Intravenous line placement is one of the most common procedures performed on children presenting to the Emergency Department. Anxiety about needles is widespread, and many children experience high levels of fear and/or pain with their IV line placements. Hypnosis is a behavioral intervention that shows significant promise for alleviating procedure-related pain and anxiety in children. Twenty-five developmentally normal, English-speaking children between the ages of five and fifteen who required IV line placement in the Pediatric Emergency Department at Yale-New Haven Childrens Hospital were randomized to receive either the standard of care or standard of care plus a brief hypnotic intervention. The groups were similar with regard to baseline demographic and socioeconomic status, previous experience with medical care, and presence or absence of chronic medical conditions. Childrens pre-procedural anxiety ratings on a 10cm visual analog scale (VAS) and expected procedural pain ratings by 10-point oucher and 10cm VAS were not significantly different between the groups. Children randomized to the hypnosis group reported less anxiety during the procedure (mean 5.0 vs 3.1, median 7.2 vs 2.2, p = 0.28) than children randomized to the standard of care group. Cases also had a decrease in anxiety from expected to actual of 1.6 on a 10cm scale, while those randomized to the control group had an increase from expected to actual anxiety of 1.1 (p=0.01). A smaller trend towards decreased pain in the hypnosis group was also present. As measured by VAS, cases had lower mean pain scores (3.4 vs 4.3) than controls. In a comparison of anticipated and actual pain scores between groups, the hypnosis group had a mean decrease of 0.8 on a 10cm VAS , while the control group had a mean increase of 0.5 (p=0.14). Recruitment of subjects is ongoing, but preliminary results suggest that hypnosis is effective for alleviating needle-related anxiety in children undergoing IV line placement and may be helpful for alleviating the pain of IV line placement as well.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of South Florida, 2009. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 35 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

La prise en charge de l’insuffisance veineuse chronique (IVC) et du lymphœdème repose, traditionnellement, sur des méthodes de compression fondées sur des concepts généralement admis mais insuffisamment éprouvés. Le Projet « Phlébosthène », initié en 2010, comporte le développement et l’application d’outils d’étude biomécanique quantitative de l’œdème et des troubles fonctionnels veineux. Les études n°1 et 2 reposaient sur la volumétrie par mesures étagées de circonférence du membre supérieur chez des patientes présentant un lymphœdème. Elles ont montré la valeur prédictive des variations de volume obtenues par la phase intensive du traitement décongestif quant à l’évolution du lymphœdème à moyen terme et au risque de phénomène de rebond. L’étude n°3 a validé la volumétrie de membre par caméra laser 3D chez des sujets sains et des patients souffrant d’insuffisance veineuse chronique du membre inférieur, en comparaison à la volumétrie par déplacement d’eau, méthode de référence, avec l’avantage majeur de quantifier le volume du pied et de la main. L’étude n°4 comportait, au membre inférieur, la mesure des pressions d’interface, intraveineuse, et intramusculaire sans et avec orthèse de compression dégressive de force 2 et 3, et avec orthèse de compression progressive, au repos, lors d’une manœuvre de flexion-extension du pied en position allongée, et lors d’une manœuvre de haussement sur la pointe des pieds en position debout. L’échographie avec mesure de la force d’appui sur la sonde et analyse automatique d’image calculant l’aire veineuse permettait de déterminer la courbe force / aire d’une veine superficielle et d’une veine profonde du mollet en position allongée et debout. Nous avons inclus 57 patients souffrant d’IVC (21 au stade C1s, 18 au stade C3, et 18 au stade C5 selon la classification CEAP), et 54 sujets sains témoins (18 sédentaires, 18 actifs, 18 sportifs) appariés. Les mesures de pression intraveineuse et intramusculaire ont été réalisées chez un tiers des patients et sujets sains. Le traitement des données échographiques (1776 séquences) étant en cours, nous ne pouvons présenter que des résultats préliminaires et partiels. Les pressions d’interface évoluaient conformément aux attentes, atteignant des valeurs plus élevées sous compression de force 2 que sans compression, sous compression de force 3 que de force 2, et sous compression progressive que sous compression de force 2 ou 3. La compression progressive ne se distinguait nettement des compressions dégressives qu’au niveau du mollet et non de la cheville. Les pressions d’interface étaient généralement plus élevées, sous compression, chez les témoins et les patients au stade C5, et, à un moindre degré, au stade C3, que chez les patients au stade C1s. La pression intraveineuse variait en fonction de la posture et du mouvement et était corrélée à la taille du sujet et sa longueur de jambe en orthostatisme ainsi qu’avec le stade clinique d’IVC. La pression intramusculaire évoluait parallèlement à la compression. Les boucles force / aire veineuse montraient une hystérésis caractéristique, décrivant donc la viscoélasticité des veines examinées. L’analyse complète des résultats permettra de comparer les différentes orthèses de compression et leur effet sur la biomécanique veineuse des sujets sains et pathologiques, avec des données quantitatives sur les caractéristiques viscoélastiques des veines. Nous pourrons évaluer l’effet de l’activité physique en comparant les sujets sédentaires, actifs, et sportifs. L’objectif est, à terme, de produire un modèle mathématique permettant, à partir d’un ensemble limité de données obtenues de façon non-vulnérante, de prédire l’effet des différentes modalités de compression sur la biomécanique veineuse de façon à pouvoir déterminer, grâce à la description géométrique tridimensionnelle du membre, les paramètres individuels optimaux de compression. / The conventional treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and lymphedema is based upon mechanical compression, relying on generally admitted but insufficiently proven concepts. The " Phlebosthene " project, initiated in 2010, involves the development and implementation of innovative tools for the quantitative biomechanical evaluation of edema and venous disorders. Studies #1 and #2 were based on the calculation of the upper limb volume by serial circumference measurements in patients with lymphedema. They demonstrated the predictive value of volume variations during the intensive phase of decongestive therapy as for the medium-term outcome and the risk of rebound phenomenon. Study #3 validated segmental limb volumetry by 3D laser scanning in healthy subjects and in patients with lower limb CVI, in comparison with water displacement (reference method), with the major advantage of quantifying the volume of the foot and toes. Study #4 included the measurement, at the lower limb, of interface, intravenous, and intramuscular pressure without and with compression stockings, comparing force 2 and force 3 graduated stockings with so-called progressive compression. Measurements were performed at rest, during flexion-extension movements of the foot while the subject was lying supine, and during a tip-toe test in the standing position. Synchronously recorded B-mode sonography with automatic image analysis allowed calculating the venous area and provided force / area curves of superficial and deep calf veins in the supine and in the standing position. We included 57 patients with CVI (21 at the C1s, 18 at the C3 and 18 at the C5 stage of CVI according to the CEAP classification), and 54 matched healthy controls (18 sedentary, 18 active, 18 sportive). Intravenous and intramuscular pressure measurements were performed in one third of patients. As the processing of the 1776 B-mode sonographic sequences is still underway, we can only offer here partial and preliminary results. Interface pressures evolved as expected, reaching higher values under graduated force 2 compression stockings than without compression, under graduated force 3 than force 2 compression, and under progressive than under graduated compression. Progressive compression clearly distinguished itself from graduated compression only at the calf but not at the ankle level. Interface pressures were generally higher, under compression, in controls and in patients with IVC at the C5 stage, and, to a lesser degree, at the C3 stage, than in patients at the C1s stage. Intravenous pressure varied with posture and movement and correlated with the subject’s size and leg length in orthostatic position, and with the CVI stage. The force / area curves of superficial and deep calf veins exhibited a characteristic hysteresis, yielding viscoelasticity information. When the database will be complete and consolidated, we will be able to compare different compression stockings and their effect on the venous biomechanics of healthy and pathological subjects, providing quantitative data on the viscoelastic characteristics of superficial and deep veins. We will also be able to assess the effect of physical activity on venous biomechanics by comparing sedentary, active, and sportive subjects. The confrontation of interface, intravenous, and intramuscular pressures with these biomechanical data will provide a mathematical model using a limited set of data obtained by simple and non-invasive measurements to predict the effect of compression stockings on the biomechanics of superficial and deep veins, in order to determine, with the help of 3D laser scanning, the optimal individual compression settings.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) are involved in almost all neuronal functions, providing the link between electrical signals and cellular activity. This work examines the mechanisms by which a neuron can regulate the movement and sequestration of Ca2+ through specific channels such that this ubiquitous ion can encode specific functions. My initial focus was using intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) imaging techniques to study the influence of the inhibition of specific voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC) by ethanol on a depolarization induced rise in [Ca2+]i in neurohypophysial nerve terminals. This research took an unexpected turn when I observed an elevation of [Ca2+]i during perfusion with ethanol containing solutions. Control experiments showed this to be an artifactual result not directly attributable to ethanol. It was necessary to track down the source of this artifact in order to proceed with future ethanol experiments. The source of the artifact turned out to be a contaminant leaching from I.V. drip chambers. Due to potential health implications stemming from the use of these drip chambers in a clinical setting as well as potential artifactual results in the ethanol field where these chambers are commonly used, I choose to investigate this phenomenon more rigorously. The agent responsible for this effect was shown to be di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a widely used plasticizer that has been shown to be carcinogenic in rats and mice. The extraction of this contaminant from the I.V. drip chamber, as measured by spectrophotometry, was time-dependent, and was markedly accelerated by the presence of ethanol in the solution. DEHP added to saline solution caused a rise in [Ca2+]i similar to that elicited by the contaminant containing solution. The rise in calcium required transmembrane flux through membrane channels. Blood levels of DEHP in clinical settings have been shown to exceed the levels which we found to alter [Ca2+]i. This suggests that acute alterations in intracellular calcium should be considered in addition to long-term effects when determining the safety of phthalate-containing plastics. As part of a collaboration between Steven Treistman and Robert Messing's laboratory at UCSF, I participated in a study of how ethanol regulates N-type calcium channels which are known to be inhibited acutely, and upregulated in the chronic presence of ethanol. Specific mRNA splice variants encoding N-type channels were investigated using ribonuclease protection assays and real-time PCR. Three pairs of N-type specific α-subunit Cav2.2 splice variants were examined, with exposure to ethanol observed to increase expression of one alternative splice form in a linker that lacks six bases encoding the amino acids glutamate and threonine (ΔET). Whole cell electrophysiological recordings that I carried out demonstrated a faster rate of channel activation and a shift in the voltage dependence of activation to more negative potentials after chronic alcohol exposure, consistent with increased expression of ΔET variants. These results demonstrate that chronic ethanol exposure not only increases the abundance of N-type calcium channels, but also increases the expression of a Cav2.2 splice variant with kinetics predicted to support a larger and faster rising intracellular calcium signal. This is the first demonstration that ethanol can up-regulate ion channel function through expression of a specific mRNA splice variant, defining a new mechanism underlying the development of drug addiction. Depolarizing a neuron opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC), leading to an influx of Ca2+ ions into the cytoplasm, where Ca2+ sensitive signaling cascades are stimulated. How does the ubiquitous calcium ion selectively modulate a large array of neuronal functions? Concurrent electrophysiology and ratiometric calcium imaging were used to measure transmembrane Ca2+ current and the resulting rise and decay of [Ca2+]i, showing that equal amounts of Ca2+ entering through N-type and L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels result in significantly different [Ca2+]i temporal profiles. When the contribution of N-type channels was reduced, a faster [Ca2+]i decay was observed. Conversely, when the contribution of L-type channels was reduced, [Ca2+]i decay was slower. Potentiating L-type current or inactivating N-type channels both resulted in a more rapid decay of [Ca2+]i. Channel-specific differences in [Ca2+]i decay rates were abolished by depleting intracellular Ca2+ stores suggesting the involvement of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). I was able to conclude that Ca2+ entering through N-type, but not L-type channels, is amplified by ryanodine receptor mediated CICR. Channel-specific activation of CICR generates a unique intracellular Ca2+ signal depending on the route of entry, potentially encoding the selective activation of a subset of Ca2+ -sensitive processes within the neuron.

No description available.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e validar um método analítico empregando microextração em fase sólida (SPME) para detecção e quantificação de isoflurano (ISO) na forma volátil e incluso em nanoemulsões intravenosas e, ainda, avaliar o efeito biológico destas. A detecção do ISO foi realizada através de cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (CG/DIC). As condições ideais para realização da pré-concentração e extração de ISO através da técnica de SPME foram temperatura ambiente, agitação constante, 30 min de extração e 2 min de dessorção no injetor do CG. O método desenvolvido foi validado avaliando os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, precisão, exatidão e robustez. As nanoemulsões contendo ISO foram desenvolvidas através da homogeneização à alta pressão, e apresentaram diâmetro médio, índice de polidispersão, potencial zeta e pH de 150 ± 0,78 nm, 0,08 ± 0,01, - 18 ± 2,4 mV e 6,03 ± 0,04, respectivamente. O pH foi ajustado para 7,4 (valor fisiológico). O teor de ISO nas formulações foi de 98,4 %. Não houve modificação das características físico-químicas das nanoemulsões após 30 dias de armazenamento a 8 ºC. Análises de espalhamento de luz múltiplo não demonstraram tendência a fenômenos de instabilidade física para as formulações. Os estudos do efeito anestésico das nanoemulsões intravenosas contendo ISO em cães evidenciaram uma redução significativa (p < 0,05) na dose comparada com a administração de ISO volátil. Não houve alterações no débito cardíaco, saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina e nos biomarcadores das funções renal, hepática e muscular. Uma queda na pressão arterial dos cães foi observada em todos os tratamentos devido ao efeito hipotensor do ISO. Após administração das nanoemulsões contendo ISO e branca, observou-se taquipnéia, edema, eritema, e baixas concentrações de dióxido de carbono expiradas. Assim, a nanoemulsificação do ISO foi realizada com sucesso e a aplicação na anestesia geral intravenosa foi demonstrada. / The aims of this work were to develop and validate an analytical method using solidphase microextraction (SPME) to detect and quantify isoflurane (ISO) inhalation liquid and loaded in intravenous nanoemulsions, and also evaluate the biological effect of the formulations. ISO detection was made by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The ideal conditions setting for the pre concentration and extraction of ISO through SPME were environmental temperature, constant stirring, 30 min for extraction and 2 min for analyte desorption in the GC inlet port. The developed method was validated by means of specificity, linearity, detection and quantification limits, precision, accuracy and robustness. The ISOloaded nanoemulsions were formulated by high-pressure homogenization, and presented average diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential and pH of 150 ± 0.78 nm, 0.08 ± 0.01, -18 ± 2.4 mV and 6.03 ± 0.04, respectively. The pH was adjusted to 7.4 (physiological value). The drug content on the formulations was 98.4 %. After 30 days of storage at 8 ºC no changes on nanoemulsion’s physicalchemical characteristics were observed. Multiple light scattering analysis did not demonstrate any physical destabilization phenomena for the formulations. The anesthetic effect study for the intravenous ISO-loaded nanoemulsions in dogs highlighted a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in dosage regimen when compared to the volatile ISO administration. There were no alterations on cardiac rate, oxygen hemoglobin saturation and on biomarkers of the renal, hepatic and muscle functionalities. A decrease in dog’s arterial blood pressure in all treatments due the hypotensive effect caused by ISO was observed. After the administration of the nanomulsions, ISO-loaded and unloaded, occurred tachypnea, edema, erythema and low end tidal concentrations of carbon dioxide. Taking all above into account, the method was considered easy on execution and suitable for laboratory routines, the ISO nanoemulsification was made successfully and its application on general anesthesia was demonstrated.

The peripheral venipuncture in premature newborns (RNPT) and the challenges for nursing care and patient safety are the subject of this study, which has as its guiding questions: How the practice of nursing care with peripheral venipuncture in preterm infants? What are the challenges experienced in nursing care considering patient safety and promoting comfort and minimizing pain? Aimed to comprehend the practice of nursing care with peripheral venipuncture form on RNPT and its challenges to promote comfort and minimize pain with a view to patient safety. Specifically: 1) To describe the profile of respondents;" 2) characterize the peripheral venipuncture procedure in preterm infants, while care practice performed by the nursing team; 3) identify the knowledge of professionals about this care practice; 4) relate aimed at professional attention to manifestations of preterm infants before, during and after the procedure with a view to patient safety; 5) verify the measures to promote comfort and minimize pain in relation to peripheral venipuncture in preterm infants. Descriptive and qualitative study, developed in the neonatal unit of the Universitary Hospital Professor Alberto Antunes (HUPAA / UFAL), Maceió/AL, between April and September 2014, after approval by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Alagoas, in the opinion under No. 608,622. The population was made up of 42 professionals of the nursing staff of this unit being applied semi-structured interview, plus a daily non-participant observation. The recorded data were transcribed and validated by each professional. There was use of the Content Analysis, proposed by Laurence Bardin, resulting in the following categorization: 1) Professional Practice in Neonatology and care peripheral venipuncture; 2) humanizing aspects and promotion of comfort by the team in RNPT. The results showed: the sensitivity of professionals, nursing care in trans peripheral venipuncture period; appreciation of humanization of such care; scientific knowledge associated with professional practice; leveling the knowledge reported in the same professional category; applicability of non-pharmacological techniques for pain relief; attention to manifestations of assisted RN; interest and appreciation of the professional development; consistency between reported and care the product of observation made. The study revealed the sensitivity of the participants in order to promote comfort and ease the pain of RNPT subjected to a peripheral venipuncture. Regardless of the busy and institutional link position, characterized individualized and humanized care by interest whether transpose the difficulties encountered, whether related to RN or provided by the dynamics of service. It identified the expansion of nursing practice dimension, bringing the academic and healthcare faces, resulting in identification of interest for the provision of nursing care quality coated, not limited to the activities of compliance. / A venopunção periférica em recém-nascidos prematuros (RNPT) e os desafios para o cuidado de enfermagem e a segurança do paciente constituem o objeto deste estudo, que traz como questões norteadoras: Como ocorre a prática do cuidado de enfermagem com a venopunção periférica em RNPT? Quais os desafios vivenciados no cuidado de enfermagem considerando-se a segurança do paciente e a promoção de conforto e minimização da dor? Objetivou-se compreender a prática do cuidado de enfermagem com a venopunção periférica em recém-nascidos prematuros, seus desafios para a promoção do conforto e minimização da dor com vistas à segurança do paciente. Especificamente: 1) descrever o perfil dos participantes da pesquisa; 2) caracterizar o procedimento de venopunção periférica em RNPT, enquanto prática de cuidado executada pela equipe de enfermagem; 3) identificar o conhecimento dos profissionais acerca deste cuidado; 4) relacionar a atenção voltada pelo profissional às manifestações do RNPT, antes, durante e após o procedimento, na perspectiva da segurança do paciente; 5) verificar as medidas de promoção do conforto e minimização da dor em relação à venopunção periférica em RNPT. Estudo descritivo, qualitativo, desenvolvido na unidade neonatal do Hospital Universitário Professor Alberto Antunes (HUPAA/UFAL), Maceió/AL, entre abril e setembro de 2014, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, segundo o parecer sob nº 608.622. A população compôs-se por 42 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem desta unidade, sendo aplicada entrevista semi-estruturada, acrescida por diários de observação não-participante. Os dados gravados foram transcritos e validados, por cada profissional. Fez-se uso da Análise de Conteúdo, proposta por Laurence Bardin, resultando na seguinte categorização: 1) Prática profissional em Neonatologia e cuidados com a venopunção periférica; 2) Aspectos de humanização e promoção do conforto pela equipe diante da venopunção periférica em RNPT. Os resultados demonstraram: sensibilidade dos profissionais, aos cuidados de enfermagem, no período de transvenopunção periférica; valorização da humanização destes cuidados; conhecimento científico associado à prática profissional; nivelamento do conhecimento relatado, em uma mesma categoria profissional; aplicabilidade de técnicas não farmacológicas para alívio da dor; atenção às manifestações do RN assistido; interesse e valorização do aprimoramento profissional; coerência entre os cuidados relatados e o produto da observação realizada, ou seja, os detalhes do cuidado que puderam ser, pela pesquisadora, visualizados. O estudo revelou a sensibilidade dos participantes, no intuito de se promover conforto e amenizar a dor do RNPT submetido a uma venopunção periférica. Independente do cargo ocupado e vínculo institucional, caracterizou-se uma assistência individualizada e humanizada, mediante interesse por se transpor as dificuldades encontradas, seja relacionadas ao RN ou proporcionadas pela dinâmica do serviço. Identificou-se a ampliação da dimensão da prática de enfermagem, aproximando as faces acadêmica e assistencial, com consequente reconhecimento do interesse pela prestação de cuidados de enfermagem revestidos de qualidade, não limitados ao cumprimento de atividades.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-11-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_rm_dr_jabo.pdf: 437070 bytes, checksum: e5cd6f576c7b9ff4974078130d3e9da5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A administração intravenosa de anestésicos voláteis halogenados pode ser considerada uma alternativa à aplicação pela via inalatória, e neste contexto, as formulações emulsificadas têm mostrado segurança, eficiência e bons planos anestésicos. Neste estudo, objetivou-se comparar os efeitos hemodinâmicos e respiratórios das administrações intravenosa e inalatória de isofluorano em cães, após a determinação da taxa de infusão intravenosa de 6,99 mL/kg/h deste halogenado em emulsão lipídica. Para tanto, foram utilizados oito cães, os quais formaram três grupos distintos: grupo IV – anestesia intravenosa por infusão de emulsão lipídica com isofluorano; grupo E - anestesia inalatória com isofluorano, associada à infusão intravenosa de emulsão lipídica sem o halogenado; e grupo IN - anestesia inalatória com isofluorano, associada à infusão intravenosa de solução de NaCl 0,9%. Foram evidenciadas diminuições da contratilidade cardíaca, índice cardíaco e pressão arterial sistêmica a partir de 10 e 40 minutos de anestesia, respectivamente, nos grupos IV e E. A hipotensão no grupo IV resultou em acidose metabólica, porém, hipoxemia não foi observada. O grupo IN apresentou manutenção do índice cardíaco, apesar de reduções do índice de resistência vascular sistêmica e pressão arterial. A taxa de infusão intravenosa determinada foi efetiva na manutenção de plano de anestesia cirúrgica em cães. As infusões intravenosas de isofluorano e emulsão lipídica causaram depressão cardíaca e hipotensão. Em relação à função respiratória, nenhum dos grupos mostrou efeitos deletérios. / The intravenous administration of halogenated anesthetics can be considered an alternative to the application by the inhalation route, moreover, emulsified formulations have been showing safety, efficiency and appropriated anesthetic depth. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of isoflurane anesthesia by intravenous or inhalational route on hemodynamic and respiratory variables, after the determination of the intravenous infusion rate of 6.99 mL/kg/h of this anesthetic in lipid emulsion, in dogs. Therefore, eight dogs were distributed in three different protocols: IV group – intravenous anesthesia with emulsified isoflurane; E group – inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane associated to intravenous infusion of lipid emulsion; and IN group - inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane associated to intravenous infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution. The results regarding IV and EM groups revealed decreases of heart contractility, cardiac index and systemic blood pressure starting from 10 and 40 minutes of anesthesia, respectively. The hypotension in the IV group resulted in metabolic acidosis, however, hypoxemia was not observed. The IN group demonstrated maintenance of cardiac index, despite of reduction of the blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance index. The intravenous infusion rate determined was effective in the maintenance of an anesthetic depth of general anesthesia in dogs. The intravenous infusions of isoflurane and lipid emulsion caused cardiac depression and hypotension. In relation to respiratory function, the inhalational route and the intravenous infusions of isoflurane and lipid emulsion did not result in harmful effects.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA14MA134.pdf: 1248046 bytes, checksum: af3ac6b025f01fe9a2d5a20f8a4685e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of premedication with detomidine and morphine in sheep kept under inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane or total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, both associated with lumbosacral spinal anesthesia. Fourteen adult, female, sheep, mean weight 27,2±2,4 Kg were used. All animals were pre medicated with 0,3 mg.Kg-1 of morphine IM, and 5 minutes later received 20 mcg.Kg-1 of detomidine IV. Subsequently were assigned into two groups: GISO (n=7), which were induced with 0,5mg.Kg-1 of diazepam associated with 5 mg.Kg-1 of ketamine IV, and maintenance of anesthesia was through isoflurane diluted in 100 % oxygen; the GPRO (n=7), animals were induced with 4 mg.Kg-1 propofol and maintained with continuous infusion of propofol in the initial rate of 0,3 mg.Kg-1.min-1 and subsequently adjusted to maintain adequate depth of anesthesia. Mechanical ventilation was iniciated to maintain normocapnia during the anesthesia. All animals underwent bilateral tibial osteotomy, therefore, received 0,5mg.Kg-1 0,75% ropivacaine associated with 0,1 mg.Kg-1 morphine by the intrathecal route, and diluting to a final volume of 1 mL/7,5 Kg bodyweight with NaCl0,9% solution. The parameters were evaluated at baseline (M0), after instrumentation of the animals while held in right lateral recumbeny; 5 minutes after administration of detomidine (M1); 5 minutes after anesthetic induction (M2); 10 minutes after performing spinal anesthesia and positioning of the animal into dorsal recumbency (M3); immediately after osteotomy of the right hindlimb (M4); 30 minutes after the spinal anesthesia and positioning of the animal into dorsal recumbency (M5); immediately after osteotomy of the left hindlimb (M6); and at the end of surgery/anesthesia (M7). There was a 40% reduction in heart rate in M1 in both groups, remaining on average 23% reduced to M7. Mean arterial pressure rose in 16% in GISO at M2, 12 but decreasing from M3 to M7, like at in the GPRO. The average EtISO was 0,57 V% and average infusion rate of propofol was 0,24 mg.Kg-1.min-1. Spinal block was 100% effective in all animals. We registered a respiratory acidosis in M2, and a posterior metabolic alkalosis in M3 to M7, in both groups. Reduction of potassium levels and sustained hyperglycemia were observed in M2 to M7 in both groups. A 20% decrease ocurred in hematocrit and hemoglobin were observed in both groups from M1. The total time of surgery, anesthesia and extubation were 66±9,8, 92±7,0 and 13,8±1,5 minutes in GISO and 56±2,4, 82,9±4,6 and 5,4±1,5 minutes in GPRO. We conclude that sedation provided with the association of morphine and detomidine promoted adequate sedation depth, quality of induction promoted by propofol or ketamine diazepam was excellent and the protocol of spinal anesthesia was effective in preventing the nociception during surgical stimulation, not requiring rescue analgesia. The maintenance anesthesia with propofol or isoflurane produced similar depth of anesthesia with minimal cardiovascular and hemogasometric alterations, which are well tolerated in healthy animals / O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia e segurança da pré medicação com detomidia e morfina em ovinos mantidos sob anestesia geral inalatória com isofluorano ou anestesia total intravenosa com propofol, ambas associadas à anestesia subaracnóidea lombo-sacra. Foram utilizados 14 ovinos, fêmeas, adultas, com peso médio 27,2±2,4 Kg. Todos os animais foram pré medicados com 0,3 mg.Kg-1 de morfina pela via IM, e 5 minutos após receberam 20 mcg.Kg-1 de detomidina pela via IV. Posteriormente foram alocados em dois grupos: GISO (n=7), onde foram induzidos com 0,5 mg.Kg-1 de diazepam e 5 mg.Kg-1 de cetamina IV, e manutenção anestésica realizada através de isofluorano diluído em 100% de oxigênio; no GPRO (n=7), os animais foram induzidos com 4 mg.Kg-1 de propofol, e a manutenção foi realizada com infusão contínua de propofol na taxa inicial de 0,3 mg.Kg-1.min-1 sendo posteriormente ajustada de acordo com o plano anestésico. Todos os animais foram mantidos sob ventilação mecânica ajustada para manter normocapnia. Todos os animais foram submetidos à osteotomia bilateral de tíbia, para tanto, receberam 0,5 mg.Kg-1 de ropivacaína 0,75% associado a 0,1 mg.Kg-1 de morfina pela via subaracnóidea, diluindo-se para um volume final de 1 mL/7,5 Kg com solução NaCl 0,9%. Os parâmetros foram avaliados no momento basal (M0), este ocorrido após a instrumentação dos animais, enquanto mantidos em decúbito lateral direito; 5 minutos após a administração da detomidina (M1); 5 minutos após a indução anestésica (M2); 10 minutos após a realização da anestesia subaracnóidea e posicionamento do animal em decúbito dorsal (M3); imediatamente após a realização da osteotomia do membro pélvico direito (perfuração da cortical) (M4); 30 minutos após a realização da anestesia subaracnóidea e posicionamento do animal em decúbito dorsal (M5); imediatamente após a realização da osteotomia do membro pélvico esquerdo (perfuração da cortical) (M6); e ao término da 10 cirurgia/anestesia (M7). Houve redução de 40% nos valores médios de frequência cardíaca em M1 em ambos os grupos, permanecendo em média 23% reduzidos até M7. A pressão arterial média elevou-se 16% em M2 no GISO, mas reduzindo-se de M3 até M7, assim como no GPRO. A EtISO média foi de 0,57V% e a taxa média de infusão do propofol foi de 0,24 mg.Kg-1.min-1. O bloqueio subaracnóideo foi 100% eficaz em todos os animais. Registrou-se acidose respiratória em M2, e posterior alcalose metabólica de M3 à M7, em ambos os grupos. Redução dos valores de potássio e hiperglicemia sustentada ocorreram de M2 a M7, em ambos os grupos. Decréscimo significativo de 20% nos valores de hematócrito e hemoglobina foram observados nos dois grupos a partir de M1. Os tempos totais de cirurgia, anestesia e para extubação foram de 66±9,8, 92±13,8 e 7,0±1,5 minutos no GISO e 56±2,4, 82,9±4,6 e 5,4±1,5 minutos no GPRO. Conclui-se que a sedação promovida pela associação de morfina e detomidina promoveu sedação adequada, a qualidade de indução promovida pelo propofol ou associação de cetamina diazepam foi excelente, o protocolo de anestesia subaracnóidea foi eficaz em prevenir a nocicepção durante o estímulo cirúrgico, não requerendo resgate analgésico trans operatório. A manutenção anestésica com isofluorano ou propofol promoveu plano anestésico similar com mínimos efeitos cardiovasculares ou hemogasométricos, os quais são bem tolerados em animais hígidos