The aim of this study was to determine withdrawal periods and tissue tolerance of intramammary antibiotics (Curaclox LC, Spectrazol Milking Cow and Rilexine 200 LC) in goats, measured in different ways, and to evaluate the effects of related factors. Method: Three experimental trials were conducted. Trial 1 and Trial 2 were conducted at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort using the goat herd of the Onderstepoort Teaching Animal Unit (OTAU) (Herd A), while Trial 3 was conducted on a commercial goat dairy in the Limpopo Province of South Africa (Herd B). In addition, four goats with clinical mastitis from a smallholding close to the Faculty of Veterinary Science at Onderstepoort were studied (Herd C). This herd consisted of 13 lactating Saanen and Saanen/Toggenburg crossbred dairy goats. In all trials foremilk was stripped, teats were disinfected and a milk sample was taken from each udder half of each goat (half-milk samples). In all three trials the following milk samples were taken: two sets of half samples and a composite sample (before, during and after treatment). The California Milk Cell Test (CMCT) and conductivity measurements were performed. In Trial 3 the conductivity meter became non-functional on the second day, and thus the conductivity test was eliminated from then on. Each udder half was milked separately and milk volume was recorded. The temperature of goats was taken and recorded to identify sick animals. All goats in the treatment group were treated. In all three trials after treatment, sampling continued until SCC returned to baseline and until there were at least two consecutive negative TRIS tests for each goat, approximately 10 days. Milk production was based on the following milk production groups: low (less than 1.3L), medium (1.3L to 1.5L) and high (greater than 1.5L) daily milk production. The antibiotics used in these trials were selected for being commonly used, broad-spectrum preparations. Trial 1, a semi-synthetic penicillin based intramammary preparation (Curaclox LC, which contains 75mg sodium ampicillin and 200mg sodium cloxacillin per dose plus blue dye). Curaclox LC G2615, (Norbrook (Pharmacia AH) P.O. Box 10698 Centurion, 0046), cloxacillin 200mg, ampicillin 75mg, blue dye/ 4.5g syringe. Trial 2, a cefuroxime 250mg based intramammary product (Spectrazol Milking Cow, Schering-Plough). Spectrazol milking cow, cefuroxime, 250mg, S4 Intramammary Injection 83/594, (Schering-Plough Animal Health, P.O. BOX 46, Isando, 1600). Trial 3, a cephalexin 100mg, neomycin sulphate 100mg and prednisolone based intramammary product, Rilexine (SA) 200LC injection 83/638, (Logos Agvet (Virbac), Private bag X115, Halfway House, 1685). Curaclox LC G2615, Norbrook (Pharmacia AH), cloxacillin 200mg, ampicillin 75mg, blue dye/ 4.5g syringes. In the clinical mastitis cases (Herd C); Goat 1 was treated with Spectrazol milking cow (as above), Goat 2 was treated with Curaclox LC (as above), Goat 3 was treated with Curaclox LC in the left udder half and Goat 4 was treated with Curaclox LC in the right udder half (as above). Results: Trial 1: Curaclox LC The mean withdrawal periods for the product Curaclox LC (intramammary) as measured by Thermo Resistant Inhibitory Substances (TRIS), colour dye, Parallux testing for cloxacillin and ampicillin, on eight relatively low producing Saanen dairy goats (Trial 1) were 74h ± 19.21; 90h ± 16.97; 99h ± 9.07 and 93h ± 11.41 respectively. The withdrawal period for Curaclox LC recommended for use in cattle (72h) was significantly shorter than the withdrawal periods as measured by colour dye (P < 0.001), Parallux testing for cloxacillin (P < 0.001) and Parallux testing for ampicillin (P < 0.05) in Trial 1. There was a significant difference of withdrawal periods as measured by TRIS (P < 0.05) and colour dye (P < 0.05) between goats with and without clinical mastitis in Trial 1 Trial 3: Curaclox LC The mean withdrawal periods for Curaclox LC as measured by TRIS, colour dye, Parallux testing for cloxacillin and ampicillin, on 12 relatively high producing Saanen and Saanen-Toggenburg crossbreed dairy goats (Trial 3) were 42h ± 7.08; 65h ± 60.26; 77h ± 13.56 and 71h ± 12.65 respectively. The withdrawal period for Curaclox LC recommended for use in cattle (72h) was significantly longer than the withdrawal periods as measured by TRIS (P < 0.001) and colour dye (P < 0.001) in Trial 3. Curaclox LC: Trials 1&3 combined The mean withdrawal periods for Curaclox LC as measured by TRIS, colour dye, Parallux testing for cloxacillin and ampicillin, for Trials 1&3 combined were 59h ± 24.31; 76h ± 17.70; 87h ± 16.10 and 80h ± 16.23 respectively. The withdrawal period for Curaclox LC recommended for use in cattle (72h) was significantly longer than the withdrawal periods as measured by TRIS (P < 0.001) in Trials 1&3 combined. Trial 2: Spectrazol Milking Cow The mean withdrawal periods for Spectrazol Milking Cow (intramammary) as measured by TRIS on seven relatively low producing Saanen dairy goats (Trial 2) was 95h ± 17.23. The withdrawal period for Spectrazol Milking Cow recommended for use in cattle (60h) was significantly shorter than the withdrawal period as measured by TRIS (P < 0.001) in Trial 2. Trial 3: Rilexine 200 LC The mean withdrawal periods for Rilexine 200 LC (intramammary) as measured by TRIS on 20 relatively high producing Saanen and Saanen-Toggenburg crossbreed dairy goats (Trial 3) was 37h ± 9.94. The withdrawal period for Rilexine 200 LC recommended for use in cattle (96h) was significantly longer than the withdrawal period as measured by TRIS (P < 0.001) in Trial 3. The regression model for goats with clinical mastitis was: Withdrawal period as measured by TRIS = 30.21 + 4.692 (sampling time) + 22.11 (udder palpation) – 13.6 (floccules) – 0.00649 (volume) (R2 = 95.7%, standard error of regression = 3.41) There was great variation in Somatic Cell Count (SCC) between trials, ranging from 1928 X 103cells/mL to 9274 X 103cells/mL for infected udder halves and from 1817 X 103cells/mL to 3639 X 103cells/mL for non-infected udder halves, at the morning milking. At the evening milking SCC ranged from 1927 X 103cells/mL to 6415 X 103cells/mL for infected udder halves and from 2103 X 103cells/mL to 3304 X 103cells/mL for non-infected udder halves. SCC of udder halves with clinical mastitis ranged from 7053 X 103cells/mL to 7948 X 103cells/mL for udder halves in which bacteria could not be isolated and from 6476 X 103cells/mL to 8479 X 103cells/mL in udder halves from which bacteria was isolated. Most of the variation in SCC was unexplained. In this research all SCC values were determined using the Fossomatic 90 counter and the arithmetic means were reported. The factors valid for determining clinical mastitis were the presence of floccules in the milk and high SCC, with or without udder damage and/ or bacteria. Intramammary infection (IMI) was determined by the presence or absence of bacteria only. Conclusions and Recommendations: The variability in SCC was largely unexplained, and an increased SCC did not necessarily indicate an intramammary infection in goats, as it does in cows. Therefore further, research is required to assess SCC and all possible factors affecting it. Further research is also required to find a more reliable method for mastitis diagnosis apart from SCC, for example, NAGase. The “Goatside” tests used (California Milk Cell Tests, CMCT) and SCC on their own were not reliable methods of mastitis diagnosis and should be accompanied by microbiological tests. However, CMCT and SCC were indicators of tissue tolerance and udder irritation. Tissue irritation is considered to indicate the limit of tissue tolerance. In healthy goats Spectrazol Milking cow caused the least tissue irritation, followed by Rilexine 200 LC, and Curaclox LC. However, for goats with clinical mastitis Rilexine 200 LC caused the least tissue irritation followed by Curaclox LC; and Spectrazol Milking cow caused the most tissue irritation in goats with clinical mastitis. Withdrawal periods of healthy goats and goats with clinical mastitis also differed for each product. Further research is necessary to determine withdrawal periods and tissue irritation of different intramammary products on goats with clinical mastitis. Withdrawal period was affected by volume of milk produced, due to the dilution factor of continuous milk secretion. High producers had shorter withdrawal periods than low producers. However, treatment with intramammary antibiotics did not significantly affect the volume of milk produced. Further research is required to assess the effect of milk production volume on withdrawal periods when comparing withdrawal periods of different products. Antibiotic withdrawal periods on goat milk were different from those recommended for use in cattle for each of the products used and for the different intramammary antibiotics used. The withdrawal periods recommended for use cattle have a 24h safety margin added to the longest withdrawal period in the trial. In this research 24h safety margins were not added in the original tables. Therefore, in practice 24h safety margins should be added to all withdrawal periods in this research. Later the 24h safety margins were subtracted from the withdrawal periods recommended for use in cattle in order to obtain a rough estimate of the actual withdrawal periods in cattle. In this analysis all withdrawal periods measured by different methods for goats were significantly different from withdrawal periods recommended for use in cattle (-24h safety margin). However, in the original tables not all withdrawal periods for goats as measured by different methods were significantly different from those in cattle (with 24h safety margin). Conductivity was found to be an unreliable “Goatside” test. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

Orientador: Antonio Nader Filho / Banca: Ruben-Pablo Schocken-Iturrino / Banca: José Jurandir Fagliari / Banca: Luiz Francisco Zafalon / Banca: Nilson Roberti Benites / Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do ácido lático frente ao iodo na anti-sepsia após a ordenha na prevenção da mastite bovina, foram estudados 668 quartos mamários de vacas holandesas em dois rebanhos leiteiros, sendo um experimental e outro comercial. Para tanto adotou-se o delineamento experimental tipo split-herd baseado na redução da ocorrência natural de novos casos de infecções intramamárias (recomendado pelo protocolo do National Mastistis Council). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que o ácido lático apresentou uma eficácia de 57,4% na redução do número de novos casos de IIM causados por Corynebacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp. entre as vacas estudadas no rebanho experimental. No rebanho comercial a eficácia foi de 42,9% entre os casos de IIM determinados por Staphylococcus spp., porém não mostrou eficácia entre os casos de IIM determinados por Corynebacterium spp. e Streptococcus spp.. Tanto o ácido lático quanto o iodo não interferiram nas taxas de cura espontânea, persistência de IIM e na ocorrência de casos clínicos de mastite entre as vacas estudadas nos rebanhos experimental e comercial. A utilização do ácido lático na anti-sepsia dos tetos de vacas após a ordenha, mostrou-se eficaz na redução do número de novos casos de IIM, desde que acompanhada por outras medidas de controle. / Abstract: With the objective of evaluate the efficacy of a lactic acid against an iodine postmilking teat dip in preventing bovine mastitis, 668 mammary quarters from Holsteins cows in two dairy herds, one experimental and other commercial, were studied. The National Mastitis Council recommended protocol for determining efficacy of a postmilking barrier teat dip based on reduction of naturally occurring new intramammary infections was used, in a split-herd experimental design. Results demonstrated that lactic acid showed an efficacy of 57.4% in reducing new intramammary infections caused by Corynebacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp., among the experimental herd cows. In the commercial herd, the efficacy was 42.9%, but only in reducing the number of new cases of intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus spp., and not for new cases of intramammary infections caused by Corynebacterium spp., and Streptococcus spp. Both, lactic acid and iodine didn't interfere in spontaneous cure, intramammary infections persistence and clinical mastitis rates in experimental and commercial herds. The use of a lactic acid teat dip antisepsis after each milking was effective in reducing new cases of IMI, as part of a mastitis control program. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-02-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nascifjr_ia_dr_jab.pdf: 487838 bytes, checksum: 48d0ed37c6795976c360a3bc66e7fd1d (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do ácido lático frente ao iodo na anti-sepsia após a ordenha na prevenção da mastite bovina, foram estudados 668 quartos mamários de vacas holandesas em dois rebanhos leiteiros, sendo um experimental e outro comercial. Para tanto adotou-se o delineamento experimental tipo split-herd baseado na redução da ocorrência natural de novos casos de infecções intramamárias (recomendado pelo protocolo do National Mastistis Council). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que o ácido lático apresentou uma eficácia de 57,4% na redução do número de novos casos de IIM causados por Corynebacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp. entre as vacas estudadas no rebanho experimental. No rebanho comercial a eficácia foi de 42,9% entre os casos de IIM determinados por Staphylococcus spp., porém não mostrou eficácia entre os casos de IIM determinados por Corynebacterium spp. e Streptococcus spp.. Tanto o ácido lático quanto o iodo não interferiram nas taxas de cura espontânea, persistência de IIM e na ocorrência de casos clínicos de mastite entre as vacas estudadas nos rebanhos experimental e comercial. A utilização do ácido lático na anti-sepsia dos tetos de vacas após a ordenha, mostrou-se eficaz na redução do número de novos casos de IIM, desde que acompanhada por outras medidas de controle. / With the objective of evaluate the efficacy of a lactic acid against an iodine postmilking teat dip in preventing bovine mastitis, 668 mammary quarters from Holsteins cows in two dairy herds, one experimental and other commercial, were studied. The National Mastitis Council recommended protocol for determining efficacy of a postmilking barrier teat dip based on reduction of naturally occurring new intramammary infections was used, in a split-herd experimental design. Results demonstrated that lactic acid showed an efficacy of 57.4% in reducing new intramammary infections caused by Corynebacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp., among the experimental herd cows. In the commercial herd, the efficacy was 42.9%, but only in reducing the number of new cases of intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus spp., and not for new cases of intramammary infections caused by Corynebacterium spp., and Streptococcus spp. Both, lactic acid and iodine didn't interfere in spontaneous cure, intramammary infections persistence and clinical mastitis rates in experimental and commercial herds. The use of a lactic acid teat dip antisepsis after each milking was effective in reducing new cases of IMI, as part of a mastitis control program.

Orientador: Vera Lúcia Mores Rall / Resumo: A mastite bovina é uma das doenças que mais causam prejuízos às propriedades leiteiras e, apesar dos programas de controle, Escherichia coli destaca-se como importante patógeno ambiental causador desta enfermidade na sua forma clínica. Isolados obtidos de infecções nas mamas são classificadas como E. coli patogênica mamária (MPEC). O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar geneticamente isolados de E. coli a partir de leite de vacas com mastite clínica utilizando técnicas moleculares, bem como investigar os padrões de aderência e resistência aos antimicrobianos dos isolados, para isso a investigação dos grupos filogenéticos, genes de virulência, presença de clones (por Pulsed field gel electrophoresis, PFGE), tipos de adesão em células HeLa, resistência aos antimicrobianos e genes relacionados com essa resistência foram realizados em 110 E. coli isoladas de leite de vacas com mastite clínica de diferentes fazendas dos estados de São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Paraná. De acordo com a presença dos genes específicos arpA, chuA, yjaA e TspE4.C2, os isolados foram classificados principalmente nos grupos comensais A (50,9 %) e B1 (38,2 %), seguidos dos grupos D (2,7 %), C (1,8 %) e B2/E/F/Escherichia clade I (0,9 %). Três isolados (2,7 %) não foram categorizados em nenhum desses grupos, classificados como de grupo filogenético desconhecido. Nenhum dos 110 isolados apresentou genes que caracterizam E. coli diarreiogênicas (DEC), entretanto os genes astA e shf, geralmente encontrados em E.... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Bovine mastitis is one of the diseases that most causes damage to dairy properties and, despite control programs, Escherichia coli stands out as an important environmental pathogen that causes this disease in its clinical form. Isolates obtained from breast infections are classified as mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC). The objective of this study was to genetically characterize E. coli isolates from milk of cows with clinical mastitis using molecular techniques, as well as to investigate the adhesion patterns and antimicrobial resistance of isolates, for this purpose the investigation of phylogenetic groups, virulence genes, presence of clones (by Pulsed field gel electrophoresis, PFGE), HeLa cell adhesion types, antimicrobial resistance, and genes related to this resistance were performed on 110 E. coli isolated from milk of cows with clinical mastitis from different state farms from São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Paraná. According to the presence of the specific genes arpA, chuA, yjaA and TspE4.C2, isolates were classified mainly in commensal groups A (50.9 %) and B1 (38.2 %), followed by groups D (2.7 %), C (1.8 %) and B2/E/F/Escherichia clade I (0.9 %). Three isolates (2.7 %) were not categorized in any of these groups, classified as unknown phylogenetic group. None of the 110 isolates presented genes that characterize diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC), however, the astA and shf genes, commonly found in enteroaggregative E. coli, were identified in 7.3 % (8/110) and 10.3 % (3/29)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No description available.

O estudo teve como objetivos avaliar: 1) produção e composição do leite de novilhas submetidas a protocolo de indução de lactação (PIL); 2) eficácia de antibiótico injetável associado a selante de tetos sobre a prevalência de infecções intramamárias (IIM) e contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e 3) eficácia de GnRH sobre regressão de cistos foliculares (CFs) e taxa de concepção inicial e prenhez acumulada em novilhas tardias. Foram utilizadas 114 novilhas da raça Jersolando (Holandesa x Jersey), com 34,7 &#177; 4,8 (média &#177; desvio padrão) meses de idade, 439 &#177; 56,35 kg de peso corporal e 3,00 &#177; 0,30 de escore de condição corporal (ECC). O utilizado PIL era composto por benzoato de estradiol, progesterona injetável, prostaglandina, dexametasona e somatotropina recombinante bovina. Dezesseis dias antes do PIL as novilhas foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em dois grupos: a) ATBS (n=57, 1mL/kg Norfloxacina injetável Norflomax&reg;, Ourofino Saúde Animal), via intramuscular associado com selante de tetos (4g subnitrato de bismuto Sellat&reg;, Ourofino Saúde Animal), e b) CONT (n=57) sem a aplicação de nenhum medicamento. A lactação iniciou-se no 21º dia do PIL e os animais foram submetidos à duas ordenhas diárias. No 15º dia de lactação (DEL) foi realizado diagnóstico de CFs e mais dois grupos foram criados de acordo com peso corporal, ECC e presença/ausência de CFs: a) GnRH (n=53, 5 mL de GnRH injetável Sincrofort&reg;, Ourofino Saúde Animal) e b) Controle (n=53). Do total (n=104), 91% das novilhas induzidas responderam com sucesso ao PIL com média de produção de leite de 15,19 kg/leite/dia durante as primeiras 22 semanas de lactação. Os tratamentos foram avaliados em fatorial 2x2, sendo o fator 1 correspondente ao tratamento com ATBS e o fator 2 correspondente ao tratamento com GnRH. O ATBS não alterou a produção de leite quando comparado com o GnRH. A prevalência de IIM nas duas primeiras semanas de lactação foi de 18% com o ATBS e 28% nas não tratadas, e Staphylococcuscoagulase negativa (SCN) foi o patógeno mais frequentemente isolado no 7º (20,95%) e 14º (17,11%) DEL. Os quartos mamários tratados com ATBS tiveram 0,56 vezes menos risco de IIM e diminuíram a CCS em relação aos controles. A aplicação de GnRH não influenciou na cura dos CFs em relação aos controles. A ciclicidade aos 45 dias de lactação foi de 68% e 35% para os animais tratados com ATBS e controle, respectivamente. Já para os tratados com GnRH, a ciclicidade foi de 57% e 46% para o controle. No tratamento com ATBS houve taxa de prenhez acumulada de 60% contra 89% no controle, enquanto que o tratamento com GnRH não influenciou esta variável. A indução de lactação foi eficaz em novilhas e o tratamento com ATBS diminuiu a prevalência de IIM nas duas primeiras semanas de lactação. / The present study aimed to evaluate: 1) the milk production and composition of heifers submitted to lactation induction protocol (PIL), 2) the effectiveness of injectable antibiotic treatment associated with teat sealant on the prevalence of intramammary infections (IMI) and somatic cell count (SCC), and 3) the effectiveness of GnRH treatment on follicular cyst (FC) regression and optimization of the accumulated pregnancy rate in late heifers. Thus, 114 heifers of Jersolando breed (Holstein x Jersey) were used, with 34.7 &#177; 4.8 (mean &#177; standard deviation) months of age, 439 &#177; 56.35 kg of body weight and 3.00 &#177; 0.30 body condition score (BCS). The heifers were housed in Compost bedded-pack barns shed and submitted to the PIL consisting of estradiol benzoate, injectable progesterone, prostaglandin, dexamethasone and bovine recombinant somatotropin. Sixteen days prior to initiation of PIL, heifers were randomly assigned to two groups: a) ATBS (n = 57, 1mL/kg Norfloxacin injectable Norflomax&reg;, Ourofino Animal Health), intramuscularly, associated with internal teat sealant (4g bismuth subnitrate Sellat&reg;, Ourofino Animal Health), and b) CONT (n=57) without the application of any medication. Lactation began on the 21stday of the PIL and the animals were submitted to two daily milking. On the 15th day in milk (DIM) a diagnosis of FC was performed and two other groups were created according to body weight, BCS and presence / absence of CFs: a) GnRH (n = 53, 5 mL of Sincrofort&reg; injectable GnRH, Ourofino Animal Health) and b) Control (n = 53). From 104 induced heifers, 91% responded successfully to PIL, with a mean milk yield of 15.19 kg/milk/day during the first 22 weeks of lactation. The treatments were evaluated in a 2x2 factorial, with factor 1 corresponding to the ATBS treatment and factor 2 corresponding to GnRH treatment. The ATBS treatment did not change the milk production when compared to those treated with GnRH. The prevalence of IMI during the first two weeks of lactation was 18% for ATBS-heifers and 28% for untreated heifers. Staphylococcus coagulase negative (SCN) was the most frequently isolated pathogen in the 7th (20.95 %) and 14th (17.11%) DIM. The ATBS-treated mammary quarters had a 0,56lower times risk of infection and decreased the SCC compared to controls, with or without GnRH. The GnRH application did not influence on the cure of FCs in relation to control. Cyclicity at 45 days of lactation was 68% for the animals treated with ATBS and 35% for the control, while the animals treated with GnRH had a cyclicity of 57% and 46% for the control. The ATBS had cumulative pregnancy rate of 60%, in the control was 89% and the GnRH treatment did not influence this variable. Induction of lactation was effective in heifers and treatment with ATBS decreased the prevalence of IMI in the first two weeks of lactation.

A mastite é o problema de saúde mais prevalente de rebanhos leiteiros, levando a enormes prejuízos econômicos para os produtores em todo o mundo. A redução dos prejuízos decorrentes desta doença depende da implantação de programas de prevenção e controle e, do conhecimento dos fatores de risco relacionadas a sua acorrência. Portanto, o primeiro objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores de risco mais fortemente associados à mastite clínica e subclínica e a correlação desses fatores com contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT) dos tanques de refrigeração em fazendas leiteiras brasileiras. O segundo, foi estudar a eficiência da implantação de um programa de gerenciamento, baseado no método de análise e solução de problemas (MASP), para redução da CCS e CBT destas fazendas e a variação da CCS e CBT com a sazonalidade. Para o primeiro objetivo, foram utilizados dados de 16 propriedades do estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil. Através da realização de duas visitas às propriedades coletou-se dados do tamanho do rebanho, média da produção de leite por vaca, CCS e CBT do tanque e fatores de risco associados ao risco de novas infecções e cronicidade das infecções intramamárias. Para identificar os fatores mais fortemente associados à mastite, foi realizada uma análise fatorial e o método paramétrico de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a correlação entre todas as variáveis, inclusive com CCS e CBT. Para o segundo objetivo, avaliou-se as mesmas 16 fazendas que participaram da implantação do MASP e outras 16 fazendas que não participaram (controle), em três fases com relação a implantação do programa (antes, durante e depois). Também, avaliou-se os dados destas fazendas com relação as estações do ano. Para avaliar o efeito de fase, estação do ano e implantação ou não do programa MASP foi realizado um modelo linear misto utilizando o PROC MIXED do SAS e, a comparação entre as médias foi feita por meio do teste ajustado de Tukey-Kramer. A partir da análise fatorial, quatro fatores explicaram a maior parte da varialibidade da mastite (72,3%): fator 1) tamanho do rebanho e rotina de ordenha (29,7%); fator 2) controle da mastite (17,2%); fator 3) qualidade higiênico-sanitária e produção média por vaca (13,5%) e, fator 4) descarte (11,9%). Houve uma correlação negativa (r = -0,56) entre CCS e produção média de leite por vaca, e uma correlação positiva (r = 0,86) entre CCS e CBT. A implantação do MASP foi eficiente em reduzir a CCS das fazendas na fase durante e depois da implantação, mas não teve influência na CBT. A CCS também varia de acordo com a sazonalidadede, sendo mais alta nos meses mais quentes e úmidos do ano e, mais baixa nos meses mais frios. Mesmo que o MASP tenha sido eficiente em reduzir a CCS dos rebanhos, uma das premissas fundamentais para isto ocorrer é a de que, todas as atividades preconizadas durante o programa sejam realizadas pelos envolvidos. Para que isto aconteça, é imprescindível que o gestor ou dono da fazenda queira e, portanto, esteja motivado para reduzir a mastite em sua propriedade. / Mastitis is the most prevalent health problem of the dairy herds, leading huge economic losses for dairy farmers worldwide. The decrease of the damages caused by this disease depends on the implementation of prevention and control programs, and on the knowledge of the risk factors linked to its occurrence. Therefore, the first objective of this study was to verify the risk factors most strongly associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis and the correlation of these factors to somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) from the bulk tanks in Brazilian dairy farms. The second one was to study the efficiency of the implementation of one management program to analyze and solve problems, decrease the SCC and TBC of these farms and the variation of the SCC and TBC regarding the seasonality. For the first objective, we have used data from sixteen dairy farms in the Minas Gerais state - Brazil. Two visits were done at the farms to get the data about herd size, average milk yield per cow, SCC and TBC from the bulk tank, and risk factors associated to the risk of new infections and chronicity of intramammary infections. To identify the factors most strongly associated with mastitis, a factorial analysis was performed and the Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the correlation between all variables, including SCC and TBC. For the second one, the same sixteen farms participating in the implementation of the management mastitis program and another sixteen farms that did not participate (control) were evaluated in three phases regarding the implementation of the program (before, during and after). Also, the data of these farms were evaluated regarding to the seasons of the year. To evaluate the phase`s effects, season and implementation or not of the management mastitis program a mixed linear model was performed using the PROC MIXED of the SAS and the comparison between the means was done through the Tukey-Kramer adjusted test. From the factorial analysis, four factors explained most of the variance of mastitis (72.3%): factor 1) herd size and milking routine (29.7%); factor 2) mastitis control (17.2%); factor 3) hygienic-sanitary quality and average production per cow (13.5%) and factor 4) discard (culled) (se for o descarte de animais) (11.9%). There was a negative correlation (r = -0.56) between SCC and average milk production per cow, and a positive correlation (r = 0.86) between SCC and TBC. The implementation of the management program was efficient in decrease the SCC of the farms during and after the implantation, but had no influence in the TBC. The SCC also varies according to seasonality, being higher in the warmer and wetter months of the year, and lower in the colder months. Even though the management program has been effective in decrease the CCS from the herds, one of the basically premises for this is that all the activities done during the program are carried out by those involved. In order for this could be happens, it is imperative that the manager or farmers wants to do that and is therefore motivated to reduce mastitis on their farm.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a: a) eficiência da antibioticoterapia associada à vacinação, de infecções intramamárias (IIM) causadas por Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) durante a lactação e secagem; b) variabilidade genética de S. aureus de acordo com a resposta ao tratamento, antibiograma e técnica de Polimorfismo do Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados (AFLP). Para a avaliação da eficiência da terapia durante a lactação, foram selecionadas 117 vacas com mastite subclínica causada por S. aureus, a partir de 5 rebanhos leiteiros, as quais foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos: a) controle (sem tratamento), b) antibioticoterapia intramamária &#43; injetável, c) antibioticoterapia intramamária &#43; injetável &#43; vacinação contra S. aureus. Para avaliar a eficiência da antibioticoterapia associada à vacinação contra S. aureus na secagem, foram selecionadas 136 vacas com mastite subclínica causada por S. aureus, as quais foram distribuídas aleatoriamnte em quatro tratamentos: a) antibioticoterapia intramamária, b) antibioticoterapia intramamária &#43; injetável, c) antibioticoterapia intramamária &#43; vacina, d) antibioticoterapia intramamária &#43; injetável &#43; vacina. Para os protocolos de tratamento (lactação e secagem), foi utilizada a vacina antimastítica TopVac (Hipra, Espanha). O antibiótico injetável foi a enrofloxacina (Kinetomax&reg;, Bayer, Brasil), dose única (7,5 mg/kg). A antibioticoterapia intramamária durante a lactação foi realizada com ampicilina 75 mg &#43; cloxacilina 250 mg (Bovigam L, Bayer, Irlanda do Norte), e na secagem, com ampicilina 200 mg + cloxacilina 500 mg (Bovigam ®VS, Bayer, Irlanda do Norte). Um total de 117 isolados de S. aureus foram submetidos à técnica de AFLP. A taxa de cura dos quartos tratados com antibioticoterapia, durante a lactação e na secagem, foi de 80,5% (n = 82) e 91,5% (n = 106), respectivamente. A vacinação contra S. aureus não aumentou a taxa de cura do tratamento durante a lactação, porém reduziu a CCS das vacas vacinada em comparação com as vacas do tratamento controle. No tratamento durante a lactação, primíparas e vacas com apenas um quarto infectado apresentaram maior taxa de cura (79 e 70%, respectivamente) do que pluríparas e vacas com dois ou mais quartos infectados (11 e 17%, respectivamente), respectivamente. A resistência à penicilina não afetou a taxa de cura dos isolados de S. aureus. A probabilidade de um isolado não adaptado à glândula mamária ser multirresistente e resistente à oxacilina foi maior do que a de um isolado adaptado, porém a taxa de cura dos isolados não adaptados foi maior do que a de isolados adaptados. Em conclusão, a antibioticoterapia foi eficiente para tratamento de mastite subclínica causada por S. aureus durante a lactação e secagem, e o resultado de antibiograma foi associado à classificação dos isolados em adaptados e não adaptados, porém não foi associado à resposta a antibioticoterapia / The objectives of this study were to evaluate: a) treatment effectiveness, using antibiotics and vaccination, in cows with intramammary infections caused by S. aureus during lactation and dry period; b) the genetic variability of S. aureus strains according to treatment responses, antibiogram and the AFLP technique. To evaluate the effectiveness of the lactation therapy, 117 icows with S. aureus subclinical mastitis, from 5 herds, were randomly distributed into 3 treatments: a) control; b) Intramammary + Injectable; c) Intramammary + injectable + Vaccine. To evaluate the effectiveness of the dry off therapy, 136 cows with S. aureus subclinical mastitis were randomly distributed into 4 treatments: a) Intramammary; b) Intramammary + Injectable (INT + INJ); c) Intramammary + Vaccine (INT + VAC); d) Intramammary + Injectable + Vaccine (INT + INJ + VAC). For both therapies (lactation and dry off), the antimastitis vaccine was the TopVac (Hipra, Spain). The injetable antibiotic was enrofloxacin (Kinetomax®, Bayer S. A., Brasil) single dose (7,5 mg/kg). The intramammary therapy was, during lactation, with ampicillin 75 mg + cloxacilin 200 mg (Bovigam L, Bayer, North Ireland) and at dry off with ampicillin 250 mg + cloxacilin 500 mg (Bovigam ®VS, Bayer, North Ireland). S. aureus isolates (117) were submitted to the AFLP technique. The cure rate of quarters treated with antibiotics during lactation and dry period was 80,5% (n = 82) e 91,5% (n = 106), respectively. Vaccination against S. aureus didn&#39;t raise the cure rate during lactation, but lowered the SCC of vaccinated cows compared to control cows. In the lactation therapy, primiparous and cows with one infected quarter had higher cure rates (79 and 70%, respectively) than pluriparous and cows with more than one infected quarter (11 and 17%, respectively), respectively. Resistence to penicillin did not affect S. aureus isolates cure rate. The probability of a non adapted S. aureus isolate to be multiresistant and resistant to oxacilin was higher than an adapted isolate, but cure rates of non adapted isolates was higher than adapted isolates. In conclusion, antibiotic therapy was efficient to treat S. aureus subclinical mastitis during lactation and dry period, and the antibiogram result was associated with the isolates classification in adapted and non adapted, but was not associated with the response to therapy

O estudo teve como objetivos avaliar: 1) produção e composição do leite de novilhas submetidas a protocolo de indução de lactação (PIL); 2) eficácia de antibiótico injetável associado a selante de tetos sobre a prevalência de infecções intramamárias (IIM) e contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e 3) eficácia de GnRH sobre regressão de cistos foliculares (CFs) e taxa de concepção inicial e prenhez acumulada em novilhas tardias. Foram utilizadas 114 novilhas da raça Jersolando (Holandesa x Jersey), com 34,7 &#177; 4,8 (média &#177; desvio padrão) meses de idade, 439 &#177; 56,35 kg de peso corporal e 3,00 &#177; 0,30 de escore de condição corporal (ECC). O utilizado PIL era composto por benzoato de estradiol, progesterona injetável, prostaglandina, dexametasona e somatotropina recombinante bovina. Dezesseis dias antes do PIL as novilhas foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em dois grupos: a) ATBS (n=57, 1mL/kg Norfloxacina injetável Norflomax&reg;, Ourofino Saúde Animal), via intramuscular associado com selante de tetos (4g subnitrato de bismuto Sellat&reg;, Ourofino Saúde Animal), e b) CONT (n=57) sem a aplicação de nenhum medicamento. A lactação iniciou-se no 21º dia do PIL e os animais foram submetidos à duas ordenhas diárias. No 15º dia de lactação (DEL) foi realizado diagnóstico de CFs e mais dois grupos foram criados de acordo com peso corporal, ECC e presença/ausência de CFs: a) GnRH (n=53, 5 mL de GnRH injetável Sincrofort&reg;, Ourofino Saúde Animal) e b) Controle (n=53). Do total (n=104), 91% das novilhas induzidas responderam com sucesso ao PIL com média de produção de leite de 15,19 kg/leite/dia durante as primeiras 22 semanas de lactação. Os tratamentos foram avaliados em fatorial 2x2, sendo o fator 1 correspondente ao tratamento com ATBS e o fator 2 correspondente ao tratamento com GnRH. O ATBS não alterou a produção de leite quando comparado com o GnRH. A prevalência de IIM nas duas primeiras semanas de lactação foi de 18% com o ATBS e 28% nas não tratadas, e Staphylococcuscoagulase negativa (SCN) foi o patógeno mais frequentemente isolado no 7º (20,95%) e 14º (17,11%) DEL. Os quartos mamários tratados com ATBS tiveram 0,56 vezes menos risco de IIM e diminuíram a CCS em relação aos controles. A aplicação de GnRH não influenciou na cura dos CFs em relação aos controles. A ciclicidade aos 45 dias de lactação foi de 68% e 35% para os animais tratados com ATBS e controle, respectivamente. Já para os tratados com GnRH, a ciclicidade foi de 57% e 46% para o controle. No tratamento com ATBS houve taxa de prenhez acumulada de 60% contra 89% no controle, enquanto que o tratamento com GnRH não influenciou esta variável. A indução de lactação foi eficaz em novilhas e o tratamento com ATBS diminuiu a prevalência de IIM nas duas primeiras semanas de lactação. / The present study aimed to evaluate: 1) the milk production and composition of heifers submitted to lactation induction protocol (PIL), 2) the effectiveness of injectable antibiotic treatment associated with teat sealant on the prevalence of intramammary infections (IMI) and somatic cell count (SCC), and 3) the effectiveness of GnRH treatment on follicular cyst (FC) regression and optimization of the accumulated pregnancy rate in late heifers. Thus, 114 heifers of Jersolando breed (Holstein x Jersey) were used, with 34.7 &#177; 4.8 (mean &#177; standard deviation) months of age, 439 &#177; 56.35 kg of body weight and 3.00 &#177; 0.30 body condition score (BCS). The heifers were housed in Compost bedded-pack barns shed and submitted to the PIL consisting of estradiol benzoate, injectable progesterone, prostaglandin, dexamethasone and bovine recombinant somatotropin. Sixteen days prior to initiation of PIL, heifers were randomly assigned to two groups: a) ATBS (n = 57, 1mL/kg Norfloxacin injectable Norflomax&reg;, Ourofino Animal Health), intramuscularly, associated with internal teat sealant (4g bismuth subnitrate Sellat&reg;, Ourofino Animal Health), and b) CONT (n=57) without the application of any medication. Lactation began on the 21stday of the PIL and the animals were submitted to two daily milking. On the 15th day in milk (DIM) a diagnosis of FC was performed and two other groups were created according to body weight, BCS and presence / absence of CFs: a) GnRH (n = 53, 5 mL of Sincrofort&reg; injectable GnRH, Ourofino Animal Health) and b) Control (n = 53). From 104 induced heifers, 91% responded successfully to PIL, with a mean milk yield of 15.19 kg/milk/day during the first 22 weeks of lactation. The treatments were evaluated in a 2x2 factorial, with factor 1 corresponding to the ATBS treatment and factor 2 corresponding to GnRH treatment. The ATBS treatment did not change the milk production when compared to those treated with GnRH. The prevalence of IMI during the first two weeks of lactation was 18% for ATBS-heifers and 28% for untreated heifers. Staphylococcus coagulase negative (SCN) was the most frequently isolated pathogen in the 7th (20.95 %) and 14th (17.11%) DIM. The ATBS-treated mammary quarters had a 0,56lower times risk of infection and decreased the SCC compared to controls, with or without GnRH. The GnRH application did not influence on the cure of FCs in relation to control. Cyclicity at 45 days of lactation was 68% for the animals treated with ATBS and 35% for the control, while the animals treated with GnRH had a cyclicity of 57% and 46% for the control. The ATBS had cumulative pregnancy rate of 60%, in the control was 89% and the GnRH treatment did not influence this variable. Induction of lactation was effective in heifers and treatment with ATBS decreased the prevalence of IMI in the first two weeks of lactation.

A mastite é o problema de saúde mais prevalente de rebanhos leiteiros, levando a enormes prejuízos econômicos para os produtores em todo o mundo. A redução dos prejuízos decorrentes desta doença depende da implantação de programas de prevenção e controle e, do conhecimento dos fatores de risco relacionadas a sua acorrência. Portanto, o primeiro objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores de risco mais fortemente associados à mastite clínica e subclínica e a correlação desses fatores com contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT) dos tanques de refrigeração em fazendas leiteiras brasileiras. O segundo, foi estudar a eficiência da implantação de um programa de gerenciamento, baseado no método de análise e solução de problemas (MASP), para redução da CCS e CBT destas fazendas e a variação da CCS e CBT com a sazonalidade. Para o primeiro objetivo, foram utilizados dados de 16 propriedades do estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil. Através da realização de duas visitas às propriedades coletou-se dados do tamanho do rebanho, média da produção de leite por vaca, CCS e CBT do tanque e fatores de risco associados ao risco de novas infecções e cronicidade das infecções intramamárias. Para identificar os fatores mais fortemente associados à mastite, foi realizada uma análise fatorial e o método paramétrico de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a correlação entre todas as variáveis, inclusive com CCS e CBT. Para o segundo objetivo, avaliou-se as mesmas 16 fazendas que participaram da implantação do MASP e outras 16 fazendas que não participaram (controle), em três fases com relação a implantação do programa (antes, durante e depois). Também, avaliou-se os dados destas fazendas com relação as estações do ano. Para avaliar o efeito de fase, estação do ano e implantação ou não do programa MASP foi realizado um modelo linear misto utilizando o PROC MIXED do SAS e, a comparação entre as médias foi feita por meio do teste ajustado de Tukey-Kramer. A partir da análise fatorial, quatro fatores explicaram a maior parte da varialibidade da mastite (72,3%): fator 1) tamanho do rebanho e rotina de ordenha (29,7%); fator 2) controle da mastite (17,2%); fator 3) qualidade higiênico-sanitária e produção média por vaca (13,5%) e, fator 4) descarte (11,9%). Houve uma correlação negativa (r = -0,56) entre CCS e produção média de leite por vaca, e uma correlação positiva (r = 0,86) entre CCS e CBT. A implantação do MASP foi eficiente em reduzir a CCS das fazendas na fase durante e depois da implantação, mas não teve influência na CBT. A CCS também varia de acordo com a sazonalidadede, sendo mais alta nos meses mais quentes e úmidos do ano e, mais baixa nos meses mais frios. Mesmo que o MASP tenha sido eficiente em reduzir a CCS dos rebanhos, uma das premissas fundamentais para isto ocorrer é a de que, todas as atividades preconizadas durante o programa sejam realizadas pelos envolvidos. Para que isto aconteça, é imprescindível que o gestor ou dono da fazenda queira e, portanto, esteja motivado para reduzir a mastite em sua propriedade. / Mastitis is the most prevalent health problem of the dairy herds, leading huge economic losses for dairy farmers worldwide. The decrease of the damages caused by this disease depends on the implementation of prevention and control programs, and on the knowledge of the risk factors linked to its occurrence. Therefore, the first objective of this study was to verify the risk factors most strongly associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis and the correlation of these factors to somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) from the bulk tanks in Brazilian dairy farms. The second one was to study the efficiency of the implementation of one management program to analyze and solve problems, decrease the SCC and TBC of these farms and the variation of the SCC and TBC regarding the seasonality. For the first objective, we have used data from sixteen dairy farms in the Minas Gerais state - Brazil. Two visits were done at the farms to get the data about herd size, average milk yield per cow, SCC and TBC from the bulk tank, and risk factors associated to the risk of new infections and chronicity of intramammary infections. To identify the factors most strongly associated with mastitis, a factorial analysis was performed and the Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the correlation between all variables, including SCC and TBC. For the second one, the same sixteen farms participating in the implementation of the management mastitis program and another sixteen farms that did not participate (control) were evaluated in three phases regarding the implementation of the program (before, during and after). Also, the data of these farms were evaluated regarding to the seasons of the year. To evaluate the phase`s effects, season and implementation or not of the management mastitis program a mixed linear model was performed using the PROC MIXED of the SAS and the comparison between the means was done through the Tukey-Kramer adjusted test. From the factorial analysis, four factors explained most of the variance of mastitis (72.3%): factor 1) herd size and milking routine (29.7%); factor 2) mastitis control (17.2%); factor 3) hygienic-sanitary quality and average production per cow (13.5%) and factor 4) discard (culled) (se for o descarte de animais) (11.9%). There was a negative correlation (r = -0.56) between SCC and average milk production per cow, and a positive correlation (r = 0.86) between SCC and TBC. The implementation of the management program was efficient in decrease the SCC of the farms during and after the implantation, but had no influence in the TBC. The SCC also varies according to seasonality, being higher in the warmer and wetter months of the year, and lower in the colder months. Even though the management program has been effective in decrease the CCS from the herds, one of the basically premises for this is that all the activities done during the program are carried out by those involved. In order for this could be happens, it is imperative that the manager or farmers wants to do that and is therefore motivated to reduce mastitis on their farm.