Alpha B Crystallin (αBC) is a putative effector protein of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). that is phosphorylated on Ser 45 by ERK1/2 and Set 59 by the p38 MAPK substrate, MAPKAPK-2. Translocation and phosphorylation of αBC was determined in cytosolic and cytoskeletal fractions by 1D SDS-PAGE and IEF, or using Ser 45 and Set 59 phospho-specific antibodies in: (1) control rabbit cardiomyocytes; (2) cells preconditioned by 10 min in vitro ischemia; or after pre-treatment with specific inhibitors of (3) Ser/Thr protein phosphatase 1/2A (calyculin A); (4) p38 MAPK (SB203580); or (5) ERK 1/2 (PD98059); all prior to 180 min ischemia. Ischemia induced a cytosolic to cytoskeletal translocation of αBC, which was similar in all the groups. Highly phosphorylated isoforms (D1/2) of αBC were present in cytosolic but not cytoskeletal fractions at 0 min ischemia. By 60-90 min ischemia. D1/2 isoforms had translocated to the cytoskeletal fraction. Calyculin A maintained D1/2 levels throughout prolonged ischemia. SB203580 decreased αBC phosphorylation. Neither PD98059 nor IPC altered αBC phosphorylation during prolonged ischemia. It is concluded that αBC phosphorylation during ischemia is regulated by p38 MAPK but not by ERK 1/2. The inability to detect a correlation between IPC protection and either αBC translocation or phosphorylation suggests that the proteins in the highly phosphorylated isoform bands of αBC quantitated in this study are not protective end effectors of classical IPC.

The hypothesis that irreversible ischemic injury is related to sub-sarcolemmal blebbing and an inherent osmotic fragility of the blebs was tested by subjecting isolated control and ischemically preconditioned (IPC) or calyculin A (CalA)-pretreated (protected) rabbit cardiomyocytes to ischemic pelleting followed by resuspension in 340, 170 or 85 mosmol medium containing trypan blue. At time points from 0-240 min, osmotic fragility was assessed by the percentage of trypan blue permeable cells. Membrane blebs were visualized with India ink preparations. Bleb formation, following acute hypo-osmotic swelling, developed by 75 min and increased with longer periods of ischemia. Osmotic fragility developed only after 75 min. Cells resuspended in 340 mosmol media did not form blebs and largely retained the ability to exclude trypan blue, even after 240 min ischemia. Although the latent tendency for osmotic blebbing preceded the development of osmotic fragility, most osmotically fragile cells became permeable without evident sarcolemmal bleb formation. The onset of osmotic fragility was delayed in protected cells, but protection did not reduce the bleb formation. It is concluded that blebbing and osmotic fragility are independent manifestations of ischemic injury. The principal locus of irreversible ischemic injury and the protection provided by IPC may lie within the sarcolemma rather than at sarcolemmal attachments to underlying adherens junctions.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that induction of the preconditioned state results in a sustained translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) which accounts for the memory associated with preconditioning. Isolated rabbit cardiomyocytes were subjected to established preconditioning protocols using either adenosine or transient ischemia. At timed intervals during induction of preconditioning (PC), post-incubation or final sustained ischemia, cells were harvested, subjected to digitonin lysis and separated into cytosolic and particulate fractions. Samples were evaluated by Western blot analysis with monoclonal antibodies to alpha, epsilon, zeta and gamma PKC isozymes, and bands were quantified by densitometry. Internal controls for each experiment included oxygenated cardiomyocytes and cells with PKC translocation evoked by treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). For control oxygenated cells, the particulate fraction contained about 30% of PKC epsilon, 5-10% of PKC alpha and 60-70% of PKC zeta. Preconditioning with adenosine (100 μM) or 10 min ischemia had no significant effect on these percentages. Furthermore, the relative amounts of the PKC isozymes associated with the particulate fraction of control and preconditioned cells did not differ after a post-incubation in oxygenated buffer or during a final ischemic incubation. PMA and ingenol completely translocated the epsilon and alpha isoforms, while thymeleatoxin totally translocated PKC alpha but only partially (50%) translocated PKC epsilon. The distribution of PKC zeta between fractions was not affected by any drug, The protein phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A protected cells mimicking preconditioning. This protection was blocked by preincubation with the selective PKC inhibitor calphostin C but was largely retained if calphostin C was added only during the final ischemic period. It is concluded that PKC activity is required for preconditioning, but a sustained translocation of PKC above basal levels is not necessary for protection of rabbit cardiomyocytes in vitro.

No description available.

No description available.

La pratique d’activité physique fait partie intégrante des recommandations médicales pour prévenir et traiter les maladies coronariennes. Suivant un programme d’entraînement structuré, serait-il possible d’améliorer la réponse à l’exercice tout en offrant une protection cardiaque au patient? C’est ce que semblent démontrer certaines études sur le préconditionnement ischémique (PCI) induit par un test d’effort maximal. Les mêmes mécanismes physiologiques induits par le PCI sont également observés lorsqu’un brassard est utilisé pour créer des cycles d’ischémie/reperfusion sur un muscle squelettique. Cette méthode est connue sous l’appellation : préconditionnement ischémique à distance (PCID). À l’autre extrémité du spectre de l’activité physique, des sportifs ont utilisé le PCDI durant leur échauffement afin d’améliorer leurs performances. C’est dans l’objectif d’étudier ces prémisses que se sont construits les projets de recherches suivants. La première étude porte sur les effets du PCID sur des efforts supra maximaux de courte durée. Les sujets (N=16) ont exécuté un test alactique (6 * 6 sec. supra maximales) suivi d’un test lactique (30 secondes supra maximales) sur ergocycle. Les sujets avaient été aléatoirement assignés à une intervention PCID ou à une intervention contrôle (CON) avant d’entreprendre les efforts. La procédure PCID consiste à effectuer quatre cycles d’ischémie de cinq minutes à l’aide d’un brassard insufflé à 50 mm Hg de plus que la pression artérielle systolique sur le bras. Les résultats de ce projet démontrent que l’intervention PCID n’a pas d’effets significatifs sur l’amélioration de performance provenant classiquement du « système anaérobie », malgré une légère hausse de la puissance maximal en faveur du PCID sur le test de Wingate de trente secondes (795 W vs 777 W) et sur le test de force-vitesse de six secondes (856 W vs 847 W). Le deuxième essai clinique avait pour objectif d’étudier les effets du PCID, selon la méthode élaborée dans le premier projet, lors d’un effort modéré de huit minutes (75 % du seuil ventilatoire) et un effort intense de huit minutes (115 % du seuil ventilatoire) sur les cinétiques de consommation d’oxygène. Nos résultats démontrent une accélération significative des cinétiques de consommation d’oxygène lors de l’intervention PCID par rapport au CON aux deux intensités d’effort (valeur de τ1 à effort modéré : 27,2 ± 4,6 secondes par rapport à 33,7 ± 6,2, p < 0,01 et intense : 29,9 ± 4,9 secondes par rapport à 33,5 ± 4,1, p < 0,001) chez les sportifs amateurs (N=15). Cela se traduit par une réduction du déficit d’oxygène en début d’effort et une atteinte plus rapide de l’état stable. Le troisième projet consistait à effectuer une revue systématique et une méta-analyse sur la thématique du préconditionnement ischémique (PCI) induit par un test d’effort chez les patients coronariens utilisant les variables provenant de l’électrocardiogramme et des paramètres d’un test d’effort. Notre recherche bibliographique a identifié 309 articles, dont 34 qui ont été inclus dans la méta-analyse, qui représente un lot de 1 053 patients. Nos analyses statistiques démontrent que dans un effort subséquent, les patients augmentent leur temps avant d’atteindre 1 mm de sous-décalage du segment ST de 91 secondes (p < 0,001); le sous-décalage maximal diminue de 0,38 mm (p < 0,01); le double produit à 1 mm de sous-décalage du segment ST augmente de 1,80 x 103 mm Hg (p < 0,001) et le temps total d’effort augmente de 50 secondes (p < 0,001). Nos projets de recherches ont favorisé l’avancement des connaissances en sciences de l’activité physique quant à l’utilisation d’un brassard comme stimulus au PCID avant un effort physique. Nous avons évalué l’effet du PCID sur différentes voies métaboliques à l’effort pour conclure que la méthode pourrait accélérer les cinétiques de consommation d’oxygène et ainsi réduire la plage du déficit d’oxygène. Nos découvertes apportent donc un éclaircissement quant à l’amélioration des performances de type contre-la-montre étudié par d’autres auteurs. De plus, nous avons établi des paramètres cliniques permettant d’évaluer le PCI induit par un test d’effort chez les patients coronariens. / Physical activity is an integral part of medical recommendations for preventing and treating coronary heart disease. By following a structured training program, is it possible to improve response to exercise and provide heart protection at the same time? This is suggested by certain studies on ischemic preconditioning (IPC) induced by a maximal exercise test. The same physiological mechanisms induced by IPC are also observed when a pressure cuff is used to create cycles of ischemia/reperfusion on skeletal muscle. This is known as remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). At the other end of the physical activity spectrum, athletes have used RIPC during warm-ups to improve performance. The following research projects were developed to study these premises. The first trial addressed the effects of RIPC on short supra-maximal exercise. The subjects (N = 16) performed an alactic test (six seconds of supra-maximal exercise) followed by a lactic test (30 seconds of supra-maximal exercise) on a cycle ergometer. The subjects were randomly assigned to an RIPC or CON intervention before the exercise. The RIPC procedure involved four cycles of ischemia using a pressure cuff inflated to 50 mmHg above systolic blood pressure at the arm. The results of the project show that RIPC intervention does not significantly improve performance typical of the anaerobic system, despite a slight increase in maximal power output in favour of RIPC in the 30 second Wingate test (795 W vs. 777 W) and in the 6 seconds test (856 W vs. 847 W). The aim of the second clinical trial was to study the effects of RIPC during eight minutes of moderate exercise (75% of ventilatory threshold) and intense exercise (115% of ventilatory threshold) on the kinetics of O2 uptake. Our results showed a significant acceleration in the kinetics of O2 uptake during the RIPC intervention compared to the CON intervention for the two exercise intensities (value of 1 during moderate exercise: 27.2 ± 4.6 seconds compared with 33.7 ± 6.2, p < .01 and intense exercise: 299 ± 4.9 seconds compared with 33.5 ± 4.1, p < .001) in amateur athletes (N= 15). This means a reduction in the oxygen deficit at the onset of exercise and more rapid achievement of the steady state. The third project involved performing a systematic review and meta-analysis on ischemic preconditioning (IPC) induced by an exercise test in coronary patients. Our literature search identified 309 articles, 34 of which were included in the meta-analysis, which represents a batch of 1,053 patients. Our statistical analyses show that in subsequent exercise, patients' time to 1 mm ST segment depression is augmented by 91 seconds (p < .001); the maximum depression decreases by 0.38 mm (p < .01); the double product at 1 mm ST segment depression increases by 1.80 x 103 mmHg (p < .001) and the total time of exercise increases by 50 seconds (p < .001). Our research projects have promoted the advancement of knowledge in exercise science by the use of a cuff as a stimulus to the RIPC before sports performance. We evaluated the effect of the RIPC on different metabolic pathways and we concluded that the method could accelerate the kinetics of oxygen consumption and reduce the range of oxygen deficit. In addition, we have established clinical parameters for assessing the IPC induced by a stress test for coronary patients. / Il praticare attività fisica è parte integrante delle raccomandazioni mediche atte a prevenire e trattare le coronopatie. Seguendo un programma di allenamento strutturato, sarebbe possibile migliorare la risposta all’esercizio, pur offrendo una protezione cardiaca al paziente: è ciò che sembrano dimostrare alcuni studi sul precondizionamento ischemico (PCI) indotto mediante test da sforzo massimale. Gli stessi meccanismi fisiologici indotti dal PCI vengono inoltre osservanti utilizzando una fascia da braccio per creare dei cicli d’ischemia/riperfusione su un muscolo scheletrico. Tale metodo è conosciuto con il nome di “precondizionamento ischemico a distanza” (PCID). All’estremità opposta dello spettro dell’attività fisica, alcuni sportivi hanno impiegato il PCID durante il riscaldamento, al fine di migliorare le proprie prestazioni. I seguenti progetti di ricerca sono stati elaborati con l’obiettivo di studiare queste premesse. Il primo studio riguarda gli effetti del PCID sugli sforzi sovramassimali di breve durata. I soggetti (N = 16) hanno effettuato un test anaerobico alattacido (6 x 6 sec. sovramassimali), seguito da un test anaerobico lattacido (30 secondi sovramassimali) su ergociclo. I soggetti sono stati aleatoriamente assegnati a un intervento di PCID o a un intervento di controllo (CON) prima di effettuare gli sforzi. La procedura di PCID consiste nell’effettuare quattro cicli d’ischemie con l’ausilio di una fascia da braccio a 50 mm Hg in più rispetto alla pressione arteriosa sistolica. I risultati del progetto dimostrano che l’intervento di PCID non ha effetti significativi sul miglioramento della prestazione proveniente classicamente dal “sistema anaerobico”, nonostante un leggero aumento di potenza a favore del PCID sul test di Wingate (795 W vs 777 W) di sei secondi (856 W vs 847 W). La seconda sperimentazione clinica aveva come obiettivo lo studio degli effetti del PCID durante uno sforzo moderato di otto minuti (75% della soglia ventilatoria) e intenso (115% della soglia ventilatoria) sulle cinetiche di consumo d’ossigeno. I nostri risultati dimostrano un’accelerazione significativa delle cinetiche di consumo d’ossigeno durante l’intervento di PCID rispetto al CON alle due intensità di sforzo (valore da 1 a sforzo moderato: 27,2 ± 4,6 secondi rispetto a 33,7 ± 6,2, p < 0,01 e intenso: 29,9 ± 4,9 secondi rispetto a 33,5 ± 4,1, p < 0,001) negli sportivi dilettanti (N= 15). Ciò si traduce con una riduzione del deficit di ossigeno all’inizio dello sforzo e un raggiungimento più rapido dello stato stazionario. Il terzo progetto consisteva nell’effettuazione di una revisione sistematica e una meta-analisi sulla tematica del precondizionamento ischemico (PCI) indotto mediante test da sforzo nei pazienti coronopatici. La nostra ricerca bibliografica ha individuato 309 articoli, 34 dei quali sono stati inclusi nella meta-analisi, che rappresentano un gruppo di 1.053 pazienti. Le analisi statistiche da noi effettuate dimostrano che in uno sforzo susseguente, i pazienti aumenti i loro tempi prima di raggiungere 1 mm di sottoslivellamento del segmento ST di 91 secondi (p < 0,001); il sottoslivellamento massimo diminuisce di 0,38 mm (p < 0,01); il doppio prodotto a 1 mm di sottoslivellamento del segmento ST aumenta di 1,80 x 103 mm Hg (p < 0,001) e il tempo totale di sforzo aumenta di 50 secondi (p < 0,001).

O fenômeno do precondicionamento isquêmico é definido como o aumento da tolerância à isquemia e à lesão de reperfusão, induzida por curtos e sucessivos episódios de isquemia prévios a período de isquemia prolongada. A angina do aquecimento e a de pré-infarto são duas condições clínicas relacionadas ao precondicionamento. Este fenômeno apresenta duas fases distintas, clássica ou precoce e tardia. A atenuação do infradesnível do segmento ST provocada pelo precondicionamento precoce está bem documentada, porém sua expressão cintilográfica permanece controversa. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar se as atenuações eletrocardiográficas do precondicionamento durante testes sequenciais estão associadas a modificações simultâneas das imagens de cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica em indivíduos com doença coronariana. Vinte e três pacientes foram selecionados entre março de 2009 e julho de 2011. A média de idade foi 64,5 anos (dp=7,0), 19 (82,6%) do sexo masculino e todos tinham lesão coronária em pelo menos um vaso superior a 60%. A medicação antiisquêmica foi suspensa por três a cinco dias. Os pacientes foram submetidos a três testes ergométricos a partir do exame de seleção, sendo dois deles sequenciais e o terceiro realizado após sete dias. A injeção do radiofármaco sestamibi-Tc-99m no teste de precondicionamento e contraprova foi administrado no tempo de aparecimento do infradesnível de ST de -2,0 mm na derivação MC5 e/ou dor precordial anotados no teste inicial ou de seleção. A imagem cintilográfica foi adquirida entre 60 a 90 minutos após o esforço. Os resultados do segundo teste (precondicionamento) mostraram aumento significativo do tempo para o aparecimento da depressão do segmento ST de 1,0 mm (338±130) e 2,0 mm (431±126), em relação ao teste inicial (245±96; 366±103) p<0,001. A diferença na redução do valor máximo de infradesnível de ST entre os três testes foi significativa (3,8±0,8; 2,3±0,6; 3,1±1,0) p<0,001. Houve redução significativa nos escores de perfusão de estresse (p=0,045) entre o primeiro e o segundo testes, bem como para o escore da diferença entre o estresse e repouso (p= 0,03), sem diferença na extensão da área de isquemia entre as três etapas detectadas pela cintilografia (p=0,691). Em conclusão, houve redução significativa das alterações eletrocardiográficas induzidas pelo precondicionamento isquêmico precoce em maior proporção do que as observadas nas respectivas imagens de cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica; não se observou associação entre a redução da depressão do ST e a redução do escore de perfusão na fase de precondicionamento, nem correlação entre a magnitude do infradesnível máximo de ST e a redução do escore de perfusão (r=0,07 e p=0,75). / The phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning is defined as the increase of tolerance to ischemia and injury of reperfusion induced by short and consecutive episodes of isquemia prior to prolonged arterial occlusion. Warm-up and pre-infarction angina are two clinical conditions regarding this phenomenon. The ischemic preconditioning has two distinct windows designed as classical and late. The improvement of ST depression induced by classical preconditioning is well documented, however its scintigraphy expression is still controversial. The aim of this research was to assess whether the reduction of ST depression induced by preconditioning during these sequencial exercise testing are associated to simultaneous alterations of the scintigraphy images of myocardial perfusion in individuals with coronary artery disease. From March 2009 to July 2011, 23 patients were selected, mean age 64,5 (sd=7,0), 19(82,6%) male. All patients had coronary artery stenosis at least 60% in one vessel. The anti ischemic therapy was discontinued for three days. Patients underwent three exercises testing after screening process; two of these tests were in a sequence and the other one performed after seven days. Tc-99m-sestamibi radiotracer injection was applied in the preconditioning test as well as for the third test at the time of development of ST depression 2,0 mm in the CM5 lead and/or chest pain estabilished in the screening process or first test. The scintigraphy image was obtained from 60 to 90 minutes after exertion. The results of the preconditioning test showed a significant increase of time for manifestation of the ST depression 1,0 mm (338±130) and 2,0 mm (431±126) regarding the first test (245±96; 366±103), p<0,001. There was a significant difference in the decrease of maximum value of ST depression among the three tests (3,8±0,8; 2,3±0,6; 3,1±1,0), p<0,001. A significant reduction in stress perfusion score (p=0,045) occurred between the first and second test as well as for the difference score between stress and rest (p=0,03). However, there was not a significant difference in the total defect size among the three stages detected by myocardial scintigraphy (p=0,691). In conclusion, there was a significant decrease of electrocardiographic alterations resulting from early preconditioning in greater proportion than the observed in scintigraphy images. It was not observed an association between the decrease of ST depression with the stress perfusion score during the preconditioning period nor the correlation between the magnitude of the maximum value of ST depression and the decrease of perfusion score (r=0,07 and p=0,75).

INTRODUÇÃO E HIPÓTESE: A epinefrina é um potente vasoconstritor com efeitos inotrópico e arritmogênico, é utilizada em protocolos de reanimação cardiopulmonar e como fármaco de primeira escolha em alguns casos de choque. Contudo, o seu uso pode ser seguido por lesões do miocárdio e disfunção cardíaca. Modelos experimentais têm mostrado efeitos cardioprotetores do fentanil por meio de mecanismos antiarrítmicos e anti-isquêmicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito cardioprotetor do fentanil em suínos expostos a altas doses de epinefrina. MÉTODOS: Após aprovação do comitê de ética institucional, 26 porcos Large White e Landrace foram alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo fentanil (n = 10), no qual os porcos receberam 20 ug/kg de fentanil 5 minutos antes de 5 doses de 20 ug/kg de epinefrina, as quais foram intercaladas por intervalos de 5 minutos entre cada dose; grupo salina (n = 10), no qual os porcos receberam solução salina volume-equivalente ao fentanil 5 minutos antes das 5 doses de epinefrina e grupo Sham (n = 6), que não recebeu fentanil ou epinefrina. Foram coletadas variáveis hemodinâmicas, ecocardiográficas, gasométricas e marcadores cardíacos durante as 6 horas de experimento. Ao final do estudo, o coração e os pulmões dos porcos foram removidos para análise por microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica e imuno-histoquímica (caspase-3). Os dados foram analisados usando equações de estimação generalizadas (GEE) e a significância estatística foi estabelecida em p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de troponina-I entre os grupos foram inicialmente equivalentes. Ao final do experimento, foi observado menor nível de troponina-I no grupo fentanil, em comparação com o grupo salina (1,91 ± 1,47 versus 5,44 ± 5,35 ng.ml-1, p = 0,019). Adicionalmente, a microscopia eletrônica e a imunohistoquímica demonstraram menor lesão miocárdica no grupo fentanil. Não houve diferença significativa entre o grupo fentanil e o salina para as variáveis hemodinâmicas, ecocardiográficas e gasométricas. CONCLUSÃO: O fentanil promove cardioproteção aos efeitos de altas doses de epinefrina sem prejudicar o efeito hemodinâmico da mesma / INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Epinephrine is a powerful vasopressor with inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects that is used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocols and as first choice drug in some cases of shock. However, its use could be followed by myocardial injury and dysfunction. Experimental models have shown cardioprotective effects of fentanyl through antiarrhythmic and anti-ischaemic mechanisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of fentanyl on myocardial function in swine exposed to high doses of epinephrine. METHODS: After institutional ethics committee approval, twenty-six Large White and Landrace pigs were allocated randomly into three groups: Fentanyl group (n=10), which received 20ug/kg of fentanyl five minutes before five doses of 20ug/kg of epinephrine interspersed with 5 minute intervals between each dose; Saline group (n=10), which received saline in a volume-equivalent manner of fentanyl five minutes before 20ug/kg of epinephrine doses; and Sham group (n=6), which did not receive fentanyl nor epinephrine. We assessed hemodynamics, transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac markers, and gasometry for 6 h. At the end of the experiment, the heart and lungs were removed for analysis by optical and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical (Caspase-3) assay. Data was analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE) and statistical significance was assumed at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Troponin levels among the groups were initially equivalent. Fentanyl group showed lower levels of troponin at the end of the sixth hour compared to the saline group (1.91 ± 1.47 vs. 5.44 ± 5.35 ng.mL-1, p=0.019). There were no significantly difference between fentanyl and saline group for hemodynamic, echocardiographic and gasometrical data. Transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry also showed less myocardial injury in the fentanyl group. CONCLUSION: We concluded that fentanyl promotes effective cardioprotection to high-dose epinephrine without blunting the hemodynamic effect of epinephrine

Orientador: Noma Sueli Pinheiro Modolo / Resumo: Introdução: a lesão por isquemia-reperfusão (LIR) é uma importante causa de lesãorenal aguda experimentada na prática clínica. A restauração da perfusão aos tecidosapós um período de isquemia inicia uma cascata de inflamação associada ao acúmulode íons, formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), disfunção endotelial eativação imune. O condicionamento isquêmico é a aplicação de breves ciclos deinterrupção seguidas de restauração do fluxo sanguíneo, tendo o objetivo de adaptaros tecidos à isquemia. Pode ser aplicado antes do estímulo principal, como précondicionamento(PCI), ou depois, sendo denominado pós-condicionamento (PCoI).Metodologia: estudo experimental realizado com 40 ratos wistar, divididos em cincogrupos para análise comparativa: Sham (S): laparotomia; Controle (C): laparotomia e30 min de isquemia; Pré-condicionamento (PRE): laparotomia, PCI e 30 min deisquemia; Pré e Pós-condicionamento (PRE/POS): laparotomia, PCI, 30 min deisquemia e PCoI; Pós-condicionamento (POS): laparotomia, 30 min de isquemia ePCoI. A comparação entre os grupos foi realizada pela análise bioquímica sérica decreatinina, ureia, lipocalina associada à gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGAL) e histolologia.Resultados: apenas o grupo Sham apresentou valores estatisticamente menores dosmarcadores de lesão renal e menor incidência de lesão tubular renal à histologia(S<C=PRÉ=PRÉ/PÓS=PÓS).Discussão e conclusão: no presente estudo, o PCI e o PoCI, isoladamente ou emc... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Background: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an unavoidable aspect of transplantation, as well as an important cause of acute kidney injury in clinical practice. Restoration of the blood supply after an ischemic period activates an inflammatory cascade associated with multiple processes, including ion accumulation, free reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, endothelial dysfunction, and immune activation. Ischemic “conditioning” refers to the application of a brief series of ischemic periods followed by reperfusion in the setting of major ischemia. In ischemic preconditioning (IPC), the conditioning stimulus is applied before the major ischemic event, whereas in ischemic postconditioning (IPoC), it is applied after the event. Methods: Forty Wistar rats were randomized into five groups: Sham (S): laparotomy; Control (C): laparotomy and 30 min ischemia; Preconditioning (PRE): laparotomy, IPC, and 30 min ischemia; Preconditioning and Postconditioning (PRE/POST): laparotomy, IPC, 30 min ischemia, and IPoC; Postconditioning (POST): laparotomy, 30 min ischemia, and IPoC. Serum analyses of creatinine and neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL) were performed, and renal histology was also examined. Results: Severe tubular injury and increases in creatinine were observed in all groups except the S group, and no significant differences were detected between the other groups (S<C=PRE=PRE/POST=POST). Conclusions: IPC and IPoC, together or separately, were unable to exert a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Introdução: A hipotermia tópica e o pré-condicionamento isquêmico local isoladamente reduzem a lesão renal por isquemia-reperfusão (I/R). Possivelmente, a associação de ambas estratégias tem efeitos protetores sinergísticos. Objetivos: Estudar os efeitos do pré-condicionamento local associado a hipotermia tópica na lesão renal por I/R, principalmente quanto às alterações histológicas, dano por estresse oxidativo, atividade antioxidante tecidual e parâmetros bioquímicos funcionais. Métodos: Quarenta ratos Wistar foram aleatoriamente alocados para cinco protocolos experimentais realizados no rim esquerdo: hipotermia tópica por 40 min sem isquemia (HT), isquemia quente por 40 min (IR), pré-condicionamento isquêmico (15 min de isquemia + 10 min de reperfusão) seguido de isquemia quente por 40 min (PCI+IR), isquemia fria por 40 min (HT+IR) e pré-condicionamento isquêmico seguido de isquemia fria por 40 min (PCI+HT+IR). Nefrectomia direita foi realizada em todos os ratos antes de qualquer procedimento. Oito rins direitos aleatoriamente designados constituíram o grupo controle Após 240 min de reperfusão, o rim esquerdo foi retirado para avaliar as alterações histológicas, a peroxidação lipídica (níveis de F2-isoprostanos [F2IP]) e a atividade enzimática antioxidante (catalase [CAT] e superóxido dismutase [SOD]). A função renal foi avaliada através da creatinina e uréia séricas. Resultados: O grupo PCI+HT+IR não foi diferente dos outros grupos submetidos a isquemia quanto às alterações histológicas, peroxidação lipídica e atividade enzimática antioxidante. A creatinina no grupo PCI+HT+IR foi mais baixa comparado ao grupo PCI+IR, mas semelhante ao grupo HT+IR. Conclusões: A combinação de pré-condicionamento local e hipotermia tópica não resultou em proteção à lesão por I/R. Além disso, o PCI local isolado seguido de isquemia quente prejudicou a função renal mais que a isquemia quente isolada. / Purpose: Topical hypothermia and local ischemic preconditioning have been shown to reduce renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury individually. We examined whether combination of both strategies lessens renal I/R injury. Methods: Post right nephrectomy, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five experimental protocols performed in the left kidney: topical hypothermia without ischemia (TH), warm ischemia (IR), ischemic preconditioning followed by warm ischemia (IPC+IR), cold ischemia (TH+IR), and ischemic preconditioning followed by cold ischemia (IPC+TH+IR). Eight randomly assigned right kidneys constituted the control group. After 240 min of reperfusion, the left kidney was retrieved to evaluate histological changes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity. Serum was collected to evaluate urea and creatinine. Results: IPC+TH+IR group revealed no difference to any other group subjected to ischemia in relation to histological changes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity. Creatinine was lower in IPC+TH+IR group compared with IPC+IR, but showed no difference compared to TH+IR group. Conclusions: Combination of local ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and topical hypothermia conferred no protection in renal I/R injury. Moreover, local IPC solely followed by warm ischemia impaired renal function more than warm ischemia alone.