-inflammatoire Lactobacillus salivarius Ls33 nécessitent la présence du récepteur NOD2. Ce récepteur reconnaissant les produits de dégradation du peptidoglycane, nous avons préparé du peptidoglycane hautement purifié de la souche Ls33 et montré que l’administration de ce composant, par voie intrapéritonéale ou orale, protège les souris de la colite expérimentale. Nous avons également mis en évidence que l’effet protecteur du peptidoglycane de Ls33 implique la production d’IL-10, la voie immunosuppressive de l’indoleamine 2,3-dioxygénase et le développement, au sein des ganglions mésentériques, de cellules dendritiques régulatrices CD103+ et de cellules T régulatrices CD4+FoxP3+. Nous avons montré que le peptidoglycane de Ls33 favorise, in vitro, la différentiation de cellules dendritiques naïves en cellules dendritiques productrices d’IL-10, capables de protéger, après transfert adoptif, les souris de la colite de façon NOD2-dépendante. Les capacités protectrices n’ayant pas été obtenues avec le peptidoglycane de la souche non anti-inflammatoire L. acidophilus NCFM, nous avons ensuite réalisé une analyse structurale des deux peptidoglycanes. Alors que les deux souches arborent le muropeptide M-tri-Lys-D-Asn, nous avons identifié un muropeptide additionnel libéré uniquement par Ls33, le M-tri-Lys. Bien que les deux muropeptides synthétiques activent NOD2 in vitro, seule l’administration systémique du M-tri-Lys protège les souris de la colite. Cette protection est dépendante du récepteur NOD2 mais ne nécessite pas la présence de l’adaptateur principal des récepteurs de type Toll ou TLR, MyD88. En conclusion, nos résultats indiquent que le peptidoglycane et certains de ses dérivés sont des composants actifs dans la fonctionnalité des lactobacilles probiotiques et représentent une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique pour le traitement des maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin. / N genetically susceptible individuals, an inappropriate mucosal immune responseagainst the intestinal microbiota appears to be the principal mechanism leading to thepathogenesis of (including Crohn’s disease and ulcerativecolitis). Therefore, modulation of the luminal contents with probiotics, mainly represented bycommensal lactic acid bacteria (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria), represents an attractivetherapeutic alternative and has already led to successful clinical trials. However, theprotective effect of probiotic bacteria clearly depends on the strains used and the precisemechanisms of action of these microorganisms are still unknown.In this study, we investigated the role of peptidoglycan and NOD2 signalling in the antiinflammatorycapacity of selected probiotic lactobacilli.In a mouse model of experimental colitis mimicking human pathology, we first showedthat the protective capacity of the anti-inflammatory strain Lactobacillus salivarius Ls33require NOD2 signalling. Since this receptor senses peptidoglycan degradation products, weprepared highly purified peptidoglycan from Ls33 and showed that systemic as well as oraladministration of this component was able to rescue mice from experimental colitis. We alsodemonstrated that the protective effect of Ls33 peptidoglycan involved the production of IL-10, the immunosuppressive indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway and the expansion ofregulatory CD103+ dendritic cells and CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells within mesentericlymph nodes. Furthermore, we showed that the IL-10-producing dendritic cells induced byLs33 peptidoglycan in vitro were able to protect mice from colitis in a NOD2-dependentmanner after adoptive transfer.Since the observed anti-inflammatory properties were not obtained with peptidoglycanderived from the non-anti-inflammatory strain L. acidophilus NCFM, we conducted astructural analysis of the two peptidoglycans. While the two strains exhibited the M-tri-Lys-DAsnmuropeptide, we identified an additional muropeptide released exclusively by Ls33, theM-tri-Lys. Although both synthetic muropeptides activated NOD2 in vitro, only systemicadministration of M-tri-Lys protects mice from colitis. This protective effect was NOD2-dependent but did not require the presence of MyD88, the main adapter used by Toll-likereceptors.In conclusion, our results indicate that purified peptidoglycan and specific derivedmuropeptides are active components in probiotic lactobacilli functionality and represent anew therapeutic strategy for treating inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Caractérisation génétique et phénotypique de cryptosporidium : de la souris à l’homme / Genetic and phenotypic characterization of cryptosporidium : from mice to humans

Osman, Marwan 30 September 2015 (has links)
Les parasites du genre Cryptosporidium comprennent des espèces infectant le tractus gastro-intestinal ou respiratoire d’un grand nombre de vertébrés y compris l'homme. Ces protistes intracellulaires sont les agents d’une zoonose cosmopolite à transmission oro-fécale, la cryptosporidiose. Au vu des travaux de notre laboratoire, nous savons à présent que Cryptosporidium parvum est également capable d’induire des néoplasies digestives chez un modèle murin SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency mice), traitées ou pas par la dexaméthasone. Alors que C. muris, une autre espèce de Cryptosporidium, induit une infection chronique non associée à des transformations néoplasiques.Pour toutes ces raisons, il nous est apparu intéressant d’effectuer un travail de thèse articulé autour de trois axes principaux, l’épidémiologie, la transmission et la pathogénicité du parasite Cryptosporidium. Nous nous sommes intéressés dans un premier temps à l’épidémiologie moléculaire et la biodiversité génétique de Cryptosporidium dans des populations humaines de la région du Nord-Liban. Ceci nous a permis de mettre en évidence une prévalence de 5% de Cryptosporidium chez la population générale avec une prédominance de C. hominis. Ce qui constituait les premières données épidémiologiques de la cryptosporidiose au Liban. Ensuite d’autres études nous ont permis de montrer que cette prévalence pouvait atteindre même 10% chez les patients symptomatiques et les enfants.Dans un second temps, nous avons voulu étudier le mode de transmission du parasite et les facteurs de risque pouvant y être associés. Pour ce faire, une recherche du parasite a été réalisée aussi bien au Liban qu’en France chez des animaux d’élevage, sauvages, de compagnie et en captivité. Une première étude a été réalisée chez des patients et des bovins du Nord-Liban. L’ensemble des données rapportées nous permettent de suggérer un mode de transmission de la cryptosporidiose majoritairement anthroponotique au Liban, mais les résultats du génotypage ne permettent pas d’exclure la présence d’une transmission zoonotique. D’autres études réalisées en France, notamment sur des échantillons de selles collectées auprès des zoos de la Palmyre (à Royan) et de Lille ont montré un taux de prévalence de Cryptosporidium spp inférieur à 1%. Ces animaux ne semblent donc pas être un réservoir potentiel de cette infection. Alors que chez les poissons sauvages, nous avons pu identifier la présence entre autre de l’espèce zoonotique C. parvum dans l’estomac et l’intestin des poissons. Ceci nous permet de considérer les poissons comme étant une source de contamination potentiel pour l’homme, l’animal mais également pour l’environnement.Enfin le troisième axe avait pour but d’étudier la pathogénicité de ce parasite. Pour commencer nous avons voulu explorer les mécanismes de la cancérogénèse induite par la souche IOWA de C. parvum au niveau de la région iléocæcale des souris SCID traitées par la dexaméthasone (SCID-D). Pour ce faire nous nous sommes intéressés à quatre marqueurs de voies de signalisation cellulaires impliquées dans la survenue de cancers colorectaux (APC, Bêta-caténine, P53 et K&#8208;ras). Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que la voie Wnt était impliquée dans ce processus. Ensuite nous avons voulu étudier l’association entre la pathologie cancéreuse et le parasitisme par Cryptosporidium chez l’homme. Une recherche du parasite a donc été réalisée dans des biopsies d’origines coliques et gastriques inclues en paraffine appartenant à des patients atteints ou non de cancers digestifs. Une différence significative a été rapportée entre la prévalence de la cryptosporidiose retrouvée chez la population de patients présentant des lésions cancéreuses (17%) et celle du groupe control constitué de patients non cancéreux mais présentant des symptômes (7%) p-value = 0.03. L’ensemble de ces données obtenues chez l’animal et chez l’homme montre que ce parasite a un impact important en santé humaine et animale. / Parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium comprise species infecting the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract of a wide variety of vertebrates including humans. These intracellular protists are the agents of a cosmopolitan zoonosis, with féco-oral transmission, cryptosporidiosis. Recent work from our laboratory, showed that the zoonotic species Cryptosporidium parvum is capable to induce digestive neoplasia in a SCID Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice (SCID) model, treated or not with dexamethasone. However C. muris, another species of Cryptosporidium, induces chronic infection in this rodent model but is not associated with neoplastic transformation.For all these reasons, it seemed interesting to carry out a thesis project articulated around three different axes: epidemiology, transmission and pathogenesis of the Cryptosporidium infection. We focused initially on the molecular epidemiology and genetic biodiversity of this parasite among human populations in North Lebanon. We found a Cryptosporidium prevalence of 5% among the general population, being C. hominis the predominant species. This prevalence could reach until 10% in symptomatic patients and children. This is the first epidemiological data about cryptosporidiosis in this country.Secondly, we studied the transmission routes and the main risk factors associated with the transmission of this parasite. To do this, a first study was conducted in parallel among animal populations in North Lebanon and France. The reported data suggest a predominance of an anthroponotic route of transmission for cryptosporidiosis in Lebanon, but the results of genotyping does not exclude the presence of zoonotic transmission. Other studies conducted in France, especially based on collection of stool samples in the zoos of Palmyre (Royan) and Lille showed that Cryptosporidium spp were present in less than 1% of captivity animals. The low prevalence strongly demonstrates that these animals play a negligible role as potential reservoirs of infection. While in wild fish, we could identify the presence of C. parvum, a zoonotic species, in the stomach and the gut of fish. These data suggest that the fish could be a natural host of C. parvum and a potential source of contamination for humans, animals but also for the environment.Finally, the third topic aimed to study the pathogenicity of this parasite. Firstly, we explored metabolic pathways potentially involved in the development of C. parvum-induced ileo-caecal oncogenesis in the SCID model treated with dexamethasone (SCID-D). We searched for alterations in genes or proteins commonly involved in cell cycle, differentiation or cell migration, such as &#946;-catenin, Apc, E-cadherin, Kras and p53. We were able to show that the Wnt pathway was involved in this process. Finally, we wanted to study the association between digestive cancer and parasitism with Cryptosporidium in humans. Cryptosporidium molecular detection was therefore carried out in colonic and gastric biopsies belonging to patients with and without digestive cancers of recent diagnosis collected in North Lebanon. A statistically significant difference was observed between the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis found among the population of patients with digestive cancer (17%) and that of the control group consisting of non-cancer patients but with digestive symptoms (7%) (p-value = 0.03). All these data obtained in animals and humans strengthens the importance of this parasite in public health.
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Integrin αvβ8 on human dendritic cells : a role in intestinal immune homeostasis

Fenton, Thomas January 2015 (has links)
Intestinal inflammatory disorders such as Crohn’s disease contribute significantly to human mortality and morbidity. Although the cells and molecules involved in suppression of intestinal inflammation have been extensively documented in mouse models, a full understanding of how these work together in the healthy and diseased gut remains elusive. It is known, however, that tight regulation over TH17 cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) is required to maintain immune homeostasis in the intestine. Activation of the cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), which is secreted by immune cells as an inactive complex, plays a crucial role in the induction of both Treg and TH17 cells. Recent work has shown that the αvβ8 integrin is required for activation of TGFβ by murine dendritic cells (DC). Murine integrin αvβ8 is thus of fundamental importance for Treg and TH17 induction and, subsequently, for intestinal immune homeostasis. However, little is known about the signals controlling the expression of integrin αvβ8 on intestinal DC. Furthermore, whether this system is also important for regulation of the human system is entirely unknown. Here, expression of integrin αvβ8 is shown on human intestinal CD1c+CD103+SIRPα+ DC and CD1c+CD103-SIRPα+ DC, but not on CD141+CD103+SIRPα- DC. Expression of integrin αvβ8 is increased on DC from Crohn’s disease patients, and on DC from non-IBD donors treated with LPS. Both LPS and a number of probiotic bacteria were also able to induce integrin αvβ8 expression on human monocyte-derived DC (moDC), which suggested that the microbiota may play a role in the regulation of human integrin αvβ8. Importantly, we have also shown that TGFβ is activated by integrin αvβ8 on human moDC, and that integrin αvβ8 promotes expression of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) in naïve human T cells in vitro. Together, these data suggest that integrin αvβ8-mediated activation of TGFβ by DC may play an important role in the regulation of human T cell responses in the human intestine, and that this pathway may be perturbed during intestinal inflammation.

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