Bakgrund: Det finns olika investeringsstrategier som investerare kan använda sig av, att investera i låga multiplar är en strategi som har studerats väl. Genom att använda sig av låga multiplar kan investerare finna undervärderade bolag som på sikt genererar en överavkastning gentemot marknaden.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att analysera hur väl P/E, P/B, P/S, EV/EBIT, EV/EBITDA och EV/S multiplarna skulle kunna appliceras som investeringsstrategi på Stockholmsbörsen. Vidare ämnar studien åt att analysera om det är möjligt att generera en högre avkastning än vad indexet OMXSPI har avkastat under tidsperioden 2008-2018. Metod: Studien använder sig av en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi där två portföljer för respektive multipel har sammanställts. Portföljerna viktas om årligen och både den verkliga och den ackumulerade avkastningen beräknas fram. Vidare utvärderas portföljerna enligt utvärderingsmåtten Sharpekvot, M^2, Treynorkvot och Jensens Alpha. Resultat: Investeringsstrategin är implementerbar för tre av sex multiplar. Låga P/B, EV/EBIT och EV/EBITDA genererade en överavkastning och slog både index samt respektive hög portfölj. Medan för de resterande multiplarna P/E, P/S och EV/S resulterade det i att investeringsstrategin inte är implementerbar. EV/S hade den högsta riskjusterade överavkastning och presterade bäst av samtliga sex multiplar. Studieresultatet för samtliga multiplar kan statistiskt säkerställas med en signifikansnivå på 5%. Den månatliga portföljavkastningen är inte slumpmässig, utan marknadsavkastningen har en viss påverkan. / Background: There are several investment strategies investors can use, where the strategy to invest in low multiples is well studied. By using low multiples investors can find undervalued companies to generate an excess return. Previous studies have been focusing on the P/E and EV/EBITDA- multiples, and not as much on other used multiples in relative valuation. Therefore an interest exists to also analyze multiples such as P/B, P/S, EV/EBIT and EV/S. Purpose: The study’s purpose is to analyze how well the multiples P/E, P/B, P/S, EV/EBIT, EV/EBITDA and EV/S can be applied as an investment strategy in the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Furthermore the study aim to analyze the possibility to generate a higher return than the index OMXSPI during the time period 2008-2018. Method: The study uses a quantitative research strategy, where two portfolios for each multiple has been created. The portfolio has been reinvested once a year, both the real and accumulated return was calculated. Also, the portfolios’ performance has been evaluated by adjusting it to risk by using the Sharpe ratio, M^2 , Treynor ratio and Jensen’s Alpha. Result: The investment strategy can be implemented for three of six multiples. The low P/B, EV/EBIT and EV/EBITDA generated a higher return than both index and their respective high portfolio. The other multiples P/E, P/S and EV/S cannot be used as an investment strategy. The high EV/S portfolio had the highest risk adjusted excess return meanwhile P/S had the highest accumulated return. The result of all multiples has been found to be statistically significant, therefore the market return has an effect on the portfolios’ monthly return.

Bakgrund: Småbolagseffekten påvisades först av Banz (1981) och Reinganum (1981) som kom fram tillatt småbolag genererade högre avkastning än stora bolag under samma period. Effekten syntes även stabil över tiden vilket ej är förenligt med Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) och den effektiva marknadshypotesen (EMH). Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om det finns någon påvisbar småbolagseffekt påNasdaq OMX Stockholm och huruvida den i så fall har varit konstant under studieperioden. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka huruvida relativvärdering av småbolagsaktier framgångsrikt kan användas för att generera överavkastning. Metod: Studien baseras på en kvantitativ metodansats med ett deduktivt angreppssätt. Behövd datasamlas in och sammanställs för att sedan användas för att skapa portföljer som studeras och analyseras baserat på prestation. Slutsats: Studien  har  ej  kunnat  påvisa  en  småbolagseffekt  under  hela  studieperioden.  Underhögkonjunktur har dock en småbolagseffekt kunnat påvisas. Vidare har studien kunnat visa att relativvärdering av småbolagsaktier genererar både absolut och riskjusterad överavkastning jämfört med studiens småbolagsportfölj och marknadsindex (AFGX). Så kallade värdebolag, det vill säga bolag med låga värden på P/BV-, P/E- och P/S-talen, är de som genererat högstavkastning. / Background: The small firm-effect was first demonstrated by Banz (1981) and Reinganum (1981) who found that small caps generated higher returns than large companies during the same period. The effect also seemed stable over time, which is not compatible with the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is any evidence of a small firm-effect on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm and whether it in such case has been constant over the study period. Furthermore, the study aims to examine whether relative valuation of small caps can be successfully used to generate excess returns. Methodology: The study is based on a quantitative method with a deductive approach. The required data is collected and compiled and then used to create portfolios which are then studied and analyzed based on their respective performance. Results: The study has not been able to detect a small firm-effect throughout the study period. During the boom, however, a small firm-effect could be detected. Furthermore, this study has shown that relative valuation of small caps generates both absolute and risk adjusted excess returns compared to the market index (AFGX). So called value stocks, companies with low values on the P/BV, P/E and P/S multiples, are the ones that generated the highest returns.

Current global efforts for energy conservation and optimization are focused on improvements in energy supply and production systems, and on encouraging the adoption of energy-efficient devices and equipment. However, systematic assessments of economic and technical implications when adopting energy-efficient alternative systems in buildings have not yet been explored thoroughly. The uncertainty about the consequences of investing in alternative energy-efficient systems has led to a prolonged utilization of obsolete building systems (underperforming HVAC systems, inefficient lighting systems, badly maintained and equipment, and so forth). This has led to overall poor energy efficiency, creating considerable burden on the building operation budget. This research discusses the procedure for formulating an investment strategy to improve existing building energy performance. The approach is suitable for large building portfolios where a plethora of potential refurbishment interventions can be considered. This makes our approach especially suited for use on university campuses and most of this report will focus on that particular application utilization protocols especially for use on campuses. This investment model only looks at the energy related savings versus investments; it is well understood that the ultimate selection of the optimal set of improvement options of a portfolio will be determined by additional considerations, such as overall value, occupant satisfaction, productivity improvements, aesthetics, etc. Nevertheless, many campus managers are confronted with the question how much energy they can save with a given investment amount. This is exactly what our approach helps to answer. The investment optimization strategy is implemented in software "InvEnergy," which systematically calculates the costs and benefits of all possible building-technology pairings, taking uncertainties in the saving/investment calculations and estimates into account. This tool empowers decision makers in facility management to make complex investment decisions during continuous building commissioning.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama investicijų planavimo, klasifikavimo, pasirinkimo galimybės, investicinio portfelio sudarymo metodai ir ilgalaikės strategijos teoriniu aspektu, bei išanalizuotos investicinių fondų strategijos trimis finansų rinkos laikotarpiais. Tyrimo objektas – investiciniai įrankiai, ilgalaikės investavimo strategijos. Tikslas – išanalizuoti ilgalaikes investavimo strategijas skirtingais ekonomikos tarpsniais ir išsiaiškinti kas lemia žemus investicinius rezultatus. Magistro baigiamojo darbo uždaviniai – atlikti investavimo ir asmeninių finansų planavimo literatūros analizę, išsiaiškinti investavimo priemones Lietuvoje bei įvertinti jų riziką, išanalizuoti ilgalaikio investavimo į investicinius fondus strategijas, remiantis gautais tyrimo rezultatais pateikti išvadas ir siūlymus investicinių fondų pasirinkimo ir valdymo srityje. Tyrimo metodika: mokslinės literatūros, straipsnių, statistinių duomenų lyginamoji analizė. Nustatytos tokios pagrindinės gairės investicijų pasirinkimui – investavimo tikslų išsikėlimas, naudojant asmens gyvenimo ciklo modelį, ilgo investavimo termino nusistatymas, potencialių ekonominių ir geografinių sektorių pasirinkimas, turto klasės pasirinkimas, investicinio portfelio formavimas. Tiriamojoje dalyje išanalizuotos investicinių fondų valdymo strategijos - vertės augimo: investicijos į išsivysčiusių šalių rinkas, investicijos į Europos vertės augimo rinkas, investicijos į besivystančių šalių rinkas , investicijos į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this master graduation work author examines the investment planning, classification, possibilities for the options, methods of the investment portfolio creation and long-term strategies in theoretical approach. Moreover, in this work author analyses investment funds and strategies in three different periods of the financial market. The object of the research – investment tools (instruments), long-term investment strategies. The main goal of this master graduation work is to analyze long-term investment strategies in different economical stages pursue to disclose the cause reason of the low levels in the investment results. The main tasks of this master graduation work is to accomplish analysis of the investment and individual financial planning, to identify investment measures in Lithuania and to assess their risks, to analyze the investment strategies to the long-term investment funds, on the grounds of the research to bring out the conclusions and suggestions in the selection area of investment fund choice and management. Research methodology: analysis of the scientific literature, articles, likewise statistical data comparative analysis. Author identifies the following guidelines for the choice of investment – the elevation of the investment purposes by using personal life cycle model, determination of a long-term investment period, a choice of potential economical and geographical sectors, a choice of the asset classes, and formation of the investment portfolio... [to full text]

This master thesis deals with the investment recommendation for Czechoslovak Com- mercial Bank, a.s. The recommendation is based on business strategy based on Fibonacci retracement and analysis of the current risks of financial markets. The first part deals with the parameters and the results of the business strategy. Second part proposes investment and non-investment recommendations. At the end of the thesis are summarized all aspects of the research.

The subject of my thesis is technical analysis - creation of an investment strategies. The theoretical part describes the theoretical background relating to technical analysis and indicators. The practical part map the current situation in the environment of investing in forex - comparing brokers, choice of platform, etc. The solution contains a description of the investment strategies that have been programmed in Meta Quotes Language 4 and tested and optimized using genetic algorithms in platform MetaTrader 4. In my thesis is also calculated the interdependence of investment strategies.

This study has examined the ten most shorted shares belonging to the Swedish Stockholm Stock Exchange's Large Cap list, by following randomly selected financial institutions that have chosen to take short positions. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether it is possible for short sellers to generate an excess return compared to the index OMXS30GI. The theory is mostly about short selling in general, efficient market hypothesis, behavioral finance, opponents of short selling, technical analysis of an index and the theory also includes previous research regarding short selling. The method used is based on collected secondary data from different databases. Via the secondary data, we have artificially followed randomly selected financial institutions that have glossed over and done the same as them to see if it can generate an excess return. In this study we will not take the cost associated with short selling into account which normally would be costs as margin interest, stock borrowing costs and commissions to brokers. The results show that it is possible for short sellers to generate an excess return that outperforms index OMXS30GI. We can also conclude that short sellers follow a pattern that indicates that they do not act in a way to destroy market efficiency and we can question whether the market is efficient or not.

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Under det senaste decenniet har det skett en stor utveckling av strategier och trender gällandemiljöcertifieringar av kommersiella fastigheter. Efter att SGBC (Swedish Green Building Council)etablerades 2009 har företag valt att anpassa sin verksamhet, strategier och miljöpolicy därefter. Vissaföretag ligger långt i framkant när det gäller att investera i miljöcertifierade fastigheter varpå studienssyfte är att undersöka hur bolagen lyckats anpassa sin verksamhet på en marknad i rörelse. Det villsäga hur företagen förhåller sina investeringar av miljöcertifieringar till sina policys gällande hållbarutveckling. Metoden för studien har varit att undersöka årsredovisningar och hållbarhetsrapporter för utvaldafastighetsbolag under det senaste decenniet. Även företagens hemsidor har fungerat som underlag vidinsamling av information för att kunna kartlägga företagens mål, strategier och viktiga nyckeltal. Frånden insamlade data har man kunnat granska utvecklingen av trender och strategier för de undersöktafastighetsbolagen där man har sett en ändring allt eftersom rådande marknadsförutsättningar ochefterfrågan ändrats. Vissa svårigheter har uppstått vad gäller transparensen i tillhörande årsredovisningar som har visskorrelation till huruvida ett bolag väljer att överkommunicera arbetet med miljöcertifieringar ochhållbarhet i sin helhet. Detta kan antas bero på den hållbarhetstrend som fått genomslag under detsenaste decenniet där ett fastighetsbolag, för att vara tillräckligt konkurrenskraftig inom främstkontorssegmentet, har fått påvisa ett betydligt större arbete kring just miljöfrågor och hållbarhet än ettbolag mer inriktad på industriella lokaler lokaliserat till mindre städer. / Over the past decade, there has been a major development of strategies and trends regardingenvironmental certifications of commercial properties. Since the establishment of the Swedish GreenBuilding Council (SGBC) in 2009, companies have chosen to adapt their activities, strategies andenvironmental policies accordingly. Some companies are at the forefront when it comes to investing inenvironmentally certified properties, and the purpose of the study is to investigate how the companiesmanaged to adapt their operations at a market in motion. That is, how companies relate theirinvestments in environmental certifications to their sustainable development policies. The study has included examining annual reports and sustainability statements for selected companiesover the past decade. The companies' websites have also served as a basis for collecting information inorder to be able to map out companies' goals, strategies and key figures. From the collected data it hasbeen possible to examine the development of trends and strategies for the investigated real estatecompanies where a change has been seen as current market conditions and demand have changed. Some difficulties have arisen with regard to the transparency of the associated annual reports, whichhave some correlation to whether a company chooses to overcommunicate the work withenvironmental certifications and sustainability in its entirety. This can be assumed to be due to thesustainability trend that has had an impact over the last decade where a real estate company, in orderto be sufficiently competitive in the office segment, has had to demonstrate much greater work onenvironmental issues and sustainability than a company more focused on industrial premises locatedin smaller cities.

Background: Investing in stocks seems to be more widespread than ever. The question is whether there are strategies that mean that investors systematically and over a longer period of time can generate excess returns. Proponents of the efficient market hypothesis believe that this is not possible as a higher return than the market is obtained only as a result of fortuity or a higher risk-taking. In contrast, there are those who believe that investment strategies, by exploiting market inefficiencies, can generate excess returns. This study examines whether this is possible by applying an investment strategy based on theoretically derived multiples. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze whether an investment strategy based on theoretically derived multiples can generate excess returns by identifying mispricings in the Swedish stock market. Methodology: This study has been conducted with a quantitative research method and deductive approach to be able to achieve the purpose of the study. The study's measurement period extends from 2007-2022 and is limited to companies that have been listed on the OMX Stockholm Large Cap. During the measurement period, the investment strategy has been applied with three different investment horizons for the multiples P/E, P/BV, EV/EBITDA and EV/S. To examine the strategy's ability to generate excess returns, the return and risk of constructed portfolios have been analyzed in relation to OMXSPI. Result: The results of the study show that the strategy should be applied with a longer investment horizon. All portfolios with an investment horizon of one or three years have generated a higher return than the study's benchmark index. The strategy thus seems to be able to generate excess returns, even though the results indicate that it works better during periods of upturn in the market. As the proportion of shares developed in line with the forecast was over 50% for all multiples, the excess return also seems to be explained by the fact that the strategy works well for identifying mispricings.