Le cycle de Krebs occupe une place centrale dans le métabolisme cellulaire et est le point de jonction de nombreuses voies essentielles. Depuis le début des années 2000, un lien a été démontré entre l’apparition de certains cancers et des mutations affectant des gènes codant pour des enzymes du cycle de Krebs, i.e., la succinate déshydrogénase, la fumarase ou les iso-enzymes 1 et 2 de l'isocitrate déshydrogénase (IDH). Les mutations des gènes IDH sont présentes dans 15 à 20 % des leucémies myéloïdes aigues (LAM) et jusqu'à 80 % dans certains gliomes. Ces mutations affectent le site actif des enzymes et elles induisent une néo-fonction enzymatique qui se traduit par la production et l'accumulation d'un oncométabolite : le stéréoisomère D du 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) responsable de dérégulations énergétiques et épigénétiques au sein de la cellule. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu entre ces anomalies et la pathologie humaine, mon travail de thèse a impliqué le développement de différentes méthodes analytiques : - tout d'abord une méthode robuste de séparation et de quantification des stéréoisomères D et L par dérivation chirale du 2-HG, ceci en GC tandem MS, - également par GC tandem MS, des méthodes métabolomiques ciblées à haute spécificité pour l'analyse de plus de 120 composés d'intérêt clinique, - des méthodes analytiques à haute résolution et non-ciblées (masse exacte; n=360 composés) adaptées à l'étude de cellules, - et des méthodes d'étude de flux métaboliques sur culture cellulaire basées sur l'analyse des dérivés de traceurs marqués aux isotopes stables. Le développement de ces méthodes m'a permis d'obtenir les résultats suivants. J'ai démontré l'importance du D-2-HG comme marqueur de la présence de mutations IDH1/2 dans une large cohorte de patients leucémiques, à la fois pour le diagnostic et pour le suivi des patients sous traitement. Notre étude pilote a conduit à utiliser ce paramètre en pratique hospitalière courante dans le laboratoire de chimie analytique de l'institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). L'étude de profils métaboliques associés aux mutations affectant les enzymes IDH2 et succinate déshydrogénase nous a permis d'identifier des mécanismes compensatoires du dysfonctionnement du cycle de Krebs, par exemple la sur-activation de la pyruvate carboxylase. Nous avons par ailleurs montré que ces mécanismes ne sont que partiellement efficaces; ils pourraient ainsi servir de cibles thérapeutiques. Une mutation du gène IDH2 (R140Q) est retrouvée chez des patients atteint de LAM et chez des patients possédant une acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique, maladie héréditaire du métabolisme extrêmement rare. Un inhibiteur spécifique de l'enzyme IDH2 possédant la mutation R140Q est actuellement testé comme traitement dans un essai clinique à l'IGR pour les patients leucémiques. Nous avons étudié les effets de ce composé sur des fibroblastes de notre patient atteint d'acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique. Nous avons confirmé ses effets sur l'enzyme IDH et observé des effets secondaires sur le métabolisme des lipides et du cycle de Krebs, à la fois dans les fibroblastes témoin et du patient. Cet inhibiteur étant connu pour avoir des effets sur la différenciation cellulaire, nos résultats pourraient permettre d'expliquer les mécanismes impliqués. Ce travail a apporté de nouveaux outils pour l'exploration des maladies métaboliques traditionnelles ainsi que de certains types de cancers, et il met en avant de nouvelles illustrations de la puissance de l'approche métabolique pour identifier des points d'intervention et de surveillance thérapeutique personnalisée des patients ("théranostique"). / The Krebs cycle has a central role in cellular metabolism and is at the junction of many essential pathways. Since 2000, a link has been shown between the development of particular cancers and mutations affecting genes coding for several Krebs cycle enzymes, i.e., succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase or iso-enzymes 1 and 2 of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). The IDH mutations are found in 15 to 20 % of acute myeloid leukemias and up to 80% of specific gliomas. These mutations affect the enzyme active site and are responsible for an neomorphic activity that is the production and accumulation of a putative oncometabolite : the D stereoisomer of the 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) which is linked to energetic and epigenetic deregulations in the cell. To better understand the mechanisms between these abnormalities and human pathology, my PhD work involved the development of different analytical tools : - First of all, a robust method of separation and quantification of the stereoisomers D and L by chiral derivatization of the 2-HG, in tandem mass spectrometry, - GC tandem MS was also used to develop targeted metabolomic methods with high specificity for the analysis of more than 120 compounds of clinical interest, - An analytical non-targeted method using high mass resolution (exact mass; n=360 compounds) adapted to the study of fibroblast cells, - and finally, methods for the study of metabolic flux in culture cell based on derivatives of stable labeled tracers. The development of these methods led to the following results. I highlight the importance of the D-2-HG as a biomarker of the presence of IDH1/2 mutations in a large cohort of leukemic patients, for the diagnostic and the follow-up of patients under treatment. Our pilot study was the starting point for routine usage of this test in the clinical setting at the Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). The study of metabolic profiles related to the mutations affecting IDH enzymes and succinate dehydrogenase allowed us to identify compensatory mechanisms of the dysfunction of the Krebs cycle, notably, the overactivation of pyruvate carboxylase. Moreover, we have shown that because these mechanisms are only partially efficient; they have potential to provide therapeutic targets. An IDH2(R140Q) mutation is shared between patients with AML and patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a very rare hereditary disease of the metabolism. A specific inhibitor of the IDH2 enzyme mutant for R140Q is currently used in a clinical trial at the IGR institute. We studied the effects of this compound in fibroblasts of our aciduria patient. We confirmed the expected effect in the IDH enzyme and also observed moderate off-target effects concerning the lipid and the Krebs cycle metabolism, both in control and patient fibroblasts. Because this inhibitor is known to have effects in the cellular differentiation, our results could explain the underlying mechanisms. This work provides new tools for the exploration of traditional inherited metabolic diseases, as well as particular cancers, and illustrates the power of the metabolic approach to identify therapeutic targets and for the personalized monitoring of patients ("theranostics").

Le cycle de Krebs occupe une place centrale dans le métabolisme cellulaire et est le point de jonction de nombreuses voies essentielles. Depuis le début des années 2000, un lien a été démontré entre l’apparition de certains cancers et des mutations affectant des gènes codant pour des enzymes du cycle de Krebs, i.e., la succinate déshydrogénase, la fumarase ou les iso-enzymes 1 et 2 de l'isocitrate déshydrogénase (IDH). Les mutations des gènes IDH sont présentes dans 15 à 20 % des leucémies myéloïdes aigues (LAM) et jusqu'à 80 % dans certains gliomes. Ces mutations affectent le site actif des enzymes et elles induisent une néo-fonction enzymatique qui se traduit par la production et l'accumulation d'un oncométabolite : le stéréoisomère D du 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) responsable de dérégulations énergétiques et épigénétiques au sein de la cellule. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu entre ces anomalies et la pathologie humaine, mon travail de thèse a impliqué le développement de différentes méthodes analytiques : - tout d'abord une méthode robuste de séparation et de quantification des stéréoisomères D et L par dérivation chirale du 2-HG, ceci en GC tandem MS, - également par GC tandem MS, des méthodes métabolomiques ciblées à haute spécificité pour l'analyse de plus de 120 composés d'intérêt clinique, - des méthodes analytiques à haute résolution et non-ciblées (masse exacte; n=360 composés) adaptées à l'étude de cellules, - et des méthodes d'étude de flux métaboliques sur culture cellulaire basées sur l'analyse des dérivés de traceurs marqués aux isotopes stables. Le développement de ces méthodes m'a permis d'obtenir les résultats suivants. J'ai démontré l'importance du D-2-HG comme marqueur de la présence de mutations IDH1/2 dans une large cohorte de patients leucémiques, à la fois pour le diagnostic et pour le suivi des patients sous traitement. Notre étude pilote a conduit à utiliser ce paramètre en pratique hospitalière courante dans le laboratoire de chimie analytique de l'institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). L'étude de profils métaboliques associés aux mutations affectant les enzymes IDH2 et succinate déshydrogénase nous a permis d'identifier des mécanismes compensatoires du dysfonctionnement du cycle de Krebs, par exemple la sur-activation de la pyruvate carboxylase. Nous avons par ailleurs montré que ces mécanismes ne sont que partiellement efficaces; ils pourraient ainsi servir de cibles thérapeutiques. Une mutation du gène IDH2 (R140Q) est retrouvée chez des patients atteint de LAM et chez des patients possédant une acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique, maladie héréditaire du métabolisme extrêmement rare. Un inhibiteur spécifique de l'enzyme IDH2 possédant la mutation R140Q est actuellement testé comme traitement dans un essai clinique à l'IGR pour les patients leucémiques. Nous avons étudié les effets de ce composé sur des fibroblastes de notre patient atteint d'acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique. Nous avons confirmé ses effets sur l'enzyme IDH et observé des effets secondaires sur le métabolisme des lipides et du cycle de Krebs, à la fois dans les fibroblastes témoin et du patient. Cet inhibiteur étant connu pour avoir des effets sur la différenciation cellulaire, nos résultats pourraient permettre d'expliquer les mécanismes impliqués. Ce travail a apporté de nouveaux outils pour l'exploration des maladies métaboliques traditionnelles ainsi que de certains types de cancers, et il met en avant de nouvelles illustrations de la puissance de l'approche métabolique pour identifier des points d'intervention et de surveillance thérapeutique personnalisée des patients ("théranostique"). / The Krebs cycle has a central role in cellular metabolism and is at the junction of many essential pathways. Since 2000, a link has been shown between the development of particular cancers and mutations affecting genes coding for several Krebs cycle enzymes, i.e., succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase or iso-enzymes 1 and 2 of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). The IDH mutations are found in 15 to 20 % of acute myeloid leukemias and up to 80% of specific gliomas. These mutations affect the enzyme active site and are responsible for an neomorphic activity that is the production and accumulation of a putative oncometabolite : the D stereoisomer of the 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) which is linked to energetic and epigenetic deregulations in the cell. To better understand the mechanisms between these abnormalities and human pathology, my PhD work involved the development of different analytical tools : - First of all, a robust method of separation and quantification of the stereoisomers D and L by chiral derivatization of the 2-HG, in tandem mass spectrometry, - GC tandem MS was also used to develop targeted metabolomic methods with high specificity for the analysis of more than 120 compounds of clinical interest, - An analytical non-targeted method using high mass resolution (exact mass; n=360 compounds) adapted to the study of fibroblast cells, - and finally, methods for the study of metabolic flux in culture cell based on derivatives of stable labeled tracers. The development of these methods led to the following results. I highlight the importance of the D-2-HG as a biomarker of the presence of IDH1/2 mutations in a large cohort of leukemic patients, for the diagnostic and the follow-up of patients under treatment. Our pilot study was the starting point for routine usage of this test in the clinical setting at the Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). The study of metabolic profiles related to the mutations affecting IDH enzymes and succinate dehydrogenase allowed us to identify compensatory mechanisms of the dysfunction of the Krebs cycle, notably, the overactivation of pyruvate carboxylase. Moreover, we have shown that because these mechanisms are only partially efficient; they have potential to provide therapeutic targets. An IDH2(R140Q) mutation is shared between patients with AML and patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a very rare hereditary disease of the metabolism. A specific inhibitor of the IDH2 enzyme mutant for R140Q is currently used in a clinical trial at the IGR institute. We studied the effects of this compound in fibroblasts of our aciduria patient. We confirmed the expected effect in the IDH enzyme and also observed moderate off-target effects concerning the lipid and the Krebs cycle metabolism, both in control and patient fibroblasts. Because this inhibitor is known to have effects in the cellular differentiation, our results could explain the underlying mechanisms. This work provides new tools for the exploration of traditional inherited metabolic diseases, as well as particular cancers, and illustrates the power of the metabolic approach to identify therapeutic targets and for the personalized monitoring of patients ("theranostics").

Le cycle de Krebs occupe une place centrale dans le métabolisme cellulaire et est le point de jonction de nombreuses voies essentielles. Depuis le début des années 2000, un lien a été démontré entre l’apparition de certains cancers et des mutations affectant des gènes codant pour des enzymes du cycle de Krebs, i.e., la succinate déshydrogénase, la fumarase ou les iso-enzymes 1 et 2 de l'isocitrate déshydrogénase (IDH). Les mutations des gènes IDH sont présentes dans 15 à 20 % des leucémies myéloïdes aigues (LAM) et jusqu'à 80 % dans certains gliomes. Ces mutations affectent le site actif des enzymes et elles induisent une néo-fonction enzymatique qui se traduit par la production et l'accumulation d'un oncométabolite : le stéréoisomère D du 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) responsable de dérégulations énergétiques et épigénétiques au sein de la cellule. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu entre ces anomalies et la pathologie humaine, mon travail de thèse a impliqué le développement de différentes méthodes analytiques : - tout d'abord une méthode robuste de séparation et de quantification des stéréoisomères D et L par dérivation chirale du 2-HG, ceci en GC tandem MS, - également par GC tandem MS, des méthodes métabolomiques ciblées à haute spécificité pour l'analyse de plus de 120 composés d'intérêt clinique, - des méthodes analytiques à haute résolution et non-ciblées (masse exacte; n=360 composés) adaptées à l'étude de cellules, - et des méthodes d'étude de flux métaboliques sur culture cellulaire basées sur l'analyse des dérivés de traceurs marqués aux isotopes stables. Le développement de ces méthodes m'a permis d'obtenir les résultats suivants. J'ai démontré l'importance du D-2-HG comme marqueur de la présence de mutations IDH1/2 dans une large cohorte de patients leucémiques, à la fois pour le diagnostic et pour le suivi des patients sous traitement. Notre étude pilote a conduit à utiliser ce paramètre en pratique hospitalière courante dans le laboratoire de chimie analytique de l'institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). L'étude de profils métaboliques associés aux mutations affectant les enzymes IDH2 et succinate déshydrogénase nous a permis d'identifier des mécanismes compensatoires du dysfonctionnement du cycle de Krebs, par exemple la sur-activation de la pyruvate carboxylase. Nous avons par ailleurs montré que ces mécanismes ne sont que partiellement efficaces; ils pourraient ainsi servir de cibles thérapeutiques. Une mutation du gène IDH2 (R140Q) est retrouvée chez des patients atteint de LAM et chez des patients possédant une acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique, maladie héréditaire du métabolisme extrêmement rare. Un inhibiteur spécifique de l'enzyme IDH2 possédant la mutation R140Q est actuellement testé comme traitement dans un essai clinique à l'IGR pour les patients leucémiques. Nous avons étudié les effets de ce composé sur des fibroblastes de notre patient atteint d'acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique. Nous avons confirmé ses effets sur l'enzyme IDH et observé des effets secondaires sur le métabolisme des lipides et du cycle de Krebs, à la fois dans les fibroblastes témoin et du patient. Cet inhibiteur étant connu pour avoir des effets sur la différenciation cellulaire, nos résultats pourraient permettre d'expliquer les mécanismes impliqués. Ce travail a apporté de nouveaux outils pour l'exploration des maladies métaboliques traditionnelles ainsi que de certains types de cancers, et il met en avant de nouvelles illustrations de la puissance de l'approche métabolique pour identifier des points d'intervention et de surveillance thérapeutique personnalisée des patients ("théranostique"). / The Krebs cycle has a central role in cellular metabolism and is at the junction of many essential pathways. Since 2000, a link has been shown between the development of particular cancers and mutations affecting genes coding for several Krebs cycle enzymes, i.e., succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase or iso-enzymes 1 and 2 of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). The IDH mutations are found in 15 to 20 % of acute myeloid leukemias and up to 80% of specific gliomas. These mutations affect the enzyme active site and are responsible for an neomorphic activity that is the production and accumulation of a putative oncometabolite : the D stereoisomer of the 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) which is linked to energetic and epigenetic deregulations in the cell. To better understand the mechanisms between these abnormalities and human pathology, my PhD work involved the development of different analytical tools : - First of all, a robust method of separation and quantification of the stereoisomers D and L by chiral derivatization of the 2-HG, in tandem mass spectrometry, - GC tandem MS was also used to develop targeted metabolomic methods with high specificity for the analysis of more than 120 compounds of clinical interest, - An analytical non-targeted method using high mass resolution (exact mass; n=360 compounds) adapted to the study of fibroblast cells, - and finally, methods for the study of metabolic flux in culture cell based on derivatives of stable labeled tracers. The development of these methods led to the following results. I highlight the importance of the D-2-HG as a biomarker of the presence of IDH1/2 mutations in a large cohort of leukemic patients, for the diagnostic and the follow-up of patients under treatment. Our pilot study was the starting point for routine usage of this test in the clinical setting at the Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). The study of metabolic profiles related to the mutations affecting IDH enzymes and succinate dehydrogenase allowed us to identify compensatory mechanisms of the dysfunction of the Krebs cycle, notably, the overactivation of pyruvate carboxylase. Moreover, we have shown that because these mechanisms are only partially efficient; they have potential to provide therapeutic targets. An IDH2(R140Q) mutation is shared between patients with AML and patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a very rare hereditary disease of the metabolism. A specific inhibitor of the IDH2 enzyme mutant for R140Q is currently used in a clinical trial at the IGR institute. We studied the effects of this compound in fibroblasts of our aciduria patient. We confirmed the expected effect in the IDH enzyme and also observed moderate off-target effects concerning the lipid and the Krebs cycle metabolism, both in control and patient fibroblasts. Because this inhibitor is known to have effects in the cellular differentiation, our results could explain the underlying mechanisms. This work provides new tools for the exploration of traditional inherited metabolic diseases, as well as particular cancers, and illustrates the power of the metabolic approach to identify therapeutic targets and for the personalized monitoring of patients ("theranostics").

Depuis que Parsons et col. ont découvert en 2008 que le gène de l’isocitrate déhydrogénase 1 (IDH1) est fréquemment muté dans les glioblastomes (12%), de nombreuses équipes ont étudié la prévalence et les caractéristiques des mutations des gènes IDH1 et 2 dans les gliomes.Les mutations du gène IDH1 sont observées dans environ 40% des gliomes. La mutation d’IDH1 la plus fréquentes dans les gliomes (>90% des cas) est la mutation R132H. La fréquence des mutations IDH1 et 2 est inversement corrélée au grade des gliomes (grade II ~80%, III ~50%, and IV ~10%). Les mutations IDH1/2 ont une valeur diagnostique ainsi que pronostique (associées à une meilleure survie). Pendant ce travail de thèse nous avons dans une première partie analysé la distribution de ces mutations IDH1/2 dans les différents gliomes, leur association avec d’autres altérations génétiques, ainsi que leur valeur diagnostique et pronostique dans une cohorte de 1332 patients atteints de gliomes. Nous confirmons sur cette très grande cohorte les données de la littérature et affinons la valeur pronostique des mutations IDH1/2. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons mis en évidence dans les gliomes un polymorphisme (SNP) du gène IDH1 (SNP rs 11554137; C (cytosine) substituted by T (thymin)) précédemment observé dans les leucémies myéloïdes aigues. Ce SNP, codon 105, est localisé dans le même exon que le codon 132 fréquemment muté, et nous avons montré qu’il est associé à une moins bonne survie des patients atteints de gliomes. Les mutations du codon 132 causent une baisse de l’activité enzymatique normale d’IDH1/2 qui est remplacé par le gain d’une nouvelle. Les protéines IDH1/2 mutés, au lieu de produire de l’alpha-cétoglutarate de façon NADP dépendante, réduisent de façon NADPH dépendante l’alpha-cétoglutarate en 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). Une forte concentration de 2HG et une baisse de la quantité de NADPH peuvent sensibiliser les tumeurs au stress oxidatif et donc potentialiser l’effet de la radiothérapie, ce qui pourrait expliquer la meilleure survie de ces patients. Nous avons donc dans une troisième partie étudié in vitro l’impact de la mutation IDH1R132H sur la survie après radiothérapie de cellules tumorales exprimant de façon stable ce gène muté. Les résultats obtenus montrent que dans certaines conditions ces cellules pourraient être plus radiosensibles que les mêmes cellules exprimant le gène IDH1 non-muté.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons donc étudié le gène IDH1 dans les gliomes de patients et tenté par une approche fonctionnelle in vitro d’évaluer l’impact de la mutation IDH1R132H sur la radiosensibilité des cellules tumorales. / Since Parsons et al. (2008) found the frequent mutations of IDH1 (12%) in GBMs, various reports have studied the prevalence and characteristic of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations.The mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene occur in nearly 40% of gliomas. The frequency of IDH1 mutations are inversely connected with grade II (~80%), III (~50%), and IV (~ 10%) gliomas. Importantly, the status of IDH1 mutations is associated with a better outcome and demonstrated a diagnostic value. We analyzed also these mutations in distribution, association with tumor-derived other genetic alterations and the diagnostic and prognostic value in a cohort of 1332 glioma patients.A synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP rs 11554137; C (cytosine) substituted by T (thymin)] has been studied in gliomas patients. The SNP rs 11554137 (in codon 105) are located in the same exon with the IDH1 R132 mutations (in codon 132). And gliomas patients with SNP rs 11554137: C>T had a poorer outcome than patients without SNP rs 11554137. This was observed a similarly adverse effect in survival in patients with AML. Mutations in codon 132 can cause a decrease of IDH1/2 activity and also gain a new enzyme function for the NADPH dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate. High 2HG and low NADPH levels might sensitize tumors to oxidative stress, potentiating response to radiotherapy, and may account for the prolonged survival of patients harboring the mutations. So we studied further the alterations of function in IDH1R132H mutant cells in vitro. Based on the decrease of defence and the increase of impairing factors in tumor cells, we found that the tumors harbouring IDH1 mutations may have an elevated radiosensitivity. In the present study, we described the impact of IDH1 mutations in gliomas and search for new perspectives for the treatment strategy.

Since Parsons et al. (2008) found the frequent mutations of IDH1 (12%) in GBMs, various reports have studied the prevalence and characteristic of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations.The mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene occur in nearly 40% of gliomas. The frequency of IDH1 mutations are inversely connected with grade II (~80%), III (~50%), and IV (~ 10%) gliomas. Importantly, the status of IDH1 mutations is associated with a better outcome and demonstrated a diagnostic value. We analyzed also these mutations in distribution, association with tumor-derived other genetic alterations and the diagnostic and prognostic value in a cohort of 1332 glioma patients.A synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP rs 11554137; C (cytosine) substituted by T (thymin)] has been studied in gliomas patients. The SNP rs 11554137 (in codon 105) are located in the same exon with the IDH1 R132 mutations (in codon 132). And gliomas patients with SNP rs 11554137: C>T had a poorer outcome than patients without SNP rs 11554137. This was observed a similarly adverse effect in survival in patients with AML. Mutations in codon 132 can cause a decrease of IDH1/2 activity and also gain a new enzyme function for the NADPH dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate. High 2HG and low NADPH levels might sensitize tumors to oxidative stress, potentiating response to radiotherapy, and may account for the prolonged survival of patients harboring the mutations. So we studied further the alterations of function in IDH1R132H mutant cells in vitro. Based on the decrease of defence and the increase of impairing factors in tumor cells, we found that the tumors harbouring IDH1 mutations may have an elevated radiosensitivity. In the present study, we described the impact of IDH1 mutations in gliomas and search for new perspectives for the treatment strategy.

No description available.

<p>Mass spectrometry (MS) can provide rapid, sensitive, and specific analysis, making it a valuable tool to characterize biomolecules, especially their dynamic changes when involved in significant processes.  Compared to other analytical techniques, which mostly focus on solution-phase or solid-phase characterization, MS enjoys a more general and efficient detection of gas-phase analytes since it ultimately measures abundances of bare ions in vacuum. This unique detection capability of MS has been demonstrated, in this dissertation, by characterizing the neutral serine octamer, a gas-phase amino acid cluster that has been detected by MS only so far. Besides its existence, the progress of chiral enrichment has also been monitored and quantified by MS during octamer formation. The acquired MS data is crucial to interpreting the mechanism of chiral enrichment achieved by serine octamer and might suggest its involvement in the prebiotic world to eventually achieve biohomochirality. The work also showcases the capability of detecting neutral compounds by MS, which breaks the stereotype that MS is exclusively an ion-based technique. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Besides process monitoring in the open air, MS also monitors the highly complicated metabolism processes inside biosamples, primarily benefiting from its excellent sensitivity, specificity, and throughput of ion detection. Since altered cellular metabolism is being recognized as a hallmark of cancer, MS is suitable for cancer diagnostics, whose performance of diagnosing glioma, a common brain cancer, has been tested.  Desorption electrospray ionization(DESI) has been used as it avoids sample preparation and allows direct characterization of raw tissue, therefore well suited for on-site analysis such as in the operating room. In short, we have applied intraoperative DESI-MS analysis on raw brain biopsies to provide glioma diagnostics within 5 min. Specifically, the molecular features revealed by MS are translated into pathological information of analyzed tissue, like genetic mutations and tumor concentrations, which is highly desired during surgeries to guide tumor resection and improve patient management. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Knowledge of diagnostic biomarkers is essential to the translation from MS data to pathology, which can be obtained by metabolic profiling using MS. Despite the tradeoff between comprehensive characterization and analysis time, we have extensively explored endogenous metabolites by using tandem MS and expedited analysis by avoiding the use of chromatography. After fast profiling, statistical analysis of all MS features has been applied to discover diagnostic markers to distinguish healthy brain tissue from cancerous tissue. DESI-MS methods have been developed to facilitate a simple and rapid characterization of these biomarkers in tissue for a smooth clinical transition. </p> <p><br></p> <p>However, the complete characterization of endogenous metabolites in a complicated biomixture, like tissue, is challenging, especially without the orthogonal separation provided by chromatography. This unmet demand calls for the development of novel MS scans to improve the metabolite coverage. For lipidomics by direct infusion MS, the MS scans used for lipid profiling have not been greatly expanded since its introduction. These conventionalMS scans only target one structural moiety of lipids and leave the rest unresolved, which limits the structure elucidation and biological interpretation of diagnostic lipids. We have introduced additional lipid scans that target both the lipid headgroup and one fatty acyl chain, leaving the other fatty acyl chain flexible. These scans with higher specificity can further alleviate the matrix effect by uncovering fewer ions in each scan and provide more structural information to support lipid identification. As a proof-of-concept, we have used them to profile both common phospholipids and the rarer ether lipids that display significant variations between healthy mice tissue and those with metabolic syndrome. The additional structural information provided by these scans ensures a clear message expressed by the disease metabolism and potentially indicates invention points and therapeutic candidates.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sarah_Romano_Ortolan.pdf: 975526 bytes, checksum: d72ab61fc7bdc88b6ddbab0eb3a86e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Wheat is considered the main cereal diet of the world population, but in recent years has achieved some gain in productivity of this culture despite having increased the use of nitrogen fertilizer. The use of plant growth promoting bacteria such as Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1 among others has been studied to obtain development of plants with less use of nitrogen fertilizers. However there is little information relating the effects of this interaction in plant development and grain yield. Objective of this study was to evaluate the carbon and nitrogen metabolism by certain enzymes, metabolites and indices related to the response to infectious stress on the wheat cultivars CD 104 and CD 120 in association with Herbaspirillum seropedicae bacteria. Two experiments were conducted. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications in a 4x2. The first factor relates to the conditions inoculation with bacteria and/or nitrogen source in coverage are: control without inoculation with bacteria or added nitrogen fertilizer (C); application of nitrogen fertilizer (50 kg.ha-1) 30 days after sowing (N); inoculation with 106 cells of the bacterium H. seropedicae/seed at planting (Hs) and inoculation with bacteria combined with the application of nitrogen fertilizer (Hs + N) and the second factor refers to the phenological stages (tillering and booting). The results indicated that inoculation with H. seropedicae in wheat seeds of cv.s CD 104 and CD 120 in the two growth stages answered in relation to the indices related to stress with the involvement of enzymes of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. However prominent effect was not noticed to promote plant growth of wheat in late development, nor a deleterious effect of the bacterium for inoculation cv. CD 104 under the experimental conditions. For cv. CD 120 the differential effects indicate lower levels of stress and some level of association to positive effect on productivity when combined inoculation of bacteria to nitrogen fertilization. It was concluded that as well as pathogenic and stressors, H. seropedicae able to beneficially associate with wheat also provides similar interference pattern of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and stress levels / O trigo é considerado o principal cereal da dieta da população mundial, entretanto nos últimos anos tem se obtido pouco ganho de produtividade desta cultura apesar de se ter aumentado o uso de fertilizante nitrogenado. O uso de bactérias promotoras do crescimento vegetal, como Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1 entre outras, tem sido estudado para se obter desenvolvimento de plantas com menor uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados. Entretanto existem poucas informações que relacionam os efeitos desta interação no desenvolvimento da planta e de produtividade de grãos. Objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o metabolismo de carbono e nitrogênio através de algumas enzimas, metabólitos e índices relacionados à resposta ao estresse infeccioso em trigo das cultivares CD 104 e CD 120 em associação com a bactéria Herbaspirillum seropedicae em dois estádios fenológicos. Foram realizados dois experimentos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com 4 repetições, em esquema fatorial 4x2. O primeiro fator refere-se às condições de inoculação com bactéria e/ou fertilização nitrogenada em cobertura, sendo: controle, sem inoculação com bactéria ou adição de fertilizante nitrogenado (C); aplicação de fertilizante nitrogenado (50 kg.ha-1) após 30 dias da semeadura (N); inoculação de 106 células da bactéria H. seropedicae/semente na semeadura (Hs) e inoculação com a bactéria combinada com a aplicação de fertilizante nitrogenado (Hs + N) e o segundo fator refere-se aos estádios fenológicos (perfilhamento e emborrachamento). Os resultados indicaram que a inoculação com H. seropedicae em sementes de trigo das cv.s CD 104 e CD 120 nos dois estádios fenológicos responderam em relação aos índices relacionados ao estresse com envolvimento das enzimas do metabolismo de carbono e nitrogênio. Entretanto não foi percebido efeito proeminente de promoção do crescimento vegetal no final do desenvolvimento do trigo, tampouco efeito deletério da inoculação de bactéria para a cv. CD 104, nas condições experimentais. Para a cv. CD 120 os efeitos diferenciais indicam menor nível de estresse e algum nível de associação para efeito positivo na produtividade quando combinada a inoculação da bactéria com a fertilização nitrogenada. Foi possível concluir que assim como para agentes patogênicos e estressantes, a H. seropedicae, capaz de associar beneficamente com trigo também apresenta padrão semelhante de interferência do metabolismo de carbono e nitrogênio e índices de estresse

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