Self-assembly of nanoparticles is a promising route to form complex, nanostructured materials with functional properties. Nanoparticle assemblies characterized by a crystallographic alignment of the nanoparticles on the atomic scale, i.e. mesocrystals, are commonly found in nature with outstanding functional and mechanical properties. This thesis aims to investigate and understand the formation mechanisms of mesocrystals formed by self-assembling iron oxide nanocubes. We have used the thermal decomposition method to synthesize monodisperse, oleate-capped iron oxide nanocubes with average edge lengths between 7 nm and 12 nm and studied the evaporation-induced self-assembly in dilute toluene-based nanocube dispersions. The influence of packing constraints on the alignment of the nanocubes in nanofluidic containers has been investigated with small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS, respectively). We found that the nanocubes preferentially orient one of their {100} faces with the confining channel wall and display mesocrystalline alignment irrespective of the channel widths.  We manipulated the solvent evaporation rate of drop-cast dispersions on fluorosilane-functionalized silica substrates in a custom-designed cell. The growth stages of the assembly process were investigated using light microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). We found that particle transport phenomena, e.g. the coffee ring effect and Marangoni flow, result in complex-shaped arrays near the three-phase contact line of a drying colloidal drop when the nitrogen flow rate is high. Diffusion-driven nanoparticle assembly into large mesocrystals with a well-defined morphology dominates at much lower nitrogen flow rates. Analysis of the time-resolved video microscopy data was used to quantify the mesocrystal growth and establish a particle diffusion-based, three-dimensional growth model. The dissipation obtained from the QCM-D signal reached its maximum value when the microscopy-observed lateral growth of the mesocrystals ceased, which we address to the fluid-like behavior of the mesocrystals and their weak binding to the substrate. Analysis of electron microscopy images and diffraction patterns showed that the formed arrays display significant nanoparticle ordering, regardless of the distinctive formation process.  We followed the two-stage formation mechanism of mesocrystals in levitating colloidal drops with real-time SAXS. Modelling of the SAXS data with the square-well potential together with calculations of van der Waals interactions suggests that the nanocubes initially form disordered clusters, which quickly transform into an ordered phase. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

Cell surface proteins play an important role in understanding cell-cell communication, cell signaling pathways, cell division and molecular pathogenesis in various diseases. Commonly used biotinylation regents for cell surface mapping have shown some potential drawbacks such as crossing the cell membrane, difficult recovery of biotinylated proteins from streptavidin/avidin beads, interference from endogenous biotin and nonspecific nature of streptavidin. With aim to solve these problems, we introduced sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) ester functionalized magnetic nanoparticles containing cleavable groups to label solvent exposed primary amine groups of proteins. Silica coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs) were linked to NHS ester groups via a cleavable disulfide bond. Additionally, the superparamagnetic properties of Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs facilitate efficient separation of the labeled peptides and removal of the detergent without any extra step of purification. In the last step, the disulfide bond between the labeled peptides and MNPs was cleaved to release the labeled peptides. The disulfide linked NHS ester modified Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs were tested using a small peptide, and a model protein (bovine serum albumin) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS) of labeled peptides. In the next step, disulfide linked, NHS ester modified Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs (150 nm) successfully labeled the solvent exposed cell surface peptides of Saccharomyces cerevisae. Electron microscopic analysis confirmed the cell surface binding of NHS ester modified Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed the presence of 30 unique proteins containing 56 peptides. Another MNPs based labeling reagent was developed to target solvent exposed carboxyl acid residues of peptides and proteins. The surface of Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs was modified with free amine groups via a disulfide bond. Solvent exposed carboxyl groups of ACTH 4-11 and BSA were labeled by using1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) chemistry. Upon cleaving the disulfide bond, labeled peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The MNPs containing labeling reagents offers specific labeling under physiological conditions and rapid magnetic separation of labeled peptides prior to mass spectrometric analysis. The ability of large Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs to specifically attach to cell surface makes them a potential candidate to study the surface of variety of different cell types and complex proteins surrounded by lipid bilayer.

Le diagnostic moléculaire est un diagnostic basé sur l’analyse des acides nucléiques nécessite incontestablement la préparation d’échantillon. Cette préparation à pour objectif d’extraire des acides nucléiques d’un milieu généralement très complexe, de les purifier, de les concentrer voir les transporter dans des microsystèmes utilisés comme outils de diagnostic. Aujourd’hui, l’utilisation de nouvelles technologies et en particulier l’utilisation de supports solides ont permis de palier à un grand nombre de problèmes comparé aux méthodes conventionnelles. L’évolution de ces supports solides en particules colloïdales a permis de répondre à la demande des nouvelles technologies en apportant, une grande surface spécifique, une séparation rapide suite au caractère magnétique, un transport simple dans les microsystèmes et une chimie de surface modulable pour une bonne extraction de l’analyte recherchée. Ainsi, l’objet de cette étude est la synthèse de la silice magnétique submicronique en taille pour l’extraction des acides nucléiques. La synthèse de la silice magnétique a été conduite en trois étapes. Dans un premier temps, la synthèse de ferrofluide organique a été réalisée par coprécipitation des chlorures ferriques et ferreux en basic avant transfert en milieu organique. La deuxième étape a été la préparation d’émulsions magnétiques stables, fortement magnétiques (pour une séparation rapide) et de taille relativement homogène et reproductible. Le ferrofluide préparé organique préparé a été émulsionné pour préparer une émulsion huile dans l’eau (O/W) en utilisant un tensioactif anionique. L’émulsion magnétique a été ensuite encapsulée par une écorce de silice via le procédé sol-gel. Le procédé d’encapsulation a été optimisé via une étude systématique et par une caractérisation physicochimie et colloïdale complète de particules. La caractérisation morphologique des particules obtenues a montré une structure coeur magnétique et une écorce de silice parfaitement homogène. Ces particules de silice magnétique ont été utilisées pour étudier l’adsorption des acides nucléiques (fragment d’ADN) en fonction du pH et de la salinité. Les résultats montrent une bonne capacité d’adsorption des acides nucléiques et également un bon relargage. Ce résultat encourageant montre que ces particules peuvent être utilisées dans le diagnostic moléculaire où l’extraction, la purification et la concentration des acides nucléiques sont très recherchées / Currently, the genetics and DNA-based applications are developing very vast. All these applications such as gene therapy, diagnosis and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) require a previous step, which is the isolation and purification of genetic materials from their compartment. Taking care that the extraction method should produce the DNA in high purification state and in good conditions. The DNA extraction and purification are well known from long time ago, but these methods are time and organic solvents consuming. Nowadays, new nanotechnology-based techniques allow establishing rapid, efficient, environment respecting and cheaper isolation methods for DNA extraction. Silica-coated magnetic emulsions as a form of core-shell were successfully synthesized for magnetic separation of DNA. Magnetic core is the separation tool and silica shell is the DNA capturer and releaser part. The silica-coated magnetic emulsions synthesis was carried out in three steps. Starting from the organic ferrofluid synthesis by the coprecipitation of ferrous and ferric chlorides in aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution. The iron oxide nanoparticles were coated with oleic acid layer and redispersed in octane. Second step consisted of preparation of magnetic emulsion. The obtained ferrofluids used as oil to prepare oil in water emulsion (O/W) and SDS was used as surfactant. Then, the magnetic emulsion particles, the magnetic droplets, were coated with silica shell using the sol-gel process. The encapsulation was performed using TEOS as silica precursor and its hydrolysis was catalyzed by ammonium hydroxide. Particles characterization showed that the performed synthesis produced perfect core-shell particles. These particles have been used to study the DNA binding in different conditions of pH, ionic strength and DNA concentration in solution. Results show good fixation and release of DNA molecules by the silica magnetic particles. In addition to the extraction results, the colloidal stability and speed separation of silica coated magnetic particles, these particles can be recommended as strong DNA separation tools

Este trabalho descreve a síntese de semicondutores a base de bismuto [Bi2O3, BiOX (X= Cl, Br ou I)] e óxidos de ferro (FexOy), a modificação por tratamento hidrotérmico e a formação de compostos híbridos de BiOX e Bi2O2CO3 ou Fe3O4 e a aplicação destes na degradação fotocatalítica de soluções de rodamina B e de fenol. A formação de vacâncias de oxigênio (VO) em estruturas de BiOCl e Bi2O2CO3 foi promovida por processo de sonicação. Os diferentes oxihaletos de bismuto, polimorfos de óxidos de bismuto e de óxidos de ferro foram precipitados pela elevação de pH do meio precursor utilizando soluções aquosas de monoisopropanolamina (MIPA), diisopropanolamina (DIPA), triisopropanolamina (TIPA), hidróxidos de sódio, potássio ou de amônio. Por meio de caracterização das propriedades físico-químicas, estruturais e morfológicas foram propostos mecanismos atentando-se a participação da base utilizada para formação e atividade catalítica dos compostos. Foram obtidas as fases &#945;-Bi2O3 quando utilizado bases minerais e MIPA e &#947;-Bi2O3 utilizando-se TIPA, fases amorfas ou mistas foram obtidas com as demais bases. Os oxihaletos de bismuto se formaram independente da base utilizada na precipitação, apresentando diferenças estruturais. O processo de sonicação levou a formação de VO em estruturas de BiOCl e Bi2O2CO3 que foi verificado por Raman e espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X. Na precipitação de íons Fe2+ a utilização de MIPA levou à formação de magnetita, enquanto as demais bases levou a formação de misturas de óxidos de ferro. O tratamento hidrotérmico levou a híbridos de BiOX e magnetita, que apresentaram comportamento magnético, e de BiOCl e Bi2O2CO3, além de oxibrometos ricos em bismuto. Todos os materiais apresentaram atividade fotocatalítica na degradação de soluções de fenol e/ou rodamina B, as caracterizações de espectroscópicas, área superficial e potencial Zeta foram utilizadas para explicar as diferenças nestas atividades. / This study describes the synthesis of semiconductors based on bismuth [Bi2O3, BiOX (X = Cl, Br or I)] and iron oxides (FexOy), the modification by hydrothermal treatment and the formation of hybrids of BiOX and Bi2O2CO3 or Fe3O4, and the application of the materials to the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B and phenol solutions. The formation of oxygen vacancies (VO) in the structures of BiOCl and Bi2O2CO3 was promoted by a sonication process. The different bismuth oxyhalides, polymorphs of bismuth oxides and iron oxides were precipitated by raising the precursor pH level using aqueous solutions of monoisopropanolamine (MIPA), diisopropanolamine (DIPA), triisopropanolamine (TIPA), sodium, potassium or ammonium hydroxides. By performing the characterization of physico-chemical, structural and morphological properties, mechanisms were proposed considering the participation of the base on the formation of the compounds and their catalytic activity. The &#945;- Bi2O3 phase was obtained when mineral bases and MIPA were used; the &#947;- Bi2O3 was formed when using TIPA; amorphous or mixed phases were obtained when using the other bases. Bismuth oxyhalides were formed independently of the base used for precipitation, showing structural differences. The sonication process led to the formation of VO in structures of BiOCl and Bi2O2CO3which was verified by Raman and X-ray excited photoelectron spectroscopies. For Fe2+ ion precipitation, the use of MIPA led to the formation of magnetite, while the other bases led to the formation of mixtures of iron oxides. The hydrothermal treatment led to hybrids of BiOX and magnetite, which presented magnetic behavior, and BiOCl and Bi2O2CO3, in addition to bismuth-rich oxybromides. All the materials showed photocatalytic activity in the degradation of phenol and / or rhodamine B solutions. Characterization techniques such as spectroscopy, surface and Zeta potential were used to explain as the different photocatalytic activities.

Student Number : 9210081T - MSc dissertation - School of Geosciences - Faculty of Science / The occurrence of large, massive iron oxide deposits throughout the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, and its associated roof-rocks is well known. The style of mineralisation and the associated alteration exhibits many characteristics of iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) type deposits. The contained mineralisation is dominated by iron oxide and fluorite and is accompanied by a diverse polymetallic association, with anomalous fluorite, copper, gold, barite, uranium and LREE. The Ruigtepoort orebody, located in the western Bushveld Complex, is such an example and is surrounded by some 20 smaller occurrences in the upper stratigraphic portions of the Bushveld Complex, all displaying strong structural control. These IOCG bodies occur as narrow veins, hydrothermal breccias, subhorizontal sheets, or as pipe-like intrusions usually utilising pre-existing structures. Set in red Nebo granite, the mineralised core consists of severely chloritised rock that is haloed by progressively less-altered granite. The alteration passes from the chlorite core to more hematite-phyllosilicate-dominated alteration, to sericite-illite-dominated alteration; followed by the relatively fresh country granite. These alteration haloes dissipate rapidly away from the body over only a few metres. Sodic-calcic alteration described in other IOCG is not locally observed. Extensive zones of barren feldspar-destructive alteration exist, including K-metasomatism, sericitisation and silicification. Multiple alteration episodes appear to have occurred, resulting in extensive overprinting and a very complex paragenesis. The primary mineral assemblage consists of Fe-chlorite, fluorite, quartz, hematite, and specularite, with accessory pyrite and chalcopyrite. Multiple generations of hematite, quartz, fluorite and chlorite are also observed. At other localities, the assemblage is dominated by magnetite-actinolite-britholite. Significantly enriched concentrations of Au (2 g/t), Cu (0,45 wt%), Ba, Y and LREE are encountered in the small, mineralised core. A fluid mixing model is proposed characterised by an initial highly-saline, sulphur-poor magmatic fluid which mixed with a lower temperature oxidised, surficial fluid. Structure was probably a significant factor in determining the initial distribution of hydrothermal centres and the overall morphology of the entire system. Subsequently, continuous brecciation, alteration, mineral precipitation and fault activity helped develop the hydrothermal centres into a complex array of variably mineralised, lenticular, pipe-like and irregularly shaped breccia bodies.

Orientador: Celso Valentim Santilli / Resumo: A incidência de infecções cutâneas causadas por agentes bacterianos resistentes ao tratamento convencional com antibióticos tornou-se um grande problema de saúde pública. Algumas abordagens terapêuticas alternativas têm sido propostas, dentre elas a terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) e hipertermia magnética (HM). A aPDT envolve a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) por meio da combinação de luz, oxigênio molecular e um agente fotossensibilizador (FS), e a HM promove o aumento da temperatura de uma região anatômica submetendo nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro (SPIONPs) a um campo magnético alternado (CMA). O FS de escolha para este estudo foi a curcumina (CUR), muito usado em aPDT, porém tem a fotoavidade fortemente afetada em meios aquosos devido à tendência a agregação. Visando evitar isto, além de promover a melhoria da administração da CUR e a combinação de aPDT e HM num único material foi proposto neste trabalho a síntese de conjugados SPIONP-curcumina (Magh-CUR), assim como a sua avaliação em aPDT e HM contra Staphylococcus aureus em fase planctônica. Este material magnético foi preparado por uma metodologia de coprecipitação alcalina seguida por uma etapa de conjugação com a CUR. Os conjugados foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, potencial zeta, espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, termogravimetria, magnetometria e ensaios de HM. Os resultados evidenciaram que ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The incidence of cutaneous infections caused by bacteria resistant to conventional antibiotic treatment has become a major public health problem. Some alternative therapeutic approaches have been proposed, among them antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and magnetic hyperthermia (MH). The aPDT involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by using the combination of light, molecular oxygen and a photosensitizing agent (PS), and MH promotes temperature increase of an anatomic region by subjecting superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONPs) to an alternating magnetic field (AMF). The PS of choice for this study was curcumin (CUR), widely used in aPDT, but still has its photoactivity strongly affected in aqueous media due to the tendency of aggregation. In order to solve this problem and to promote the improvement of the administration of CUR, we propose the combination of CUR and SPIONPs of maghemite in a single material. Therefore, the objective of this work was to synthesize a SPIONPs-curcumin conjugate (Magh-CUR) and, mediated by the aPDT, to evaluate it against Staphylococcus aureus in the planktonic phase. This magnetic material was prepared by an alkaline coprecipitation method followed by a conjugation step with CUR. The conjugates were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron transmission microscopy, zeta potential, infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform, thermogravimetry, magnetometry, MH assays. The characterizations showed that the ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Nanopartículas (NPs) tem ganhado notoriedade crescente em aplicações biomédicas. Podendo ser constituídas de diversos materiais, NPs tem sido empregadas como agentes de contraste, na liberação direcionada e controlada de fármacos, em terapia para tratamento de câncer, em catálise heterogênea, entre outras aplicações. As nanopartículas magnéticas de óxido de ferro (MNP) destacam-se pela multiplicidade de aplicações, apesar de serem pouco caracterizadas quanto à toxicidade celular. Outras nanopartículas com excelente potencial são as constituídas de óxido de nióbio (NbONPs), as quais merecem atenção especial, pois o Brasil é detentor de 98% das reservas comercialmente viáveis deste elemento. Neste trabalho NPs destes dois metais de transição (ferro e nióbio) foram sintetizadas, almejando entender suas interações com materiais, biomoléculas e meios biológicos. Diversas metodologias foram desenvolvidas e testadas com intuito de otimizar a morfologia e o rendimento da preparação, resultando na escolha de decomposição térmica para MNP e, para NbONPs, escolheu-se a impregnação do óxido de nióbio sobre uma matriz de MNPs recobertas com sílica. No caso das MNPs, procedeu-se ao recobrimento das mesmas com lipídeos zwitteriônicos (Dioleilfosfatidilcolina (DOPC)) e carregados positivamente (Brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB)). Foram inicialmente caracterizadas as suas propriedades em diversos ambientes biológicos para posteriormente realizarmos ensaios de citoxicidade em queratinócitos humanos (HaCaT). Avaliamos também a degradação das NPs em diferentes pH, bem como, a interação das mesmas com membranas miméticas de vesículas gigantes unilamelares (GUVs - Giant Unilamellar Vesicles), com visualização microscópica. As MNPs recobertas com DODAB mostraram-se mais tóxicas para os queratinócitos em cultura e também causaram lise das GUVs. No caso das NbONPs, avaliou-se a acidez proveniente do Nb2O5 e o seu potencial em catálise heterogênea, bem como a avaliação da citotoxicidade em HaCaT revelou um potencial uso biomédico. / Nanoparticles (NPs) have received increasing attention in biomedical applications. NPs can be constituted by different materials and have been used as contrast agents, in drug delivery, in cancer therapy, in heterogeneous catalysis, among other applications. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNP) are notable for their multiplicity of applications, although they are poorly characterized for cellular toxicity. Other nanoparticles with excellent potential are made of niobium oxide (NbONPs), which deserve special attention, since Brazil holds 98% of the commercially viable reserves of this element. In this Thesis, NPs of these two transition metals (iron and niobium) were synthesized, aiming to understand their interactions with materials, biomolecules and media biological. Several methodologies were developed and tested to optimize the morphology and yield of the preparation, resulting in the choice of thermal decomposition for MNPs and, for NbONPs, the impregnation of niobium oxide on a matrix of silica-coated MNPs. In the case of MNPs, they were also coated with lipid zwitterionics (Dioleoyl phosphocholine (DOPC)) and positively charged (Dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODAB)) lipids. Its properties were initially characterized in several biological environments for later cytotoxicity assays in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). It evaluated the degradation of the NPs in different pH, as well as their interaction with giant unilamellar vesicle (GUVs) mimetic membranes, with microscopic visualization. MNPs coated with DODAB were more toxic to keratinocytes in culture and caused lysis of GUVs. In the case of NbONPs, acidity from Nb2O5 was evaluated in heterogeneous catalysis, as well as the evaluation of HaCaT cytotoxicity revealed a potential biomedical use.

Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is nowadays extensively used in civil engineering throughout the world due to the composites of FRC can improve the toughness, flexural strength, tensile strength, and impact strength as well as the failure mode of the concrete. It is an easy crazed material compared to others materials in civil engineering. Concrete, like glass, is brittle, and hence has a low tensile strength and shear capacity. At present, there are different materials that have been employed to reinforce concrete. In our experiment, nanostructures iron oxide was prepared by electrodepostion in an electrolyte containing 0.2 mol/L sodium acetate (CH3COONa), 0.01 mol/L sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and 0.01 mol/L ammonium ferrous sulfate (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O under magnetic stirring. The resulted showed that pristine Fe2O3 particles, Fe2O3 nanorods and nanosheets were synthesized under current intensity of 1, 3, 5 mA, respectively. And the pull-out tests were performed by Autograph AGS-X Series. It is discovering that the load force potential of nanostructure fibers is almost 2 times as strong as the control sample.

L'approvisionnement en métaux rares est devenu un sujet de préoccupation majeur du fait de nombreuses incertitudes géopolitiques et de leur utilisation croissante dans des produits de haute technologie. Cependant, pour assurer l'approvisionnement, des progrès doivent être accomplis dans la compréhension de la ressource. Parmi les métaux rares, la demande potentielle pour le scandium (Sc) est croissante, du fait de son utilisation dans des alliages de haute technologie ainsi que dans les piles à combustible. L'approvisionnement n'est actuellement pas assuré mais les gisements latéritiques sont des cibles prometteuses. Le Sc pourrait devenir un sous-produit de nombreuses latérites nickélifères, et même le principal produit des minerais latéritiques à fortes teneurs découverts dans l'est australien. Pour comprendre l'origine de ces enrichissements latéritiques en Sc, nous avons étudié les processus géochimiques et cristallochimiques qui forment l'un de ces gisements (Syerston–Flemington, Nouvelle-Galle du Sud). Une méta-analyse des études géochimiques portant sur les roches et minéraux mantelliques, qui forment les roches mères de toutes les latérites enrichies en Sc connues à ce jour, révèle que les lithotypes les plus favorables sont les cumulats à clinopyroxène ou amphibole. Cette étude montre aussi un changement drastique dans la compatibilité du Sc avec la profondeur dans le manteau, allant d'incompatible dans le faciès à spinelle à compatible dans le faciès à grenat. Cette dualité est particulièrement intéressante pour tracer la profondeur de fusion partielle des roches extrusives.Une étude intégrée combinant diffraction des rayons X, analyses chimiques en roche totale et à l'échelle microscopique, ainsi que l'absorption des rayons X, a été menée dans le but de comprendre les processus de concentration du Sc durant l'altération latéritique. Les profils latéritiques riches en Sc résultent de la dissolution des minéraux primaires présentant des enrichissements en Sc légers, mais significatifs. Ensuite, le Sc est piégé successivement par les smectites, puis les oxydes de fer après la dissolution des phases argileuses. Les teneurs en Sc reflètent la haute capacité d'adsorption de cet élément par la goethite. Avec les mécanismes de dissolution–précipitation formant des générations successives de goethite, cette capacité préserve l'immobilité du Sc alors que la plupart des autres éléments sont lessivés, amenant à de hautes concentrations résiduelles. / The supply of rare metals has become a great concern due to the combination of geopolitical uncertainties and increasing use in new high-technology materials. However, to secure supply, progress on the understanding of the resource is needed. Among rare metals, there is a growing potential demand for scandium (Sc), resulting from its use in high-performance alloys and solid oxide fuel cells. The current supply is not guaranteed but lateritic deposits are a promising target. Scandium could become a by-product of many nickel laterites, and even the main product of high-grade lateritic Sc ores in eastern Australia. To understand the origin of lateritic Sc enrichment, we investigated the geochemical and crystal-chemical processes forming one of these deposits (Syerston–Flemington, New South Wales). A meta-analysis of geochemical studies on mantle-derived rocks and minerals, which form the parent rocks of all known Sc-enriched laterites reveals that the most favourable lithotypes are cumulates of clinopyroxene or amphibole. It also shows a drastic change in the compatibility of Sc with increasing depth in the mantle, ranging from incompatible in the spinel facies to compatible in the garnet facies. This dichotomy is of great interest for tracing the depth of partial melting of extrusive rocks.Integrated X-ray diffraction, whole-rock and microscopic chemical analyses and X-ray absorption spectroscopy have been used to understand the processes that concentrate Sc during lateritisation. Scandium-rich lateritic profiles result from the dissolution of primary minerals containing slight but significant Sc enrichment, followed by successive trapping by smectite and iron oxides after dissolution of the clay phases. Scandium grades reflect the high capacity of goethite to adsorb this element. Along with mechanisms of dissolution–precipitation forming successive generations of goethite, it preserves Sc immobility while most other elements are leached, leading to high residual concentrations of Sc.

Health-care associated infections (HAIs) on medical implant surfaces present a unique challenge to physicians due to their existence in the biofilm phenotype which defends the pathogen from antibiotics and the host’s own immune system. A 2004 study in the U.S. showed that 2 to 4% of implanted devices become infected and must be treated via surgical explantation—a process that is both expensive and dangerous for the patient. A potential, alternative strategy to antibiotics and surgery is to use heat delivered wirelessly by a magnetic coating. This thermal treatment strategy has the potential to kill these HAIs directly on the implanted surface and without the patient requiring surgery. This thesis introduces an iron oxide nanoparticle composite coating that is wirelessly heated using energy converted from an alternating magnetic field. Iron oxide nanoparticle composites are demonstrated to be remotely heated in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer composites. In designing the composite coating, multiple parameters were investigated for how they impact the normalized heating rate of the material. Specifically, the amount of iron in the coating, the coating thickness, the polymer type, and the orientation of the coating relative to the applied magnetic field were investigated. Power output was shown to increase proportionally with iron loading whereas nearly two times the amount of power output was observed for the same coatings positioned parallel to magnetic field lines versus those positioned perpendicular—a result believed to be due to magnetic shielding from neighboring particles. Microscope slides coated with 226 µm of composite delivered up to 10.9 W cm⁻² of power when loaded with 30.0% Fe and positioned parallel in a 2.3 kA m⁻¹AMF. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were grown directly on these coatings and heated for times ranging from 1 to 30 min and temperatures from 50 to 80 °C. Less than one order of magnitude of cell death was observed for temperatures less than 60 °C and heat shock times less than 5 min. Up to six orders of magnitude reduction in viable bacteria were observed for the most extreme heat shock (80 °C for 30 min). Introducing this wirelessly heated composite into the body has the potential to kill harmful bacteria but at the risk of thermally damaging the surrounding tissue and organs if the treatment is not designed and predicted intelligently. Thermal energy will propagate differently depending on the surrounding heat sink, with convective heat sinks (i.e. those due to blood flow) requiring much more power to reach the same surface temperature than a conduction-only heat sink. To study how heat is transferred in biological tissues, a robust, poly(vinyl alcohol) tissue phantom was developed that can be poured to accommodate any geometry, is volume stable in water and under thermal stress, and can be modified with inert particle fillers to adjust its thermal conductivity from 0.475 to 0.795 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹. In vitro heat transfer was measured through this hydrogel tissue phantom with at least 10 °C of temperature rise, penetrating 5 mm of tissue in less than 120 sec for an 80 °C boundary condition. A computational model was used to solve three-dimensional energy transfer through a combined fluid mimic/tissue mimic heat sink spanning the same surface boundary condition. The model was validated with experimental models using a custom designed heat transfer station. This scenario is applicable in the instance where the same coating is subject to starkly different heat sinks: half subject to convective heat loss, half to conductive heat loss. Based on these conditions, a magnetic coating would need to be designed that has a power gradient up to 15 times larger on the fluid half versus the other.