Cette thèse se propose d’éclairer la transformation des fédérations associatives et de leur relation à l’État à travers une monographie de la mise en œuvre du service civique à la Ligue de l’enseignement entre 2012 et 2016. En analysant l'idée d'une "dérive" évoquées par les acteurs du dispositif, cette recherche montre les effets de cette politique sur les bénéficiaires, les travailleurs et les organisations. Il s’agit de montrer comment le développement de ce dispositif, dans un contexte de new public management, entraîne dans une association comme la Ligue de l’enseignement une rationalisation des moyens humains et financiers qui servent en fin de compte sa « performance ». La première partie de la thèse présente le contexte dans lequel est créé le dispositif : l’absence de politique globale de la jeunesse et les transformations organisationnelles des associations permettent un consensus global autour du service civique. La seconde partie dévoile le travail gratuit sur lequel s’appuie la mise en œuvre du dispositif : celui des volontaires, en quête d’indépendance, des tuteurs, managers chargés d’invisibiliser le travail qu’ils doivent valoriser, et des référents dont la professionnalisation est empêchée par la standardisation des processus. La dernière partie montre les mécanismes de marchandisation de l’engagement des jeunes : d’un côté, la gestionnarisation masque la mise en concurrence des fédérations, d’un autre, les marchés publics masquent le monopole de la Ligue de l’enseignement. Un épilogue présente les enjeux de la mondialisation de ces volontariats par un pays « exportateur d’aide humanitaire » et leur impact sur l’ethnicisation d’un marché du travail international. / This thesis aims at shedding light on the transformation of public federations and their relationship to government through a monograph about how state-funded civic service was implemented in the Ligue de l’enseignement (a France’s popular education federation) be-tween 2012 and 2016. Through the analysis of several " malfunctions " mentioned by the very people implementing this public policy, this research sheds light on the consequences suffered by its beneficiaries, its workers and the organizations. It will show how, in the context of new public management, the rise of this sort of arrangement in an organization such as the Ligue de l’enseignement leads to a rationalization of the Ligue’s human and financial resources that end up benefitting its “performance”. The first part of this thesis introduces the context in which this arrangement was created: in the absence of a comprehensive policy for youth, the structural transformations of public organizations allowed for an overall consensus on civic service. The second part reveals the unpaid labor on which the existence of this arrangement hinges: first, the volunteer’s, who seek independence, then their supervisors’ or managers’, who have to conceal as well as highlight the work the volunteers are doing, and finally the advisors’, whose training/professionalization is hampered by process standardization. The final part shows how these young people’s willingness to stand up for their causes gets com-modified: on one hand, managerialization hides how federations are put through competitive selections; on the other hand, the existence of government procurements hides the monopoly of the Ligue de l’enseignement. / Esta tesis se propone esclarecer la transformación de las federaciones asociativas y su relación con el estado, mediante una monografía de la puesta en marcha del servicio cívico en la "Liga de la enseñanza" entre 2012 y 2016. Analizando la idea de "deriva" evocada por los actores del dispositivo, esta investigación muestra los efectos de esta política sobre los bene-ficiarios, los trabajadores y las organizaciones. Se trata de mostrar cómo el despliegue de este dispositivo, en un contexto de new public management, produce, en una asociación como la "Liga de la enseñanza", una racionalización de los medios humanos y financieros que sirven, en última instancia, para optimizar su “performance”. La primera parte de la tesis presenta el contexto en el cual se ha creado el dispositivo: la ausencia de políticas globales sobre la ju-ventud y las transformaciones organizacionales de las asociaciones que permitieron un con-senso global respecto del servicio cívico. La segunda parte, devela el trabajo gratuito sobre el que se apoya la puesta en marcha del dispositivo: aquel de los voluntarios en búsqueda de independencia, de los tutores, managers encargados de invisibilizar el trabajo que deben valo-rizar y de los referentes, cuya profesionalización se ve impedida por la estandarización de los procesos. La última parte muestra los mecanismos de mercantilización del compromiso juvenil: por una parte, la gestionarización enmascara la competencia de las federaciones; por otra parte, los mercados públicos enmascaran el monopolio de la "Liga de la enseñanza". Un epílogo presenta aquello que se pone en juego con la mundialización de los voluntarios, por parte de un país “exportador de ayuda humanitaria” y su impacto en la etnización de un mercado del trabajo internacional.

The purpose of this study is to examine parent-adolescent relationships as perceived by adolescents and its relationship with adolescents’ adjustment. In order to measure parent-adolescent relationships psychological control, involvement, parental warmth and communication have been used as variables. Furthermore, self-esteem, school adjustment, substance use and depression are used as measures of adolescents’ adjustment outcomes. The study’s cross sectional survey design utilized a stratified random sample with structured questionnaires for the collection of quantitative data involving multiple variables that are examined to detect patterns of association and prediction. The participants comprise 809 adolescents (Males = 427 and Females = 382) from four private and government high schools and the average age of participants is 16.8. The participants were randomly selected from Grade Level 9, 10, 11 and 12. Independent t-test, correlation, and regression analyses are used to analyse the data in this research. The results of the independent sample t-test on the perception of adolescents’ relationship with their parents showed that male adolescents perceive their mothers and fathers as more psychologically controlling than female adolescents. On the other hand, female adolescents perceive their mothers and fathers as warmer; more involved in their schooling; and engage in a more positive communication than do the male adolescents. In addition, the independent sample t-test also shows that male adolescents exhibit more adjustment problems than do female adolescents. Specifically, male adolescents seem to show more substance use behaviour, have lower self-esteem, more school adjustment problems and a higher depression level as compared to female adolescents. The correlation analysis reveals that there is a significant relationship among the four-parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent adjustment variables. The regression analysis also demonstrates that the four-parent-adolescent relation predictor variables account for adolescent adjustment though their contribution to the prediction was varied by the gender of the adolescents’ parents. This research; however, does not consider father-adolescent communication as a significant predictor to adolescent school adjustment and mother-adolescent communication as a significant predictor to adolescent depression. Theoretically, the present findings provide evidence that positive parent-adolescent relationships can be considered as a relevant protective factor for adolescents. For policy consideration, it is suggested that efforts be made to establish quality after school youth programs to engage adolescents in several mentoring activities, and family based coping programs should be established based on the centrality of the family for better family functioning. / Von Krosigk, Beate. / Psychology

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between family characteristics and parent involvement in Head Start, and the differences between parents who participated in Head Start parent involvement activities and parents who did not participate, as to their behaviors and attitudes concerning education, their children, their communities, and their children's academic achievement. This study analyzed existing data collected for a national parent involvement study. The sample consisted of 2,051 parent-child pairs (1,443 Head Start and 606 non-Head Start). Findings indicated a significant relationship between numerous family characteristics and parent involvement in Head Start, with variables related to a higher level of education of the mother or primary caregiver being the most dominant. Significant differences were found between the parents who participated in Head Start activities and parents who did not participate. The involved parents felt more strongly about teachers needing knowledge of their children's families, parents having knowledge worthy of sharing with their children's teachers, and parents wanting advice or input from their children's teachers. They reported a higher frequency of behaviors such as talking, reading, and playing with their children, trying to teach their children basic concepts, and having materials available for their children's use. Involved parents rated their level of participation, acceptance, and influence in their communities to be greater than did the uninvolved parents. Also, they had higher expectations concerning their children's education. The involved parents and the non-Head Start parents had heard of the resources available in their communities more than the uninvolved Head Start parents had; however, both groups of Head Start parents had used the resources more than the non-Head Start parents had. The children of the involved parents and the non-Head Start parents scored significantly higher on the Preschool Inventory than did the children of the uninvolved Head Start parents.

Il est connu que de nombreux enfants vivent la séparation conjugale de leurs parents. Suite à cette séparation, les enfants vivent majoritairement avec leur mère (parent gardien), tout en maintenant des liens avec leur père (parent non gardien). Bien que les principes de droit suggèrent que l’enfant ait le droit de préserver des liens avec chacun de ses parents à la suite de la séparation conjugale, ces liens ne sont plus assurés sur une base quotidienne et peuvent être affectés. Vivant la séparation de ses parents, l’enfant peut être exposé aux conflits parentaux puisque la séparation peut augmenter leur intensité. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de mieux comprendre la perception des parents non gardiens de leur lien avec leur enfant dans un contexte où les conflits parentaux perdurent à la suite de la séparation conjugale. Un sous-objectif est de documenter les facteurs qui influencent les liens entre les parents non gardiens et leur enfant à la suite de la séparation conjugal. Pour ce faire, des entrevues individuelles semi-directives ont été effectuées auprès de huit parents non gardiens. Une analyse de contenu thématique concernant leur perspective sur l’objet de recherche a été effectuée. Selon la perspective des parents non gardiens, les résultats montrent que la qualité de la relation entre eux et leur enfant se maintient positivement. Le facteur le plus prédominant est les conflits parentaux post-séparation. Il en ressort qu’ils alimentent d’autres facteurs, tels que les modalités de garde d’enfant et droits d’accès, la fréquence de contacts entre les parents non gardiens et leur enfant, les comportements des enfants à l’égard de leur parent non gardien, l’engagement parental des parents non gardiens ainsi que la relation parentale post-séparation. / It is known that many children are living with parents who are conjugally separated. With this in mind, following the separation the children mostly live with their mother (resident parent), while maintaining contact with their father (non-resident parent). Although the principles of law suggest that the child has the right to maintain ties with both parents after marital separation, these visits are not always done on a daily basis and the qyality of their relationship can be affected. Living the separation of his parents, the child may be exposed to parental conflict because the separation can increase their intensity. The objective of this thesis is to better understand the perception of the non-resident parents and their relationship with their child in a context where parental conflict persists after marital separation. A fundamental objective is to document the factors that influence the relationship between non-resident parents and their children after the marital separation. In order to achieve these objectives, eight non-resident parents were interviewed using individual, semi-directive interview techniques. An analysis of the thematic content pertaining to their perspective on this research subject was then conducted. From the perspective of the non-resident parents, the results have shown that the quality of the relationship between them and their child remains positive. The most dominant factor is post-separation parental conflict. It appears they feed on other factors such as, child care arrangements and access rights. Also, the frequency of visits between the non-resident parents and their child, the child's attitude towards their non-resident parent, the parental involvement of non-resident parents and the parental relationship post-separation, all have an impact.

Cette thèse livre, sous forme de chronique ethnographique, l’analyse d’une partie de l’enquête effectuée au sein du doyenné et de la paroisse de Questembert, dans le sud-est du Morbihan en Bretagne. Cette étude, menée entre 2003 et 2007, a consisté à l’origine en une investigation sur le « croire en actes », empirique et portant simultanément sur nos pratiques d’enquête, sur la description et l’interprétation des activités religieuses ordinaires.Je relate les étapes d’un tel parcours interrogatif, les transformations de la définition de cet objet de recherche « fuyant » et l’extension du champ de l’enquête : du « croire » au « langage ordinaire » à « l’action », ainsi qu’aux dynamiques d’engagement dans les mouvements d’Eglise et activités paroissiales et, conjointement, aux dynamiques de « prise en main » de sa foi – d’un langage religieux, de pratiques de prière, etc.La découverte progressive des problématiques effectives, des motifs et enjeux concrets de l’engagement de mes interlocuteurs, permet alors de dégager les coordonnées d’une situation imbriquant enjeux locaux et généraux : entre « exculturation » (D. Hervieu-Léger) du catholicisme, crises et efforts renouvelés de la mobilisation paroissiale et dynamisme des acteurs et mouvances de sensibilité traditionnelle sous le pontificat de Jean-Paul II puis celui de Benoît XVI, et tensions entre protagonistes de sensibilités spirituelles différentes. Les entreprises pastorales et militantes observées, les interrelations parfois conflictuelles entre acteurs s’inscrivent aussi dans le contexte politique dominé par la droite et d’intégration religieuse autrefois importante qu’est celui du sud-est du Morbihan, et dans un contexte municipal d’antagonismes partisans alors marqués. L’analyse des dynamiques d’implication et de « prises en main » actuelles et de celles, passées, de trajectoires imbriquant vie familiale, professionnelle ou militante permet de mettre en évidence certaines des logiques récurrentes, les terrains spirituels et milieux sociaux antérieurs de la mobilisation catholique, et d’éclairer par contraste les difficultés observées.Les évolutions de cette recherche, du « croire » – « objet introuvable » mais amenant à l’affinement des descriptions ethnographiques - aux dynamiques d’action et d’engagement, se sont accompagnées d’un retour critique sur ma pratique d’enquête initiale, héritée de traditions objectivistes et décontextualisantes en anthropologie et en sociologie. La restitution des étapes de ce parcours permet ainsi d’argumenter précisément l’approche processuelle et articulée à l’action ainsi que la forme d’écriture auxquelles j’ai abouti. Elle permet également d’étayer la critique de ma pratique initiale en ce qu’elle induit notamment des cécités à l’action, au sens fort, s’agissant principalement ici d’une entreprise entremêlant enjeux religieux et partisans au cœur du milieu paroissial. / This thesis presents, in the form of an ethnographic chronicle, the analysis of part of the survey carried out into the deanery and parish of Questembert, in the south-west of Morbihan in Bretagne, France. This study, conduced between 2003 and 2007, first consisted in an investigation about « acts of believing », empirical and simultaneously about our survey practices, on description and interpretation of ordinary religious activities.I tell the steps of such an interrogative course, the transformations of the definition of this research object « fleeing » and the extension of the scope of the investigation : from « belief » to « ordinary langage » to « action », and to dynamics of involvment into Church movements and parish activities and, jointly, dynamics of « taking charge » of one’s own faith – of a religious langage, prayer practices, etc.The gradual discovery of actual problems, of concrete motives and issues of commitment of my interlocutors, then allows to clear coordinates of a situation imbricating local and general issues : between « exculturation » (D. Hervieu-Léger) of catholicism, crisis and renewed efforts of parish mobilization and dynamism of actors and movements of traditionnal sensitivity under the Pontificate of John-Paul II then Benedict XVI, and tensions between protagonists of different spiritual sensitivities. The pastoral and militant enterprises observed, the interrelations sometimes conflictual between actors are part too of this context politicaly dominated by the right and of religious integration formerly important of the south-west of Morbihan, and of a municipal context of partisan antagonism then very marked. The analysis of actual dynamics of engagement and « take in charge » and those, passed, of trajectories imbricating family, professionnal or militant life leads us to highlight some of the recurring logics, the spiritual grounds and former social environments of catholic mobilization, and illuminate by contrast the difficulties observed.The evolutions of this research, from « belief » – « object not found » but leading to refine ethnographic descriptions – to dynamics of action and involvment, were accompagned with a critical feeback on my initial survey practice, inherited from objectivating and decontextualizing traditions in anthropology and sociology. The restitution of the stages of this route makes it possible to argue precisely the processual approach, articulated to action, and the form of writing that I reached. It makes it possible too to support a criticism of my initial practice in that it induces in particular blindness to action, in the strong sense, mainly here in the case of an entreprise combining religious and partisans issues at the heart of the parish environment.