Immediately following public offerings, underwriters often repurchase shares of poorly performing IPOs in an apparent attempt to stabilize the price. Using proprietary Nasdaq data for a large sample of IPOs, I study the price effects and cross-sectional determinants of price support. Some of the key findings are: (1) Price stabilization is substantial, inducing significant price rigidity at and below the offer price. Stabilization appears, at least in the short run, to raise the equilibrium stock price. (2) Many studies suggest that stabilization helps to mitigate information asymmetry problems in the IPO market. I find no evidence that stocks with larger ex-ante information asymmetries are stabilized more strongly. (3) The characteristics of the lead underwriter emerge as the strongest determinants of price support. Larger and more reputable investment banks stabilize more, perhaps to protect their reputations with investors. But there are substantial differences in price support even among the largest underwriters (after controlling for IPO characteristics and underwriter size). (4) Investment banks with retail brokerage operations stabilize much more than other large investment banks. This puzzling result seems inconsistent with the common view that stabilization benefits primarily institutional investors, and I outline and examine several alternative explanation

The Investment bank industry is considered to be an essential element of not only the financial system but also the whole economy. Understanding multiple business models employed by multi-services industry such Investment bank is a matter of great significance for Investment banks’ executives, regulators and analysts. In 2008 the business model that had been employed by investment banks for almost two decades vanished due to the global financial crisis. Investment banks were forced to change and innovate their traditional business models. This research intends to develop a conceptual framework which helps to realize and study investment banks’ business models with the core components and related activities. Multiple business models mapping for investment banks is developed to give seniors executives core and possible activities and alternatives to innovate and change various business models for different lines including asset management, brokerage, investment banking and custody services. In addition, the business model (innovation) drivers are investigated to empirically explore the most powerful drivers on investment banks’ multiple business models (innovation), potential changes and degree of alteration on its activities for each business line. For these aims, a systematic literature review was carried to synthesise the recent advancements in the business model literature and explore how firms approach business model innovation. As result, a conceptual framework for business model (innovation) was developed, which encompasses four components value proposition, operational value, human capital and financial value. This framework can be utilized by practitioners as a 'navigation map' to determine where and how to change their business models. By using the qualitative methodology through semi-structured interviews with 29 senior executives from 10 fully-licensed investment banks in Saudi Arabia and secondary data including financial statements, annual reports and pillar III disclosures, the empirical study mapped the investment banks’ multiple business models and identified a business model for each business line. Sixteen activities for each business line were determined to provide core and possible activities and alternatives. This research contributes to our understating of managing and innovating multiple business models in the industry when investment banks should run these multiple business models. The Investment banks’ business models are different in terms of business lines, core offerings, clients, key assets, key process, revenue streams and costs structure. Over and above, each line shows diverse business models applied by investment banks. Furthermore, unlike other studies, this research contributed by investigating drivers that force investment banks to change their existing business models, the degree of changes and which activities did investment banks consider when responding to particular drivers. This study found that clients, crisis and economic changes, rivalry, top management and regulations are the five drivers forcing investment banks to not only embark on change events, but also carry out business model changes in most investment banks’ business lines.

Investment banking is an important constituent of the financial market. As financial institutions, banks have an irreplaceable part in the functioning of the world's economies. Together with fiscal documents and financial markets they constitute the fundaments of the financial system. The financial market is a complicated system of interconnected relations of particular segments of the market, and investment banking is one such part. Its existence makes it possible to shift the savings of financial resources from saving subjects to ones in deficit by means of mediatory activities, which is performed with the help of various kinds of financial instruments, which are called investment instruments. The mediatory function of investment banking is a basic feature which makes a distinction between investment and commercial banking. Investment banks are main mediators that place released resources (savings) into the stock market. As is well known from the inherent laws of economy, the role of investments is crucial for a healthy circulation and functioning of the state economy. Without them the steady economic growth would be impossible. Due to these reasons I decided to analyse investment banking: its development and economic context, as well as the legal basis of these institutions and their activities...

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo central investigar a lógica de funcionamento e de localização dos bancos de investimento no território brasileiro. Esta lógica possui determinações mais gerais ligadas ao capitalismo dirigido pelas finanças e é também um reflexo da atual restruturação urbana, caracterizada pela concomitância entre os processos de dispersão territorial de unidades produtivas (que trabalham com informações padronizadas) e de intensa concentração dos serviços especializados avançados (que coletam, interpretam e produzem informações complexas e instáveis). A partir destes pressupostos, analisamos a mudança qualitativa no uso financeiro do território brasileiro por meio da topologia dos bancos de investimento entre os anos de 1966 e 2013, dando destaque a ação recente de duas instituições deste tipo: o BR Partners e o BES Investimento do Brasil. A desregulamentação financeira, articulada ao incremento da fluidez imaterial do território, está no cerne da passagem de uma topologia mais regionalizada para outra mais verticalizada dos bancos de investimento, topologia que aumentou a primazia da cidade de São Paulo na rede urbana brasileira. Como corolário desse processo vê-se, na esfera da estrutura urbana de São Paulo, uma expansão do Complexo Corporativo da Metrópole, fundado agora em novas centralidades, cada vez mais intensivas em técnica, ciência e informação em seu ambiente construído. / The main objective of this master\'s thesis is to research on the logic behind operation and location of investment banks in Brazil. This logic has more general determinations related to finance-led capitalism and is also a reflection of contemporary urban restructuring, characterized by the coincidence between the processes of territorial dispersion of production units (which works with standardized information) and intense concentration of advanced specialized services (which collect, interpret, and produce complex and unstable information). From these assumptions, we analyze the qualitative change in the financial use of Brazilian territory through the topology of investment banks from 1966 to 2013, highlighting the recent action of two institutions: BR Partners and BES Investimento do Brasil. Financial deregulation, hinged to increased immaterial fluidity of territory, is at the heart of the passage of a more regionalized topology to a more vertical one of investment banks, a topology that increased the primacy of the city of São Paulo in the Brazilian urban network. As a corollary of this process in the sphere of urban structure of São Paulo, an expansion of the Metropolitan Corporate Complex can be observed. It is now established in new centralities, increasingly intensive in technique, science and information in its built environment.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo central investigar a lógica de funcionamento e de localização dos bancos de investimento no território brasileiro. Esta lógica possui determinações mais gerais ligadas ao capitalismo dirigido pelas finanças e é também um reflexo da atual restruturação urbana, caracterizada pela concomitância entre os processos de dispersão territorial de unidades produtivas (que trabalham com informações padronizadas) e de intensa concentração dos serviços especializados avançados (que coletam, interpretam e produzem informações complexas e instáveis). A partir destes pressupostos, analisamos a mudança qualitativa no uso financeiro do território brasileiro por meio da topologia dos bancos de investimento entre os anos de 1966 e 2013, dando destaque a ação recente de duas instituições deste tipo: o BR Partners e o BES Investimento do Brasil. A desregulamentação financeira, articulada ao incremento da fluidez imaterial do território, está no cerne da passagem de uma topologia mais regionalizada para outra mais verticalizada dos bancos de investimento, topologia que aumentou a primazia da cidade de São Paulo na rede urbana brasileira. Como corolário desse processo vê-se, na esfera da estrutura urbana de São Paulo, uma expansão do Complexo Corporativo da Metrópole, fundado agora em novas centralidades, cada vez mais intensivas em técnica, ciência e informação em seu ambiente construído. / The main objective of this master\'s thesis is to research on the logic behind operation and location of investment banks in Brazil. This logic has more general determinations related to finance-led capitalism and is also a reflection of contemporary urban restructuring, characterized by the coincidence between the processes of territorial dispersion of production units (which works with standardized information) and intense concentration of advanced specialized services (which collect, interpret, and produce complex and unstable information). From these assumptions, we analyze the qualitative change in the financial use of Brazilian territory through the topology of investment banks from 1966 to 2013, highlighting the recent action of two institutions: BR Partners and BES Investimento do Brasil. Financial deregulation, hinged to increased immaterial fluidity of territory, is at the heart of the passage of a more regionalized topology to a more vertical one of investment banks, a topology that increased the primacy of the city of São Paulo in the Brazilian urban network. As a corollary of this process in the sphere of urban structure of São Paulo, an expansion of the Metropolitan Corporate Complex can be observed. It is now established in new centralities, increasingly intensive in technique, science and information in its built environment.

本文研究銀行業要進行併購時，主併銀行與目標銀行為了要使合併能更順利地進行而雇用投資銀行，同時希望投資銀行所為他們帶來更多的的合併效益。本文依循William and Julapa（2002）所設的三個變數來衡量投資銀行帶來的效益，檢視雇用投資銀行是否對合併案有幫助：第一個變數是併購案完成的機率；第二是完成的速度；第三為合併後主併銀行的利得。並且探討合併雙方支付給投資銀行的顧問費會受到哪些因素的影響。 文中選取了銀行業作為資料分析的樣本，期間是以合併宣告日從1990年1月1日到2006年12月31日止，總樣本共有242件合併案。 實證結果顯示合併雙方雇用的投資銀行數量越多，不只有更大的機率會合併成功，主併銀行合併後利得也更多，且與合併雙方所支付的顧問費有正向關係。主併銀行雇用更高階的投資銀行，合併從宣告到完成所需要的時間越少。當目標銀行支付越多的顧問費，對於合併完成的機率有重要影響；不過主併銀行卻沒有這現象。 / This paper investigates that how the acquirers and targets choose the investment banks in mergers and acquisitions to make these deals successfully. According to William and Julapa（2002）, we proxy the effort put forth by investment banks in three different ways . The first variable is whether the deals complete or not. Another is the number of days between the merger announcement date and the effective date. The other is the post-acquisition gains for the acquirers. We also discuss the advisory fees paid by the acquirers and targets. Our samples are about the commercial banks and bank holding companies that includes 242 merger deals announced during the period 1 Jan 1990 to 31 Dec 2006. We find the more investment banks be advised, the more likelihood the deals being completed and post-acquisition gains acquirers acquire. This result also has the positive relation with the fees paid by acquirers and targets. We also find that top-tier investment banks advised by acquirers spend less time completing the deals than the lower tier one. Finally, the more advisory fees paid by targets, the more likelihood the deals being completed.

Submitted by Luiz Bueno Beznos (luizbeznos@gmail.com) on 2018-07-13T15:56:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizBBeznos_Foreignness.pdf: 688998 bytes, checksum: 1ee9fe6feb920942bf6288ccd99bc5de (MD5) / Rejected by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Luiz, Recebemos eu trabalho aplicado na biblioteca digital mas será necessários alguns ajustes: Estou encaminhando por e-mail os ajudes necessários. Por favor, faça as alterações e submeta o trabalho novamente. Atenciosamente, Simone Pires SRA. on 2018-07-16T19:58:21Z (GMT) / Submitted by Luiz Bueno Beznos (luizbeznos@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T16:43:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizBBeznos_Foreignness.pdf: 691106 bytes, checksum: b41d682cebc955aac847c2930d1a7828 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-20T18:21:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizBBeznos_Foreignness.pdf: 691106 bytes, checksum: b41d682cebc955aac847c2930d1a7828 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-23T12:32:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizBBeznos_Foreignness.pdf: 691106 bytes, checksum: b41d682cebc955aac847c2930d1a7828 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T12:32:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizBBeznos_Foreignness.pdf: 691106 bytes, checksum: b41d682cebc955aac847c2930d1a7828 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-13 / International management literature arguments that foreign firms operate under Liability of Foreignness (LOF). Several previous studies looked at LOF in banks, with contradictory results. Our study however is focused exclusively in the business of Sales and Trading of investment banks. We hypothesize this holds true for this business of investment banks, as the disadvantages of foreignness will be greater than advantages such as access to global markets. We looked at profitability for 87 domestic and foreign investment banks in Brazil for 27 quarters, using Pooled OLS as our statistical model. We found that there is indeed liability of foreignness. Testing characteristics that might mitigate LOF, we found that the smaller psychic distance and large home country economy can have a positive effect in foreign banks profitability. Surprisingly, experience does not appear to have a mitigating effect on LOF. / A literatura de administração internacional argumenta que empresas estrangeiras operam sob Liability of Foreignness (LOF). Vários estudos prévios abordaram LOF em bancos, com resultados contraditórios. Nosso estudo, entretanto foca exclusivamente na linha de negócios de Sales and Trading de bancos de investimento. Nossa hipótese central é de que existe LOF nesta linha de negócio dos bancos de investimento, e que as desevantagens de ser estrangeiro serão maiores que as vantagens. Nós analisamos a lucratividade de 87 bancos locais e estrangeiros no Brasil por 27 trimestres, usando Painel Empilhado como metodologia estatística. Os resultados indicam que realmente há LOF. Testando características mitigadoras deste LOF, encontramos indicativos que menor distância psíquica e maior economia no país sede podem ter um efeito positivo na lucratividade de bancos de investimento estrangeiros. Surpreendentemente, experiência não parece ter um efeito mitigador sobre LOF.

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Les banques sont des institutions à part, car elles sont au coeur du fonctionnement des économies et de la dynamique de croissance des pays. Leurs services représentent de ce fait un bien public, et il est donc primordial de les maintenir éloignées autant que possible du risque de faillite. Toutefois, des crises bancaires surviennent régulièrement et affectent les sociétés, souvent de manière durable et profonde, à l’image de la crise financière des subprimes qui a éclaté en 2007, et dont nous ne connaissons pas encore toutes les conséquences désastreuses. Pour prévenir le risque de faillite et de crises bancaires, les autorités de régulation nationales ont développé des filets de sécurité qui, en partie, suivent les standards internationaux de réglementation et de supervision bancaire développés par le Comité de Bâle sur le contrôle bancaire, sous l’égide de la Banque des Règlements Internationaux. Cependant, les crises récurrentes se produisent et nous montrent les limites de la régulation bancaire et, surtout, nous indiquent que celle-ci doit être en permanence revue et adaptée, de façon dynamique, à l’évolution des systèmes bancaires et de l’innovation financière. L’un des principaux objectifs est de s’assurer que les banques soient suffisamment et solidement capitalisées pour faire face à des pertes exceptionnelles inattendues. Par ailleurs, il est primordial, afin d’assurer une stabilité financière durable, que les superviseurs bancaires soient à même de contrôler efficacement les banques et d’entreprendre les actions nécessaires pour que ces dernières demeurent à des niveaux de risques engagés raisonnables et qui ne menacent ni leur solvabilité, ni celle de l’ensemble du système bancaire. Enfin, les banques sont censées être régulées par le marché (discipline de marché), sur la base des informations qu’elles sont tenues de divulguer publiquement, sur leur santé financière. Dans ces politiques de régulation bancaire et de prévention du risque de crise, il ne faut pas oublier le rôle de l’assureur dépôt, à qui certains économistes et instances internationales veulent prêter de plus en plus de pouvoir sur les banques. Nous montrons dans notre travail de thèse, à travers des analyses empiriques menées sur des données contemporaines, les insuffisances des politiques de régulation et de supervision bancaire, les erreurs commises dans l’approche de la régulation bancaire, et nous présentons les aspects qu’il serait souhaitable de prendre en compte, pour approcher une politique de réglementation et de supervision bancaire plus efficace, et dynamique, dans l’objectif de maintien de la stabilité bancaire. Nous avançons notamment qu’il est nécessaire de mieux prendre en compte la nature de l’activité des différents types d’institutions financières qui composent les systèmes bancaires, et dont la nature et le degré d’exposition aux risques ne sont pas les mêmes. Il est également important de considérer les caractéristiques de l’environnement institutionnel dans lequel évoluent les banques, de manière à développer une structure de supervision adaptée et efficace. En définitive, nous étudions dans cette thèse un large ensemble de déterminants économiques et institutionnels, susceptibles d’impacter la stabilité bancaire, de manière à identifier celles des politiques de régulation qu’il s’agirait de mettre en oeuvre, afin d’assurer dans l’avenir un meilleur maintien de la stabilité financière des banques. / Banks are special institutions because they are central to the functioning of economies and to economic growth. Their services represent a public good. Therefore, it is essential to keep them as far as possible from risk of bankruptcy. However, banking crises occur regularly and affect societies, often dramatically and over a long period, like the current subprime financial crisis which burst into 2007, and which consequences are still not very well perceived. To prevent the risk of bankruptcy and banking crisis, the national authorities of regulation have developed safety nets. These follow partially the international standards of regulation and banking supervision developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision under the aegis of the Bank for International Settlements. However, recurrent crises occur and show us the limits of the banking regulation and, especially, indicate that the latter should be continually revised and adapted to the evolution of banking systems and financial innovations. One of the main goals is to make sure that banks are enough capitalized to face unexpected large losses. In order to achieve long-lasting financial stability, it is essential that banking supervisors can monitor efficiently banks. By doing so, the risk taken by banks would be sustainable and would not threaten either their own solvency or the whole banking system solvency. Finally, banks are supposed to be regulated by the market (market discipline) on the basis of information about their financial health which should be disclosed publicly. Along the policies of banking regulation and crisis risk prevention, one should not forget the role of the deposit insurers. Indeed, some economists and international authorities want to attribute more power over banks to deposit insurers. In our research, the empirical analysis, based on contemporary data, show the weakness of the actual regulation and banking supervision policies and the mistakes in banking regulation. Different features of the banking system that should be taken into account for an efficient implementation of regulation and banking supervision policies are also discussed in this work. Hence, we suggest that the type of financial institutions' activities should be better taken into account as it changes with the degree of risk exposure. We also find that it is important to consider the characteristics of the institutional environment in which banks evolve in order to develop a suitable and efficient supervision agency. To summarize, we study in this thesis a large range of economic and institutional determinants of the banking system, which are likely to affect the banking stability. By doing so, we are able to identify the regulation policies which would be the most likely to preserve the financial stability of banks.

Orientador: Valeriano Mendes Ferreira Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T07:04:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferrari_ViniciusEduardo_M.pdf: 2206005 bytes, checksum: 9d90089440c2d0376a8f29f9a85a70ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O intento desta dissertação é avaliar a tentativa de conformação de uma base de financiamento de longo prazo privada e nacional para a economia brasileira após o Golpe Militar de 1964. A idéia, portanto, é examinar a elaboração e a implementação do projeto dos bancos de investimentos, uma vez que estas instituições apresentavam como objetivo o fornecimento de empréstimos de prazos dilatados para o setor produtivo. A evidência empírica revela a incapacidade das reformas do governo Castello Branco no tocante à expansão do financiamento de longo prazo doméstico privado. Os bancos de investimentos não se tornaram ofertantes de fundos de longo prazo, mas sim de capital de giro, atuando de forma semelhante às demais instituições financeiras nacionais. Esta dissertação pretende estudar as causas deste resultado. Conclui-se que a dinamização dos financiamentos privados de longo prazo não representava um interesse econômico prioritário para os grupos privados nacionais. Nas décadas de 60 e 70, a atratividade/lucratividade das operações financeiras de curto prazo à disposição do sistema bancário tendeu a reforçar a aversão histórica dos bancos nacionais aos riscos inflacionários associados às aplicações financeiras de prazo dilatado. No tocante ao setor produtivo, a vigência de alguns traços estruturais do desenvolvimento capitalista brasileiro, tais como a baixa propensão das empresas privadas ao uso de recursos de terceiros para financiar o investimento, consolidou dentre os setores industriais a seguinte percepção: a elaboração de mecanismos para o financiamento do capital fixo não representava um elemento essencial. Nesta visão, seria muito mais importante a dinamização das fontes de financiamento de capital de giro, garantindo a total ocupação da capacidade industrial existente na economia. Na arena política, o interesse dos banqueiros pela redução do prazo das operações financeiras encontrou correspondência nas reivindicações dos setores produtivos pela ampliação das fontes de crédito de capital de giro e ambas as pressões se reforçaram mutuamente. As demandas particulares dos banqueiros convergiram, sobretudo, para o Conselho Monetário Nacional. Já os setores industriais encontraram na locução ao presidente Castello Branco um mecanismo eficaz para a materialização dos seus interesses. O governo atendeu as reivindicações dos grupos privados; os bancos de investimentos foram deslocados para o mercado creditício de médio prazo destinado ao financiamento do capital de giro das empresas. Desta forma, o projeto governamental referente à dinamização do crédito privado de longo prazo foi abortado durante a fase de implementação das reformas financeiras do governo Castello Branco / Abstract: The aim of this manuscript is to better analyze the attempt from the first military government to construct a private and national nucleus of long term financing after the ?"Revolution of 1964". We sought to assess the formulation and implementation of the investment banks project, once these financial institutions had the purpose to provide long term loans to the industrial sector. However, the existent financial data points the inability of Brazilian Government's Reforms regarding the expansion of the domestic as well as private long term funding in the Brazilian economy. Investment banks did not become lenders of long term funding, but working capital lenders instead, operating similarly to the usual Brazilian financial institutions. The intent of this work is, hence, to study the causes behind this result. By analyzing the reminiscent data, it was possible to observe that the expansion of the long term funding sources did not represent a major economic priority to the Brazilian private groups. The appeal of short term financial operations available to the national financial system reinforced the tendency of the Brazilian banks' historical resistance to inflationary risks associated to such long term funding operations. In regards to the productive sector, some structural features related to national capitalist development, as the low propensity of private companies for use of third party funds to financial investment, consolidated among the industrial sector an important perception: that the development of a private and national nucleus of long term funding was not an essential issue. According to this argument, the expansion of working capital funding sources would be more important, ensuring full occupancy of the industrial capacity existing in the economy. In the political arena, the bankers' aspiration to shorten financial operations was correspondent to the demands of industrial sectors regarding the expansion of the working capital sources, so that these expectations reinforced each other. The bankers' particular demands converged to the National Monetary Council. The industrial entrepreneurs have found, in the direct access to President Castello Branco, an effective mechanism for realizing their interests. The Brazilian government, on the other hand, met these private pressures and the investment banks were reallocated to the medium-term credit market. These institutions consequently started to provide working capital funds to the private companies. As a result, the government project related to the expansion of the long terms funds in the Brazilian economy was aborted during the implementation of the Financial Reforms / Mestrado / Ciencia Politica / Mestre em Ciência Política