Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Gisele Mendanha Nascimento.pdf: 238558 bytes, checksum: 50568ce756460f6c8824f193341cd280 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-16 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of L-glutamine in the diet of chickens on the floor and fed diets without anticoccidial agents and promoters of growth. Were used 500 chicks, males, Cobb distributed in randomized blocks design with five treatments and four replicates with 25 birds each. The treatments consisted of increasing levels of glutamine in the diets (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0%) throughout the rearing period, 42 days old. Were evaluated performance, digestibility (18-21 days), carcass yield and Histomorphometry of small intestine (18 and 42 days old). Data were submitted to polynomial regression analysis and means compared by Scott Knott (0,05) test. There was an effect of glutamine supplementation only during pre-starter feed, and the best level of feed addition of 1%. The results for performance up to 42 days of age, carcass yield and nutrient digestibility of the diet showed no difference (P> 0.05) between the levels of glutamine in the diet. histomorphometry at 18 days of age difference was observed for crypt depth in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) (P <0.05), being the duodenum and ileum the best level of glutamine was 2% and jejunum 1%. For the results of histomorphometry at 42 days old, significant effect of glutamine to crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and ileum, with the highest levels found in 1, 0.5 and 2% respectively. It is recommended the addition of 1% L-glutamine in the pre-started the improvement of feed conversion rate at 1-7 days of age and better development of the small intestine. / Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a suplementação da L-glutamina na ração de frangos criados no chão e alimentados com rações sem agentes anticoccidianos e promotores de crescimento sobre desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, digestibilidade e desenvolvimento intestinal. Foram utilizados 500 pintos, machos, da linhagem Cobb distruibuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições com 25 aves cada. Os tratamentos estudados foram níveis crescentes de glutamina nas rações (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 ou 2,0%) durante todo o período de criação, 42 dias de idade. Foram avaliados desempenho, digestibilidade (18 a 21 dias), rendimento de carcaça e histomorfometria da mucosa intestinal (18 e 42 dias de idade). Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de regressão polinomial e as médias comparadas pelo teste Scott Knott (0,05). Houve efeito da suplementação de glutamina somente no período pré-inicial para a conversão alimentar, sendo o melhor nível de adição na ração de 1%. Os resultados para o desempenho até 42 dias de idade, rendimento de carcaça e digestibilidade dos nutrientes da ração indicaram que não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os níveis de glutamina nas rações. Na histomorfometria aos 18 dias de idade foi observada diferença para profundidade de cripta na mucosa intestinal (duodeno, jejuno e íleo) (P<0,05), sendo que para duodeno e íleo o melhor nível de inclusão de glutamina foi 2% e para jejuno 1%. Para os resultados de histomorfometria aos 42 dias de idade, houve efeito dos níveis de glutamina para profundidade de cripta no duodeno, jejuno e íleo, sendo os melhores níveis encontrados de 1, de 0,5 e 2 % respectivamente. Recomenda-se a adição de 1% de L-glutamina na ração pré-inicial considerando a melhora na conversão alimentar no período de 1 a 7 dias de idade e no melhor desenvolvimento da mucosa intestinal.

O experimento foi realizado na unidade de creche do Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (LPS) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), campus de Pirassununga (SP), sendo utilizados setenta e dois leitões recém desmamados (21 dias), com peso médio de 6,5 kg. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, num arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, sendo os fatores: probiótico e desafio, os quais definiram os tratamentos: T 1 - emprego do probiótico, com desafio (CPCD); T 2 - emprego do probiótico, sem o desafio (CPSD); T 3 - ausência do probiótico, com desafio (SPCD); T 4 - ausência do probiótico e sem o desafio (SPSD). As faixas de ganho médio de peso diário consideradas foram: dos 21 aos 35 dias (GMPD 35); dos 35 aos 49 dias (GMPD 49); dos 49 aos 63 dias (GMPD 63) e dos 21 aos 63 dias (GMPD Total). Os leitões foram submetidos ao desafio em sala separada, 14 dias após a distribuição nos tratamentos. O desafio foi realizado com uma amostra de E. coli positiva para as toxinas LT e ST b e para as fímbrias K 88 e F 18. A colheita das fezes foi feita após o desafio, em três períodos (35, 42 e 49 dias de idade dos leitões), para contagem de coliformes fecais, sendo analisadas pelo Laboratório de Sanidade Suína da FMVZ-USP, em São Paulo. A ração oferecida aos leitões foi semelhante à empregada comercialmente nas criações, havendo somente suplementação ou não do probiótico. O experimento avaliou o desempenho dos leitões através do ganho de peso diário (GMPD) e peso (P), acrescido da verificação da consistência das fezes e da contagem de coliformes fecais. Os resultados mostraram interação significativa entre probiótico e desafio quanto ao GMPD 49, indicando nesse período, o ponto de inflexão que caracterizou o início da mudança no comportamento desta variável. Com relação à consistência das fezes, o probiótico agiu reduzindo o percentual de fezes cremosas, confirmando sua ação protetora da mucosa intestinal, reduzindo a perda de líquido e, conseqüentemente, a diarréia. Além de atuar melhorando os parâmetros relativos ao desempenho e à consistência das fezes, a utilização do probiótico promoveu uma alteração na contagem de E. coli, reduzindo-a para um valor inferior, 14 dias após o desafio, reforçando assim a sua ação benéfica junto á manutenção da integridade intestinal / The experiment was conducted in the nursery unit at the Swine Research Laboratory from the FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga campus, where we used 72 piglets recently weaned (about 21 days) with the average weight of 6,5 kg. The experiment was outlined in random blocks system, 2 x 2 factorial arrangements, being the factors: probiotic and challenge. The treatment was: T1 ? use of the probiotic, with challenge (CPCD); T2 ? use of the probiotic, without the challenge (CPSD); T3 ? no probiotic, with challenge (SPCD); T4 ? no probiotic and no challenge (SPSD). The intervals of weight daily gain considered were 21 to 35 days (GMPD 35); 35 to 49 days (GMPD 49); 49 to 63 days (GMPD 63) and 21 to 63 days (GMPD Total). The piglets were kept in two different rooms. One of the groups was challenged 14 days after the distribution in the treatments, in a separated room and for the challenge we used a sample of E.coli positive for the toxins LT and ST b and also for the pilli K88 and F18. The samples of feces were collected after the challenge in three periods (35, 42 and 49 days of age of the piglets) and sent to the Swine Health Laboratory at the FMVZ-USP, São Paulo campus, where the count of some species of intestinal bacteria was performed. The feed offered to the piglets was the same used in commercial swine herds. The only difference was the use or not of the probiotic. The experiment evaluated the development of the piglets through the amount of weight (AW) they gained and the average daily gain (ADG) of weight, plus the verification of the consistency of the feces and the count of some intestinal bacteria. The results showed a significant interaction between the probiotic and the challenge, as related to GMPD 49, indicating in this period the point of inflexion that characterized the beginning of the change in behavior of this variable. Analyzing the consistency of the feces we have notice that the probiotic has reduced the percentage of creamy feces, confirming its protective action in the intestinal mucus, reducing the loss of liquid and consequently the diarrhea. Together with the positive effect on the performance, the probiotic reduced the abnormal consistency of the feces, specially the creamy ones, as well as decreased the counting of E.coli 14 days after the challenge, keeping the intestinal integrity

O experimento foi realizado na unidade de creche do Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (LPS) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), campus de Pirassununga (SP), sendo utilizados setenta e dois leitões recém desmamados (21 dias), com peso médio de 6,5 kg. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, num arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, sendo os fatores: probiótico e desafio, os quais definiram os tratamentos: T 1 - emprego do probiótico, com desafio (CPCD); T 2 - emprego do probiótico, sem o desafio (CPSD); T 3 - ausência do probiótico, com desafio (SPCD); T 4 - ausência do probiótico e sem o desafio (SPSD). As faixas de ganho médio de peso diário consideradas foram: dos 21 aos 35 dias (GMPD 35); dos 35 aos 49 dias (GMPD 49); dos 49 aos 63 dias (GMPD 63) e dos 21 aos 63 dias (GMPD Total). Os leitões foram submetidos ao desafio em sala separada, 14 dias após a distribuição nos tratamentos. O desafio foi realizado com uma amostra de E. coli positiva para as toxinas LT e ST b e para as fímbrias K 88 e F 18. A colheita das fezes foi feita após o desafio, em três períodos (35, 42 e 49 dias de idade dos leitões), para contagem de coliformes fecais, sendo analisadas pelo Laboratório de Sanidade Suína da FMVZ-USP, em São Paulo. A ração oferecida aos leitões foi semelhante à empregada comercialmente nas criações, havendo somente suplementação ou não do probiótico. O experimento avaliou o desempenho dos leitões através do ganho de peso diário (GMPD) e peso (P), acrescido da verificação da consistência das fezes e da contagem de coliformes fecais. Os resultados mostraram interação significativa entre probiótico e desafio quanto ao GMPD 49, indicando nesse período, o ponto de inflexão que caracterizou o início da mudança no comportamento desta variável. Com relação à consistência das fezes, o probiótico agiu reduzindo o percentual de fezes cremosas, confirmando sua ação protetora da mucosa intestinal, reduzindo a perda de líquido e, conseqüentemente, a diarréia. Além de atuar melhorando os parâmetros relativos ao desempenho e à consistência das fezes, a utilização do probiótico promoveu uma alteração na contagem de E. coli, reduzindo-a para um valor inferior, 14 dias após o desafio, reforçando assim a sua ação benéfica junto á manutenção da integridade intestinal / The experiment was conducted in the nursery unit at the Swine Research Laboratory from the FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga campus, where we used 72 piglets recently weaned (about 21 days) with the average weight of 6,5 kg. The experiment was outlined in random blocks system, 2 x 2 factorial arrangements, being the factors: probiotic and challenge. The treatment was: T1 ? use of the probiotic, with challenge (CPCD); T2 ? use of the probiotic, without the challenge (CPSD); T3 ? no probiotic, with challenge (SPCD); T4 ? no probiotic and no challenge (SPSD). The intervals of weight daily gain considered were 21 to 35 days (GMPD 35); 35 to 49 days (GMPD 49); 49 to 63 days (GMPD 63) and 21 to 63 days (GMPD Total). The piglets were kept in two different rooms. One of the groups was challenged 14 days after the distribution in the treatments, in a separated room and for the challenge we used a sample of E.coli positive for the toxins LT and ST b and also for the pilli K88 and F18. The samples of feces were collected after the challenge in three periods (35, 42 and 49 days of age of the piglets) and sent to the Swine Health Laboratory at the FMVZ-USP, São Paulo campus, where the count of some species of intestinal bacteria was performed. The feed offered to the piglets was the same used in commercial swine herds. The only difference was the use or not of the probiotic. The experiment evaluated the development of the piglets through the amount of weight (AW) they gained and the average daily gain (ADG) of weight, plus the verification of the consistency of the feces and the count of some intestinal bacteria. The results showed a significant interaction between the probiotic and the challenge, as related to GMPD 49, indicating in this period the point of inflexion that characterized the beginning of the change in behavior of this variable. Analyzing the consistency of the feces we have notice that the probiotic has reduced the percentage of creamy feces, confirming its protective action in the intestinal mucus, reducing the loss of liquid and consequently the diarrhea. Together with the positive effect on the performance, the probiotic reduced the abnormal consistency of the feces, specially the creamy ones, as well as decreased the counting of E.coli 14 days after the challenge, keeping the intestinal integrity

We investigated the hypothesis that exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust PM can alter the gut microbiome and intestinal integrity, thereby promoting systemic inflammatory response and early CVD risk, which are exacerbated by HF diet. Furthermore, we investigated whether the observed exposure and diet-mediated outcomes could be mitigated through probiotic treatment. We performed an exposure study on C57Bl/6 male mice, placed on either a low fat (LF) diet or a high-fat (HF) diet, and exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to 35 μg diesel exhaust particles (DEP) suspended in 35 μl of sterile saline or sterile saline controls (CON) twice a week for four weeks. A subset of mice on HF diet were dosed with 0.3 g/day (PRO, ~7.5x108 CFU/day) of probiotic Ecologic® Barrier 849 (Winclove Probiotics) in drinking water during the course of the study. For our first aim, we investigated the alterations in the gut microbiome, measured circulating cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and measured CVD biomarkers in the heart. Our results revealed that exposure to inhaled DEP results in gut dysbiosis characterized by expansion of the phyla Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria and reduction in Actinobacteria, which was exacerbated by HF diet. Probiotics mitigated the DEP-mediated expansion of Proteobacteria and re-established Actinobacteria in the intestine of HF animals. Furthermore, we determined that exposure to inhaled DEP increases systemic LPS and inflammatory markers IL-1α, IL-3, G-CSF, and TNF-α. Furthermore, we found that inhaled DEP exposure results in increased CVD biomarkers sICAM-1, sP-selectin, and thrombomodulin in the heart. Probiotic treatment was effective in attenuating LPS, inflammatory responses, and CVD biomarkers in HF animals, validating the involvement of the microbiome in mediating inhaled DEP-mediated responses. Considering the effects we observed in the microbiota and systemically of the HF and probiotic treatment animals, we investigated the effects of inhaled DEP on intestinal integrity and inflammation in HF ± PRO animals. Our results showed that inhaled DEP in conjunction with HF diet promotes increased goblet cell and mucin 2 expression, tight junction (TJ) proteins (claudin-3, occludin, and zonula occludens (ZO)-1) expression, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and decreased TNF-α and IL-10. Moreover, we found that probiotics promoted intestinal immune response following inhaled DEP exposure characterized by an increase in TNF-α and IL-10 and showed variable expression of TJs in the intestine. In conclusion, we found that inhaled DEP exposure results in changes in gut microbial profiles, altered intestinal integrity, systemic inflammation, and increased CVD biomarkers, which are exacerbated by HF diet. The use of probiotics in this study proved to be pivotal in understanding the microbiome's influences on the regulation of intestinal integrity, intestinal inflammation, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular system following inhaled DEP exposure with HF diet.

Orientadora: Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni / Banca: Nilce Maria Soares / Banca: Douglas Emygdio de Faria / Banca: Edivaldo Antônio Garcia / Banca: Otto Mack Junqueira / Resumo: A água é um recurso natural escasso que deve ser utilizada de forma racional e apresentar qualidade química, física e microbiológica. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho avaliou a densitometria óssea, os níveis séricos de cálcio e fósforo, a histologia, a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, a morfometria intestinal e renal, o desempenho de frangos de corte, a qualidade microbiológica e química da água de consumo em frangos de corte tratados com água filtrada e não filtrada. Observou-se que a densitometria óssea apresentou níveis crescentes aos 14 e aos 21 dias de idades, estabilizando-se aos 45 dias de idade. A densidade mineral óssea foi maior na epífise distal de aves que ingeriram água filtrada fazendo com que estas aves resistissem a uma maior pressão óssea nesta região em relação às aves que ingeriram água não filtrada. Os valores médios de cálcio sérico não apresentaram variações significativas entre os tratamentos analisados. Por outro lado, os níveis de fósforo sérico de aves tratadas com água filtrada foram menores em relação às que receberam água não filtrada. Na microscopia eletrônica de varredura, observou-se que enquanto a densidade dos vilos intestinais aumentou em aves que receberam água não filtrada, a integridade intestinal foi mantida em frangos tratados com água filtrada em resposta à sua condição microbiológica. Na análise macroscópica do intestino delgado e dos rins, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para as medidas de comprimento, largura, peso absoluto e relativo dos órgãos. Na morfometria intestinal, observou-se que o comprimento das vilosidades e o número de células caliciformes não variaram entre os tratamentos. Entretanto, houve aumento na profundidade das criptas intestinais em aves que receberam água não filtrada provavelmente em função do aumento da taxa de turnover intestinal... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Water is a lean natural resource that must be used in a rational way and must be present chemical, physical and microbiological quality. In this context, the present work evaluated bone densitometry, serum levels of calcium and phosphorus, chicken performance, chemical, physical and microbiological quality of consumption water by chickens treated with filtered water and no filtered. It was observed that the bone densitometry presented crescent levels from 14 to 21 days old, and it was being stabilized on 45 days old. The bone mineral density was larger on the epiphyisis distal of birds that ingested filtered water doing these birds to resist a larger bone pressure in this area comparing to birds that ingested no filtered water. The medium values of serum calcium didn't present significant variations among the analyzed treatments. On the other hand, the serum levels of phosphorus of birds treated with filtered water were smaller in relation to the one that received water no filtered. On the scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that while the density of intestinal villi increased in birds that received no filtered water, the intestinal integrity was maintained in chickens treated with water filtered in response to their microbiological condition. In macroscopic analysis of the small intestine and of the kidneys, there wasn't difference among the treatments for length measures, width, absolute and relative weight of the organs. In the intestinal morphometry, it was observed that the length of the villi and the number of goblet cells didn't vary among the treatments. However, there was increase of small intestinal crypts depth in birds that received no filtered water, probably in function of the tax of intestinal turnover increase. Moreover, length intestinal villi were more significant in duodenum of birds that ingested water no filtered in relation to filtered water... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Le diabète de type 1 (DT1) est une maladie auto-immune caractérisée par la destruction sélective des cellules β pancréatiques entraînant une hyperglycémie et nécessitant un traitement par insulinothérapie à vie. La physiopathologie du DT1 est complexe et fait intervenir les cellules immunitaires innées et adaptatives dans la pathogenèse et la régulation du DT1. Alors que le développement du diabète peut être associé à des facteurs génétiques, des facteurs environnementaux sont également impliqués dans le déclenchement de cette maladie. Des études récentes ont mis en évidence le rôle du microbiote intestinal dans le développement ou la protection du DT1. Des modifications du microbiote ont par ailleurs été observées chez les patients DT1 avant le déclenchement de la maladie. Plusieurs études ont également décrit des altérations de la muqueuse intestinale chez les souris NOD et chez les patients DT1. Les cellules MAIT sont des lymphocytes T de type inné reconnaissant la molécule de MR1 et exprimant un TCR Va semi-invariant (Vα7.2-Jα33 chez l'homme et Vα19-Jα33 chez la souris). Les cellules MAIT sont activées par des métabolites bactériens, dérivés de la synthèse de la riboflavine. Leur particularité est de produire rapidement diverses cytokines telles que le TNF-α, l’IFN-γ et l’IL-17 et le granzyme B. La localisation et la fonction des cellules MAIT suggèrent qu'elles pourraient jouer un rôle clé dans le maintien de l'intégrité intestinale et le développement des réponses auto-immunes dirigées contre les cellules β. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats chez les patients DT1 et chez les souris NOD montrent une activation anormale des cellules MAIT chez les patients DT1. Ces anomalies peuvent être détectées avant le déclenchement de la maladie. L'analyse des tissus périphériques de souris NOD souligne le rôle des cellules MAIT dans deux tissus, le pancréas et la muqueuse intestinale. Dans le pancréas, la fréquence des cellules MAIT est augmentée. Dans ce tissu les cellules MAIT semblent participer à la destruction des cellules β. Contrairement au pancréas, les cellules MAIT situées dans la muqueuse intestinale semblent jouer un rôle protecteur grâce à leur production de cytokines IL-22 et IL-17. Nos données chez les souris NOD Mr1-/-, dépourvues de cellules MAIT, soulignent le rôle protecteur des cellules MAIT lors du développement du DT1 en participant au maintien de l'intégrité intestinale. En outre, la présence d'altérations intestinales à mesure que la maladie progresse chez les souris NOD souligne l'importance des cellules MAIT dans le maintien de l'homéostasie intestinale. De manière intéressante, les cellules MAIT pourraient représenter un nouveau biomarqueur de la maladie et permettre de développer des stratégies thérapeutiques innovantes basées sur l’activation locale des cellules MAIT. / Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an auto-immune disease characterized by the selective destruction of pancreatic islet β cells resulting in hyperglycemia and requiring a life-long insulin replacement therapy. The physiopathology of T1D is complex and still not entirely understood. Both innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the pathogenesis and the regulation of T1D. While diabetes development can clearly be associated with genetic inheritance, environmental factors were also implicated in this autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the role of the intestinal microbiota in the development or protection against T1D. Gut microbiota analyses in patients have shown differences before the onset of T1D. Moreover, several studies also described gut mucosa alterations in NOD mice and in T1D patients. MAIT (Mucosal Associated Invariant T) cells are innate-like T cells recognizing the MR1 molecule and expressing a semi-invariant receptor Vα chain (Vα7.2-Jα33 and Vα19-Jα33 in mice). MAIT cells are activated by bacterial metabolites, derived from the synthesis of riboflavin. Their particularity is to rapidly produce various cytokines such as TNF-α IFN-γ, IL-17 and granzyme B. The localization and the function of MAIT cells suggest that they could exert a key role in the maintenance of gut integrity, thereby controlling the development of autoimmune responses against pancreatic β cells. To summarize, our results in T1D patients and in NOD mice indicate an abnormal MAIT cell activation in this pathology, which occurs before disease onset. The analysis of peripheral tissues from NOD mice highlights the role of MAIT cells in two tissues, the pancreas and the gut mucosa. In the pancreas, MAIT cells frequency is elevated and they could participate to the β cells death. In contrast to the pancreas, in the gut mucosa MAIT cells could play a protective role through their cytokines production of IL-22 and IL-17. Our data in Mr1-/- NOD mice, lacking MAIT cells, reveal that these cells play a protective role against diabetes development and in the maintenance of gut mucosa integrity. Moreover, the presence of gut alteration as T1D progress in NOD mice underscores the importance of MAIT cells in maintaining gut mucosa homeostasis. Interestingly, MAIT cells could represent a new biomarker towards T1D progression and open new avenues for innovative therapeutic strategies based on their local triggering.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amoroso_l_dr_jabo.pdf: 911409 bytes, checksum: 08411eef5f28e10b8e5b18153c1a6e73 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A água é um recurso natural escasso que deve ser utilizada de forma racional e apresentar qualidade química, física e microbiológica. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho avaliou a densitometria óssea, os níveis séricos de cálcio e fósforo, a histologia, a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, a morfometria intestinal e renal, o desempenho de frangos de corte, a qualidade microbiológica e química da água de consumo em frangos de corte tratados com água filtrada e não filtrada. Observou-se que a densitometria óssea apresentou níveis crescentes aos 14 e aos 21 dias de idades, estabilizando-se aos 45 dias de idade. A densidade mineral óssea foi maior na epífise distal de aves que ingeriram água filtrada fazendo com que estas aves resistissem a uma maior pressão óssea nesta região em relação às aves que ingeriram água não filtrada. Os valores médios de cálcio sérico não apresentaram variações significativas entre os tratamentos analisados. Por outro lado, os níveis de fósforo sérico de aves tratadas com água filtrada foram menores em relação às que receberam água não filtrada. Na microscopia eletrônica de varredura, observou-se que enquanto a densidade dos vilos intestinais aumentou em aves que receberam água não filtrada, a integridade intestinal foi mantida em frangos tratados com água filtrada em resposta à sua condição microbiológica. Na análise macroscópica do intestino delgado e dos rins, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para as medidas de comprimento, largura, peso absoluto e relativo dos órgãos. Na morfometria intestinal, observou-se que o comprimento das vilosidades e o número de células caliciformes não variaram entre os tratamentos. Entretanto, houve aumento na profundidade das criptas intestinais em aves que receberam água não filtrada provavelmente em função do aumento da taxa de turnover intestinal... / Water is a lean natural resource that must be used in a rational way and must be present chemical, physical and microbiological quality. In this context, the present work evaluated bone densitometry, serum levels of calcium and phosphorus, chicken performance, chemical, physical and microbiological quality of consumption water by chickens treated with filtered water and no filtered. It was observed that the bone densitometry presented crescent levels from 14 to 21 days old, and it was being stabilized on 45 days old. The bone mineral density was larger on the epiphyisis distal of birds that ingested filtered water doing these birds to resist a larger bone pressure in this area comparing to birds that ingested no filtered water. The medium values of serum calcium didn't present significant variations among the analyzed treatments. On the other hand, the serum levels of phosphorus of birds treated with filtered water were smaller in relation to the one that received water no filtered. On the scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that while the density of intestinal villi increased in birds that received no filtered water, the intestinal integrity was maintained in chickens treated with water filtered in response to their microbiological condition. In macroscopic analysis of the small intestine and of the kidneys, there wasn´t difference among the treatments for length measures, width, absolute and relative weight of the organs. In the intestinal morphometry, it was observed that the length of the villi and the number of goblet cells didn't vary among the treatments. However, there was increase of small intestinal crypts depth in birds that received no filtered water, probably in function of the tax of intestinal turnover increase. Moreover, length intestinal villi were more significant in duodenum of birds that ingested water no filtered in relation to filtered water... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Heat stress (HS) induced changes in energy metabolism, proteolysis, lipogenesis, and oxidative balance have meat quality ramifications for livestock. However, several knowledge gaps exist in understanding heat stressed finishing pig physiology and pork quality characteristics and how dietary zinc may ameliorate undesirable outcomes. Research was completed to determine zinc supplementation effects on carcass composition, meat quality, and oxidative stability of fresh and processed pork from pigs subjected to a chronic, cyclic heat stress using a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with main effects of environment (HS vs. thermoneutral; TN), added zinc level (50 vs. 130 mg kg^-1 available zinc), and zinc source (inorganic vs. organic). Commercial crossbred mixed-sex pigs (initially 72.0 kg) were group-housed under either TN (18.9-16.7°C) or cycling HS conditions with chronic diurnal heat (30-29°C/26-27°C for 12h:12h) on days 24-71 with acute heat waves (32-33°C/29-30°C for 12h:12h) on days 21-24, 42-45, and 63-65. One representative pig (<i>n</i>=80) per pen was slaughtered on day 64. The HS pigs were lighter bodyweight (<i>P</i>=0.039), yielded lighter carcasses (<i>P</i>=0.011), less last rib backfat (<i>P</i>=0.032), tended to have smaller loin eye area (<i>P</i>=0.062) but similar percent lean in belly center slices (<i>P</i>>0.10). Compared to TN, HS carcasses had higher 24-h pH (<i>P</i>=0.001) and decreased drip loss (<i>P</i>=0.034). Shifts in individual fatty acid profile of sausage product derived from HS carcasses were observed but were of insufficient magnitude to affect iodine value. Initially, sausage from HS carcasses tended (day 0, <i>P</i>=0.071) to have less thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than TN but over a 10-day simulated retail display, no treatment induced lipid oxidation differences (<i>P</i>>0.05) were observed in either sausage or displayed loin chops. Consistent treatment differences in CIE L*a*b* of products throughout the 10-day display were not observed. The relationships between physiological changes in pigs receiving supplemental zinc and their body and ambient temperatures were also investigated. A representative gilt (<i>n</i>=96) was selected for thermal monitoring from each pen of the 2×2×2 treatments plus 4 additional treatments representing 2 intermediate levels of Zn in both environments. Core body temperatures (T_core) during the day 42-45 acute heat wave were continuously recorded via indwelling vaginal thermometers and infrared thermal imaging was used to measure skin temperatures at 12-hour intervals. From a 64-gilt subset of the 2×2×2 treatments, jejunum and ileum samples were collected on day 64 for analysis of villus height, crypt depth, and jejunal gene expression of heat shock proteins (27, 70, 90), occludin, and mucin (MUC2). The HS model induced thermoregulatory changes and increases in T_core (<i>P</i><0.05). Day 42-45 ambient temperature was negatively correlated with expression of HSP-27 (r=-0.42, <i>P</i>=0.047), HSP-90 (r=-0.49, <i>P</i>=0.014), and occludin (r=-0.69, <i>P</i><0.001) in HS pigs. For the organic Zn supplemented pigs, ambient temperature was positively correlated with expression of HSP-27 (r=0.42, <i>P</i>=0.034) and MUC2 (r=0.45, <i>P</i>=0.017) and negatively correlated with villus height in jejunum (r=-0.42, <i>P</i>=0.027) and ileum (r=-0.38, <i>P</i>=0.048). Thermal Circulation Index (measure of heat dissipation) of HS pigs was negatively correlated with their ileum villus height (r=-0.51, <i>P</i>=0.015) and positively correlated with HSP-70 expression (r=0.46, <i>P</i>=0.041). The T_core lacked correlation with most variables. This research demonstrates cyclic HS affects carcass composition and quality but does not appear to reduce display shelf-life of pork as indicated by lack of differences in lipid oxidation and color stability. In this HS model, zinc level or source imparted negligible benefits and thermal correlations with gut integrity characteristics existed for organic zinc supplemented and HS pigs. The degree of heat dissipation by heat stressed pigs appeared to be associated with classic HS damage and intestinal responses which may be useful indicators of HS in the grow-finish pig. Another agricultural challenge is maintaining higher education programming which establishes a successful career trajectory for agricultural students amid generational shifts in attitudes and background experiences. Undergraduates studying Animal Science and/or Agricultural Economics were surveyed to understand their perception of how collegiate curricular, co-curricular, and extracurricular experiences (coursework, club participation, relevant work experience, international experience, advising/mentoring, college life, and professional networking) contribute to their anticipated career success. A best-worst scaling experiment was used to force respondents (<i>n</i>=487) to make unbiased tradeoffs between the collegiate experience attributes. Responses were then related back to additional demographical and experience/perception characteristics of respondents. Students indicated relevant work experience was overwhelmingly the most critical of the 7 factors (57% preference share), followed by professional networking (19%), and coursework (14%). Students solely in a pre-veterinary Animal Science curriculum represented a distinct category of students regarding their beliefs and experiences. Further research is needed to investigate possible disconnects between student perceptions and reality in higher education and agricultural careers.