Currently, many industrial companies generate many losses in their after sales this is generated to an error in the control of inventories and in turn in a mishandling of their assets through their processes, therefore the present research proposes a management model of processes and control of inventories in order to reduce customer losses due to the large number of existing complaints and thus increase sales. Therefore, the process management model, which will contribute to the standardization, optimization and control of its critical processes, and for which indicators, procedures and policies will be proposed for each stage of the process in order to measure its efficiency and effectiveness for correct decision making. With respect to the control of inventories, it is proposed to make a segmentation of the products, which allows the identification of the most important products for the company, to then design a demand forecast model for families of products that will later be individualized considering their factors initial and finally using an inventory management model will obtain the optimal quantity of spare parts order to use in the technical service of the equipment reducing the annual costs related to the inventory.

Visibility refers to availability of information in real-time to requiring actors so that strategy and operations can be monitored, controlled and changed. A symptom of lack of visibility in inventory management is when information in IT systems does not accurately match what is present in the physical inventory. While there are studies in the area of scientific literature documenting reasons for inventory inaccuracy, a literature gap exists for inventory accuracy in relation to service field operations. This study's objective is therefore to examine what reasons are causing lack of inventory visibility in service field operations and which affected KPI are the most impacted by this lack. The study was designed as a case study at an industrial tools and equipment manufacturer, featuring observations and interviews. A visibility assessment approach to extract affected KPI was also applied. The results found that reasons causing lack in service field operations stem from how company IT systems are designed and in how accurately information is entered by employees in said IT system. It further found that a service technicians' years of service influences the inventory accuracy of their van inventory. Unclearly defined areas of responsibility and accountability were further found to contribute to lack of inventory visibility. The most affected KPI impacted were found to be Inventory in % of COGS and Provision in % of inventory, the reasons being that a lack of visibility leads to higher inventory levels and an increase in provisions. / Synlighet i en lagernivåkontext syftar till att information skall finnas tillgänglig för berörda aktörer i realtid så att strategier och operationer kan övervakas, kontrolleras och förändras. Ett symptom på synlighetsbrist i lagernivåer är när information i IT-system inte matchar med vad som finns fysiskt tillgängligt i lagret. Vetenskapliga studier har dokumenterat olika anledningar till felaktigheter i lagerinformation, dock existerar ett litteraturgap gällande hur felaktigheter i lagerinformation uppstår i relation till servicefältverksamheter. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka vilka skäl som orsakar brist på lagersynlighet i servicefältverksamheter och vilka KPI som påverkas mest av denna brist. Studien utformades som en fallstudie hos ett industriföretag. Observationer och intervjuer utfördes, dessutom tillämpades en synbarhetsbedömningsmetod för att extrahera påverkade KPI. Resultatet av studien visar att orsaker som vållar brist i servicefältverksamheter orsakas av hur företagets IT-system är utformade och från hur noggrant information bokförs av anställda i nämnda IT-system. Studien fann även att en serviceteknikers år i tjänst påverkar graden av felaktigheter dennes tjänstefordons lagernivåer. Oklart definierade ansvarsområden och ansvarsskyldighet upptäcktes vidare bidra till bristande synlighet i lagernivåer. De mest drabbade KPI konstaterades vara Inventory in % of COGS och Provision in % of inventory, orsakerna till detta är att synlighetsbrister leder till högre lagernivåer och en ökad volym avsättningar.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-06-01T12:45:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 otimizacao_niveis.pdf: 2029201 bytes, checksum: a40cd7a9e26627e3677b30cfdb0cdd33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-01T12:45:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 otimizacao_niveis.pdf: 2029201 bytes, checksum: a40cd7a9e26627e3677b30cfdb0cdd33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em um contexto empresarial, a competitividade entre companhias de um mesmo ramo de atividade se torna mais presente a cada dia que passa. Empresas estruturadas de forma enxuta em termos de custo podem ter maior vantagem competitiva sobre seus concorrentes. Reduzir custos é, portanto, um objetivo almejado por todas as organizações. A gestão e controle de estoques de produtos é um problema presente em diversas empresas e organizações. Diversos custos estão associados a este problema. O volume monetário relacionado é bastante grande. Assim, quanto melhor for o processo de controle e gerenciamento de estoques de uma empresa, menor será o custo para manutenção dos mesmos. Este trabalho propõe uma ferramenta para otimização dos níveis de estoque de uma rede varejista, considerando características como lucratividade, custos e atendimentos às demandas. Isto é feito através do uso de um método previsor baseado em Suavização Exponencial com Sazonalidade Multiplicativa, um módulo Otimizador baseado na metaheurística Guided Local Search, além de um Simulador Discreto Determinístico. A ferramenta conta com uma série de parâmetros que permitem a criação de diferentes cenários relativos ao sistema de estocagem da rede varejista. Os resultados obtidos durante a fase de experimentação da ferramenta demonstram sua capacidade de encontrar soluções para o problema de níveis de estoque de forma satisfatória, além de possibilitar a criação de cenários alternativos à realidade observada no sistema físico. / Competitiveness is an element that increases on a daily basis considering nowadays businesses. Companies with more efficient structures in terms of costs have an important advantage when compared to their competitors. This greatly motivates companies to reduce costs. Inventory control is an existing problem in many companies and organizations. Many types of costs are associated to this problem. Also, the amount of money involved in inventory maintenance is very considerable. So, the better the inventory control process is, the lower the costs related to it will be. This paperwork proposes a tool to optimize inventory levels on a retailer company, considering profit, costs and service level attendance. This is done by using a Forecasting Method called Exponential Smoothing with Multiplicative Seasonality, an Optimizer based on the Guided Local Search metaheuristic and a Discrete Deterministic Simulator. This tool uses a series of parameters in order to allow users to create different scenarios. The results obtained with the conducted experiments show that the tool is capable of finding good solutions to the problem of inventory levels, as well as creating alternative scenarios to operate the inventory system..

To handle uncertainties and variabilities in production demands, many manufacturing companies have adopted different strategies, such as varying quoted lead time, rejecting orders, increasing stock or inventory levels, and implementing volume flexibility. Make-to-stock (MTS) systems are designed to offer zero lead time by providing an inventory buffer for the organizations, but they are costly and involve risks such as obsolescence and wasted expenditures. The main concern of make-to-order (MTO) systems is eliminating inventories and reducing the non-value-added processes and wastes; however, these systems are based on the assumption that the manufacturing environments and customers' demand are deterministic. Research shows that in MTO systems variability and uncertainty in the demand levels causes instability in the production flow, resulting in congestion in the production flow, long lead times, and low throughput. Neither strategy is wholly satisfactory. A new alternative approach, multi-channel manufacturing (MCM) systems are designed to manage uncertainties and variabilities in demands by first focusing on customers' response time. The products are divided into different product families, each with its own manufacturing stream or sub-factory. MCM also allocates the production capacity needed in each sub-factory to produce each product family. In this research, the performance of an MCM system is studied by implementing MCM in a real case scenario from textile industry modeled via discrete event simulation. MTS and MTO systems are implemented for the same case scenario and the results are studied and compared. The variables of interest for this research are the throughput of products, the level of on-time deliveries, and the inventory level. The results conducted from the simulation experiments favor the simulated MCM system for all mentioned criteria. Further research activities, such as applying MCM to different manufacturing contexts, is highly recommended.

In vehicle industry, it has been trends towards focusing on pull-basedsystems and elimination of waste (Lean), which decrease the tied-up capitallevel in the focal factory. Research by Holweg & Miemczyk (2002)showed that the relevant supply chain has low inventory level in the focalfactory, but at upstream and especially downstream; the tied-up capitallevel is dramatically higher in comparison to the focal factory.By conducting research and extensive literature reviews, this volatilityof tied-up capital level has been studied and analysed with regard topush and pull systems. As the three main causes of this unevenness; bullwhipeffect, CODP position in supply chain and intensity level of supplierrelationship have been identified and explained.As a practical solution for decreasing the tied-up capital level of finishedvehicles, implementation of centralised warehouse structure hasbeen suggested and discussed.Moreover, as an application of game theory in logistics, iterated prisoners’dilemma has been discussed as the base for a progressive relationshipwith suppliers (upgrading to win-win game) which is requisite for the successof pull-based supply chains. / Program: BSc in Industrial Engineering - International Business Engineering

在本篇論文裡, 我們提出一個"油輪排程規畫"的方法。處理在計畫期間中, 有關原油供應商的供給, 油輪的運輸與需求地儲油庫存貨管理的問題。藉由一些性質的探討來分析運輸排程與存貨管理。由供應油商契約量中供應量的情形, 提出最大累積可提運量表, 並藉由該表來輔助我們做排程; 由分油的概念與訂貨週期的制定, 分析運輸工具的排程狀況與儲油庫油量存貨的關係; 由運輸與儲油庫油料之間的互動關係, 提出管理的方案; 最後再藉由理想存貨量的關念來確立租用臨時運輸工具的可行性。並藉由所提出的性質來處理租用運輸工具的排程。在各個階段的處理過程中, 包括分析限制條件是否滿足的情形等, 總共提出了四個演算法, 找出滿足整個問題限制條件的可行排程。最後, 引用實務上的例子, 來說明油輪排程規畫的方法。 / In this paper, we consider an inventory problem of which the lead time depends on vehicles chosen from a restricted set. The inventory itself hasother constraints that must satisfy the demand and capacity limitation. Inspecific, a problem that considers scheduling oil tankers for transportingcrude oils from supplies to a refinery is represented. With the help of some properties discovered while analyzing the problem of oil tanker scheduling with inventory management, such as largest accumulated supplies from oil suppliers, demand intervals and reorder intervals, and an ideal inventory level, we develope an oil tanker scheduling model to determine each vehicle's schedule and satisfy all constraints. The model consists of four heuristic algorithms which are described step by step asthe solution procedure. A realworld example from an oil company is used to illustrate the four algorithms and suggest a feasible schedule for transporting crude oils. In short, we not only give 1 overall viewpoint of inventory and transportation problems but also provide a heuristic procedurefor solving it.

Business Administration, Business Process and Supply Chain Management Degree Project (master), 15 higher education points, 4FE06E, Spring 2013 Authors: Jeremy Bellina, Olegs Bodins, Soeren Krieger and Mathilde Olivier Tutor: Roger Stokkedal Title: Managing Upstream Supply Chain in Order to Decrease Inventory Level: A Case Study on the Paper Merchant Papyrus Sweden. Background: The research is based on Papyrus Sweden, a paper merchant, which is facing a decrease in the demand of paper products. It was identified that inventory level reduction is now crucial for the company in order to stay in the market. Therefore, Papyrus Sweden is focused on inventory level and tied-up capital reduction in order to decrease costs and increase net profit. Purpose: This thesis aims to analyze the current situation in Papyrus Sweden in terms of inventory level and activities related to suppliers, and prepare recommendations which could help Papyrus Sweden to reduce its inventory level. Method: The data has been collected through interviews with managers from the supply chain department as well as through a data sample from Papyrus Sweden database given to the researchers. All data was analyzed and compared with the literature review. Data received from the database was processed and transformed in Microsoft Excel in order to make the analysis. Results: The analysis identifies issues in material planning methods, safety stock calculation, ABC-XYZ classification and forecast calculation, on which Papyrus Sweden could act in order to decrease its inventory level. Furthermore, the researchers identify two solutions Papyrus Sweden could implement with its suppliers in order to reduce inventory level which are a Service Level Agreement and a Vendor Managed Inventory system. Keywords: inventory level, material planning method, safety stock, ABC-XYZ classification, forecast calculation, replenishment lead time, supplier relationship, information sharing, Service Level Agreement (SLA), Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) and Collaborative planning, forecast and replenishment system (CPFR).

We consider a single-product dynamic inventory problem where the demand distributions in each period are known and independent but with density. We assume the lead time and the fixed cost for ordering are zero and that there are no capacity constraints. There is a holding cost and a backorder cost for unfulfilled demand, which is backlogged until it is filled by another order. The problem may be nonstationary, and in fact our approximation of the optimal cost function using splines is most advantageous when demand falls suddenly. In this case the myopic policy, which is most often used in practice to calculate optimal inventory level, would be very costly. Our algorithm uses quadratic splines to approximate the optimal cost function for this dynamic inventory problem and calculates the optimal inventory level and optimal cost.