L'objectif de la thèse a été d'explorer différentes voies de dispersion de charges graphitiques dans des élastomères de type polyisoprène dans le but d'améliorer les propriétés mécaniques et barrière. Pour augmenter les interactions entre le graphite et l'élastomère et donc diminuer les interactions entre charges, les charges graphitiques ont été modifiées chimiquement. Le graphite a été préalablement oxydé pour obtenir du graphite oxydé (GO) contenant des groupements époxyde, hydroxyle et acide carboxylique, susceptibles de servir comme sites d'ancrage de molécules et de chaînes polymères. Afin d'améliorer la compatibilité du GO avec la matrice polyisoprène, des amines et des alkoxysilanes ainsi que des chaînes polyisoprène ont été greffées sur le GO. Des taux de greffage variant de 4 à 50 % en poids ont été obtenus selon la technique de fonctionnalisation utilisée. Une expansion thermique du GO a aussi été étudiée et a conduit à la formation d'une structure graphitique poreuse. Des composites polyisoprène contenant 15 pce de ces charges graphitiques modifiées ont ensuite été préparés et ont montré une diminution de la perméabilité à l'air (-70 % pour les composites graphite traité thermiquement, par rapport à ceux chargés uniquement en noir de carbone) ainsi qu'une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques. Enfin, l'utilisation de liquides ioniques comme agents dispersants a été étudiée. Des composites caoutchouc-graphite avec 1 % en poids de liquides ioniques ont montré un renforcement plus élevé (+ 25 % pour la contrainte à 300 % d'élongation) tout en conservant un allongement à la rupture similaire par rapport à des composites contenant uniquement du noir de carbone / The aim of this study was the investigation of various dispersion methods for graphite-based fillers in elastomers such as polyisoprene, to enhance mechanical and barrier properties. To increase graphite-rubber interactions and so decrease filler-filler aggregation, graphite-based fillers have been chemically modified. Graphite was previously oxidized into graphite oxide (GO), bearing epoxide, hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups, which could further act as anchor sites for molecules and polymer chains. To increase the compatibility between GO and the polymeric matrix, amines and alkoxysilanes, as well as polymer chains, were grafted on GO. Grafting contents between 4-50 wt% were obtained, depending on the functionalization technique which was used. A thermal modification path of GO was also investigated and led to the formation of porous graphite structure. Polyisoprene composites containing 15 phr of these graphite-based fillers were prepared and showed decreased air permeability (-70 % for composites containing thermally-treated graphite filler, as compared to those containing carbon black only) as well as enhanced tensile properties. Finally, the use of ionic liquids as dispersing agents was investigated. Natural rubber – graphite composites with 1 wt% of ionic liquid displayed enhanced reinforcement (+ 25 % for the stress at 300 % strain) while maintaining similar strain at break to composites containing carbon black only

Les liquides ioniques (LIs), possédant d’excellentes propriétés intrinsèques et offrant une infinité de combinaisons possibles ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine des polymères, en particulier dans celui des réseaux époxyde. Ce travail de thèse présente la préparation, la caractérisation et la modification de réseaux époxy / liquides ioniques. Dans un premier temps, ce travail est dédié à étudier l'influence des LIs comme comonomères de prépolymère époxyde. Ainsi, la réactivité des LIs vers la DGEBA et leur rôle en tant qu’amorceurs et/ou durcisseurs de systèmes époxyde ont été étudiés. Ensuite, l’effet de la nature chimique des LIs sur les propriétés de réseaux époxy / LIs, y compris les propriétés thermomécaniques, la stabilité thermique, les propriétés de surface et les comportements mécaniques, a été démontré. En outre, le mécanisme de la réaction entre les prépolymères époxy et LIs a été révélé à l'aide de différentes méthodes (IRTF et RMN). Dans la deuxième partie, les agents modifiants (thermoplastiques et des particules cœur-coquille) ont été incorporés dans des réseaux époxy / LI en vue d'améliorer leurs performances mécaniques. Dans la dernière section, la combinaison des LIs et des réseaux époxyde biosourcés a été étudiée en tant que substituts partiels ou complets aux systèmes époxyde issus du pétrole afin de développer des matériaux à faible empreinte environnementale. Ainsi, l’utilisation des liquides ioniques a eu des effets bénéfiques sur la morphologie mais également sur les propriétés des réseaux. La relation entre la nature chimique des LIs, la morphologie et les propriétés obtenues a été soulignée. / Having excellent intrinsic properties with an infinity cation/anion combination, ionic liquids (ILs) have become very attractive in the field of polymer science, especially in the epoxy networks. Thus, this research work presents the preparation, characterization and modification of epoxy/IL networks. The first part of this work is dedicated to study the effect of ILs as comonomers in the formation of epoxy networks. The reactivity of ILs towards epoxy prepolymer and their role either as initiators or as curing agents in the formation of epoxy/IL networks was investigated. Then, the effect of the chemical nature of ILs on the final properties of epoxy/IL networks was demonstrated including thermomechanical properties, thermal stability, surface properties and mechanical behaviors. In addition, the mechanism of curing reaction between epoxy prepolymer and ILs was revealed using different methods (FTIR and NMR). In the second part, modifiers (thermoplastics and core-shell particles) were incorporated into epoxy/IL networks in order to improve their mechanical performances. In the last section, the combination of ILs and bio-based epoxy networks was studied as partial or complete substitutions for petroleum based epoxy systems aiming for “green materials” coatings applications. Thus, the unique properties of ionic liquids led to remarkable changes in morphology and properties of epoxy systems. The relation between the chemical nature of ILs, the morphology and the properties of obtained epoxy networks was highlighted.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese phosphorhaltiger anorganischer Verbindungen in ionischen Flüssigkeiten (engl. ionic liquids, ILs) und legt einen Schwerpunkt auf die Untersuchung der grundlegenden mechanistischen Abläufe, insbesondere auf die Aktivierung von elementarem Phosphor in ILs. Durch die Kombination spektroskopischer und theoretischer Methoden wurde ausführlich das chemische Verhalten von Phosphorhalogeniden in halogenidhaltigen ILs analysiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass nach der Auflösung von rotem Phosphor mit Iod ein Gleichgewicht in der Lösung vorliegt, welches zu der Bildung von Tetrachlorophosphat führt. Insgesamt weist der beobachtete, dynamische Koordinationsprozess der Liganden Ähnlichkeiten zu einer strukturellen Diffusion bzw. Grotthuss-Diffusion auf. Diese Mischungen könnten somit potenziell als kostengünstige Elektrolyte verwendet werden. In weiteren Untersuchungen gelang es, aus Cu und rotem Phosphor in halogenidhaltigen ILs reproduzierbar und in hoher Reinheit Cu3−xP (x = 0,05) zu synthetisieren. Die Optimierung der Reaktion ermöglichte dabei Ausbeuten von über 99 %. Während der Reaktion kommt es zu einer IL-induzierten nukleophilen Aktivierung des roten Phosphors, wodurch hochreaktive P4-Moleküle gebildet werden. Durch die direkte Verwendung von P4 in ILs konnte nachfolgend erstmals kupferarmes Cu3−xP (0,1 < x < 0,7) gezielt synthetisiert werden, ohne das phosphorreiche Nebenprodukte gebildet wurden. Die elektrochemische Charakterisierung unterschiedlicher Cu3−xP-Phasen als Anodenmaterial in Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulatoren zeigte, dass sich das chemische Verhalten gegen Li mit der Zusammensetzung des Materials ändert. Da sich kupferarmes Cu3−xP durch eine höhere Kapazität und kupferreiches Material durch eine bessere Zykelnstabilität auszeichnet, erlauben die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit die weitere Optimierungen dieses Materials für den Einsatz in Akkumulatoren.:1. Motivation und Einleitung 1 1.1. Klassische Flussmittel in der Materialsynthese 2 1.2. Ionische Flüssigkeiten 4 1.2.1. Struktur und Eigenschaften 4 1.2.2. Anwendung in der Synthese von anorganischen Materialien 6 1.3. Reaktionen mit elementarem Phosphor in ionischen Flüssigkeiten 8 1.3.1. Struktur und Eigenschaften der Phosphormodifikationen 8 1.3.2. Synthetische Verwendung in ionischer Flüssigkeit 10 1.4. Zielstellung der Arbeit 11 2. Allgemeiner experimenteller Teil 12 2.1. Schutzgasatmosphäre 12 2.2. Verwendeten Chemikalien 12 2.2.1. Anorganische Ausgangsverbindungen 12 2.2.2. Ionische Flüssigkeiten 13 2.2.3. Lösungsmittel 14 2.2.4. Präparationsvorschriften 14 2.3. Charakterisierungsmethoden 15 2.3.1. Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie 15 2.3.2. Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse 15 2.3.3. Rasterelektronenmikroskopie 15 2.3.4. Energiedispersive Röntgenspektroskopie 16 2.3.5. Elementaranalyse 16 2.3.6. Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie 17 2.3.7. Raman-Spektroskopie 17 2.3.8. Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie 18 2.3.9. Elektronenspinresonanz-Spektroskopie 18 2.3.10. Elektrische Transportmessungen 18 2.3.11. Elektrochemische Charakterisierung 19 2.3.12. Wärmekapazitätsmessungen 20 2.3.13. Quantenchemische Berechnungen 20 3. Untersuchungen zur Bildung von Phosphorhalogeniden aus rotem Phosphor 22 3.1. Einleitung 22 3.2. Experimenteller Teil 23 3.3. Reaktion von rotem Phosphor mit Iod in [BMIm]X (X = Cl, I) 24 3.4. Anionenaustausch von PX3 in [HMIm]X (X = Cl, Br, I) 25 3.4.1. Reaktion von rotem Phosphor mit Iod in [HMIm]X (X = Cl, Br, I) 25 3.4.2. Phosphortrihalogenid-Referenzsystem 26 3.5. Das molekulare Verhalten von PCl3 in [HMIm]Cl 30 3.6. Quantenchemische Rechnungen 33 3.6.1. Molekulardynamische Simulationen 33 3.6.2. Statische DFT-Rechnungen 38 3.6.3. Mechanismus des Halogenaustausches 40 3.7. Zusammenfassung 41 4. Die Synthese von Cu3−xP – ein Modellsystem zur Reaktionsanalyse 43 4.1. Einleitung 43 4.2. Darstellungsmethoden – eine Literaturübersicht 45 4.3. Synthese von Cu3−xP (x = 0,05) in ionischen Flüssigkeiten 47 4.3.1. Synthesevorschrift 47 4.3.2. Produktcharakterisierung 47 4.3.3. Die Stabilität der ionischen Flüssigkeiten unter Synthesebedingungen 49 4.3.4. Analyse des Cu3−xP-Homogenitätsbereiches 50 4.4. Synthese von Cu3−xP (0,1 < x < 0,7) in ionischen Flüssigkeiten 52 4.4.1. Synthesevorschrift 52 4.4.2. Produktcharakterisierung 53 4.4.3. Analyse des Cu3−xP-Homogenitätsbereiches 55 4.5. Mechanistische Untersuchungen zur Cu3−xP-Bildung in [P66614]Cl 57 4.5.1. Experimenteller Teil 57 4.5.2. Diffusionsexperimente mit rotem Phosphor 58 4.5.3. Aktivierung von rotem Phosphor in [P66614]Cl 59 4.5.4. Mechanistische Diskussion der Cu3−xP-Phasenbildung 61 4.6. Untersuchungen zur Optimierung der Phosphoraktivierung 63 4.6.1. Donor- und Akzeptoreigenschaften ionischer Flüssigkeiten 64 4.6.2. Experimenteller Teil 66 4.6.3. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 66 4.7. Anioneneinfluss auf die Cu3−xP-Phasenbildung 69 4.7.1. Experimenteller Teil 69 4.7.2. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 70 4.8. Temperaturabhängige Kristallstrukturanalyse von Cu3−xP 72 4.8.1. Kristallzüchtung 72 4.8.2. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 73 4.9. Physikalische Charakterisierung unterschiedlicher Cu3−xP-Phasen 77 4.9.1. Elektronische Transporteigenschaften 77 4.9.2. Elektrochemische Charakterisierung 79 4.10. Zusammenfassung 82 5. Hochschmelzende ionische Flüssigkeiten in der Synthese von CuP2 84 5.1. Einleitung 84 5.2. Synthesevorschrift 85 5.3. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 85 5.4. Zusammenfassung 88 6. Fazit und Ausblick 89 A. Anhang 91 A.1. Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie 91 A.2. Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturbestimmung 95 A.3. Rasterelektronenmikroskopie 99 A.4. Energiedispersive Röntgenspektroskopie 101 A.5. Elementaranalyse 107 A.6. Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie 108 A.6.1. Untersuchungen zur Bildung von Phosphorhalogeniden 108 A.6.2. Untersuchungen zur Bildung von Kupferphosphid 114 A.7. Raman-Spektroskopie 119 A.8. Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie 121 A.9. Elektronenspinresonanz-Spektroskopie 122 A.10. Elektrische Transportmessungen 123 A.11. Elektrochemische Charakterisierung 124 A.12. Wärmekapazitätsmessungen 125 A.13. Strukturbilder 126 A.14. Fotografien und Skizzen 128 A.14.1. Reaktionsapparaturen 128 A.14.2. Auflösungsversuche von elementarem Phosphor 129 B. Literaturverzeichnis 131 C. Danksagung 145 D. Liste der Publikationen 147 E. Liste der Kooperationen 149 F. Versicherung und Erklärung 151

In this thesis the possibilities of using capillary electrophoresis as a separation technique for analysis of proteins and microbubbles is presented. A complete analytical process consists of five necessary steps of which one is the actual analysis step. For this step a suitable analytical technique is needed. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is one of the common analytical separation techniques used for analysis of a diversity of analytes, and can be both used in routine analysis and for research purposes. The reason for using CE, compared to other liquid-based separation techniques, is mainly short analysis time, high resolution, and negligible sample volumes and solvent waste. Depending on the characteristics of the analytes, and the sample matrix, different modes of CE can be used, where capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is the most employed one. The basic principle of CZE is separation of the analytes due to differences in total mobility, which is dependent on the charge and size of the analytes, and the electroosmotic flow (EOF). The EOF can be controlled by several parameters e.g. choice of background electrolyte (BGE), and the optimization of the parameters has been discussed throughout the thesis. To improve the properties of the BGE, an ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) water solution was used as BGE for CE analysis in Paper I. The precision of the EOF with this method was determined by adjusting the pH of the BGE, the concentration of EAN in the BGE, and the electric field. Model proteins were thereafter analysed using the optimal parameters yielding a precision sufficient for routine control. One example of the applications of CE is separation of novel contrast agents, which consist of polyvinyl alcohol microbubbles (PVA-MBs). In Paper II, a method for analysis of PVA-MBs in biological samples using CE with UV-detection was developed. It was also established that intact PVA-MBs could be distinguished from ultrasound degraded PVA-MBs in the same set-up. / <p>QC 20171012</p>

No description available.

Concerns about the use of certain chemical species within the aerospace field are growing in recent years. A European regulation, REACh, now makes the use of hydrazine uncertain in – among others- attitude control thrusters. Green monopropellants, which are alternatives for this species already exist, but they all require a catalyst to react. Catalysts constitute the limiting factor for the lifespan of satellites because of the number of thermal cycles they endure. A joint project between ONERA, the French aerospace research center and CNES, the French space agency, was born to develop a high-performance green monopropellant thruster operating without any catalyst. Sizing the thruster and particularly its combustion chamber is not an easy task because of the explosive properties and the lack of knowledge regarding the monopropellant reaction process. The thesis aims at simulating the flow in a combustion chamber using CNES05, a new promising green monopropellant. This monopropellant has a very low vapor pressure and is an energetic liquid. As such, its reaction above a certain temperature -which is called decompositionis not well understood and must be observed closely. For this matter, a test bench was created, and it paved the way for the development of a specific model of decomposition. Indeed, even if the CNES05 decomposition cannot be modeled with the classical theory of isolated droplets, the setup showed us the order of magnitude of the reaction kinetics and the presence of a break up phenomenon. Using this model, the simulations of the flow inside the combustion chamber give us the heat flux profile through its walls, a sizing parameter for the thruster. Large recirculation zones are observed and the influence of the angle of injection seems to be the major injection parameter of influence. The sensitivity of the parameters used in the model is also studied.

Thèse en cotutelle (avec l'Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier) en Science des matériaux et Electrochimie / Avec le développement des systèmes électroniques embarqués se pose la question de la miniaturisation des dispositifs de stockage d’énergie. De nos jours, cette fonction est principalement assurée par des micro-batteries. Ces composants possèdent cependant une faible puissance disponible, une durée de vie limitée et un domaine de fonctionnement en température restreint. Les “micro-supercondensateurs” sur puce permettraient de s’affranchir de ces limitations, mais ils ne sont aujourd’hui qu’au stade de la recherche universitaire avec des densités d’énergie bien inférieures à celles des micro-batteries. L’énergie et la puissance stockées dans un supercondensateur sont proportionnelles au carré de la fenêtre de potentiel, qui dépend elle-même de la stabilité électrochimique de l’électrolyte utilisé. L’électrolyte joue ainsi un rôle prépondérant sur les propriétés des supercondensateurs (tension, gamme de température, courant de fuite, durée de vie…). Cette thèse vise à développer des liquides ioniques protiques et aprotiques dédiés aux micro-supercondensateurs pseudocapacitifs à base d'oxydes métalliques (RuO2, MnO2). Les électrolytes à base de liquides ioniques présentent des propriétés intéressantes, notamment une faible pression de vapeur saturante, une stabilité aux hautes températures, ainsi qu’une large fenêtre de potentiel. Ils contribuent ainsi à améliorer la densité d’énergie surfaciques, principal problème rencontré par les micro-supercondensateurs actuels. Les liquides ioniques étudiés ont été conçus sur la base de leurs structures et leurs propriétés physico-chimiques. Des caractérisations électrochimiques ont été réalisées avec des micro-supercondensateurs à base d’oxyde de ruthénium et d’oxyde de manganèse. De très bonnes performances ont été obtenus en utilisant des collecteurs de courant poreux à grande surface spécifique. Les électrolytes liquides constituant cependant un verrou technologique à la réalisation de micro-supercondensateurs fonctionnels compatible avec les procédés de microfabrication, des ionogels composés d’une matrice solide dans laquelle a été confinée le liquide ionique ont également été réalisés. / The rising growth of smart and autonomous microelectronic devices in the IoT (Internet of Things) era urges the development of advanced microscale energy sources with tailor-made features and customized energy/power requirements. Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) emerged as potential energy storage devices complementing micro-batteries to power ubiquitous sensor networks needed to foster the development of IoT. However, the low cell voltage and low energy density remain major bottleneck that prevents their application at a large scale in real devices. To mitigate this issue, several studies have been devoted to the engineering of MSC electrode materials and structural architecting of current collectors to enhance the surface area and areal energy density by considering the limited available footprint area. This, however, has associated challenges such as a complex synthesis route, poor interfacial and mechanical stability of the electrode, and electrolyte compatibility issues, among others. Another key challenge to solve for reaching high energy density values in MSCs is the limited electrochemical stability window (ESW) of the electrolytes used as energy stored is directly related to the square of the cell voltage. The electrolytes play a major role in deciding the ESW and liquid-state electrolytes commonly used are troublesome for the microfabrication process due to leakage, evaporation, and safety issues. Therefore, it’s imperative to develop alternative electrolytes including solid-state electrolytes reconcilable to the target application of MSCs. This thesis aims at developing novel ionic-liquid (IL)-based electrolytes (both protic and aprotic) suitable for pseudocapacitive metal oxide (e.g., RuO2, MnO2)-based micro-supercapacitors (MSCs). IL-based electrolytes exhibit key properties including low vapor pressure, high temperature stability, low melting point, etc. with a wide ESW and help improve energy density performance, overcoming the major bottleneck faced by current MSCs. During this project, ILs are rationally designed based on their physicochemical properties. The detailed structure-property and electrochemical characterization studies were done using RuO2 and MnO2-based MSCs. We demonstrate state-of-the-art performance by developing high surface area porous current collectors with enhanced mass loading and solid-state devices using ionogel electrolytes, enabling their feasible integration with microelectronics to power connected IoT sensor networks.

No description available.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are able to activate elements that are insoluble in common solvents. Here, the synthesis of binary antimony compounds directly from elements was explored. The 12 elements Ti-Cu, Al, Ga, In, and Te, known to form binary compounds with Sb, were reacted with Sb in [P₆₆₆₁₄]Cl under inert conditions in a closed glass flask with vigorous stirring for 16 h at 200 °C. This was immediately successful in four cases and resulted in the formation of NiSb, InSb, Cu₂Sb and Sb₂Te3. The applied reaction temperature is several hundred degrees below the temperatures required for solvent-free conversions. Compared to reactions based on diffusion in the solid state, reaction times are much shorter. The IL is not consumed and can be recycled. Since the reaction with Cu showed almost complete conversion, the influences of reaction time, temperature and medium were further investigated. Among the tested imidazolium ILs ([BMIm]Cl, [BMIm][OAc], [BDMIm]Cl) and phosphonium ILs ([P₆₆₆₁₄]X, X=Cl⁻, [DCA]⁻, [OAc]⁻, [NTf₂]⁻), those with chloride anion yielded the best results. In a diffusion experiment, Cu₂Sb formed on the copper, which indicates that antimony forms mobile species in these ILs. Supplemental crystal structure data of (As₃S₄)[AlCl₄], which was ionothermally synthesized from As and S, are reported.

Non-covalent interactions including nucleobase hydrogen bonding and phosphonium/ammonium ionic aggregation were studied in block and random polymers synthesized using controlled radical polymerization techniques such as nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). Non-covalent interactions were expected to increase the effective molecular weight of the polymeric precursors through intermolecular associations and to induce microphase separation. The influence of non-covalent association on the structure/property relationships of these materials were studied in terms of physical properties (tensile, DMA, rheology) as well as morphological studies (AFM, SAXS). Ionic interactions, which possess stronger interaction energies than hydrogen bonds (~150 kJ/mol) were studied in the context of phosphonium-containing acrylate triblock (ABA) copolymers and random copolymers. Phosphonium-containing ionic liquid monomers with different alkyl substituent lengths and counterions enabled an investigation of the effects of ionic aggregation of phosphonium cations on the polymer physical properties. The polymerization of styrenic phosphonium-containing ionic liquid monomers using a difunctional alkoxyamine initiator, DEPN2, afforded an ABA triblock copolymer with an n-butyl acrylate soft center block and symmetric phosphonium-containing external reinforcing blocks. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of triblock copolymers revealed pronounced microphase separation at the nanoscale. Phosphonium aggregation governed block copolymer flow activation energies. In random copolymers, the phosphonium cations only weakly aggregated, which strongly depended on the length of alkyl substituents and the type of counterions. Acrylate random copolymers consisting of quaternary ammonium functionalities were synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). The obtained copolymers possessed controlled compositions and narrow molecular weight distributions with molecular weights ranging from Mn =50,000 to 170,000 g/mol. DMA evidenced the weak aggregation of ammonium cations in the solid state. Additionally, this ionomer was salt-responsive in NaCl aqueous solutions. Hydrogen bonding, a dynamic interaction with intermediate enthalpies (10-40 kJ/mol) was introduced through complementary heterocyclic DNA nucleobases such as adenine, thymine and uracil. Our investigations in this field have focused on the use of DNA nucleobase pair interactions to control polymer self-assembly and rheological behavior. Novel acrylic adenine- and thymine-containing monomers were synthesized from aza-Michael addition reaction. The long alkyl spacers between nucleobase and polymer backbone afforded structural flexibility in self-assembly process. Adenine-containing polyacrylates exhibited unique morphologies due to adenine-adenine π-π interactions. The complementary hydrogen bonding of adenine and thymine resulted in disruption of adenine-adenine π-π interactions, leading to lower plateau modulus and lower softening temperatures. Moreover, hydrogen bonding interactions enabled the compatibilization of complementary hydrogen bonding guest molecules such as uracil phosphonium chloride. / Ph. D.