A presente pesquisa tem como finalidade apresentar uma leitura da obra poética de Giacomo Leopardi, com um olhar atinente à estilística. A fim de abrir horizontes, no sentido de novas pesquisas e perspectivas da poética leopardiana, escolheu-se fazer um cotejo entre poemas selecionados e as suas traduções em língua portuguesa do Brasil, paralelamente, de modo que a análise estilística, feita em etapas, contribua para mostrar o sentido presente no texto poético, sentido esse que pode estar alterado na versão traduzida. Quatro foram os poemas escolhidos: Il passero solitario, Linfinito, Canto notturno di un pastore errante dellAsia e La ginestra, o il fiore del deserto, representando um conceito que circula há tempo, mas que se acredita manter a sua importância, referente às fases do pessimismo leopardiano: individual, histórico, cósmico e heroico. / The present study is to present a reading of the poetry of Giacomo Leopardi, with a look regards on the stylistic. In order to open horizons to new research and perspectives of Leopardi´s poetry we chose to make a comparison between the selected poems and their translations into Portuguese of Brazil, in parallel, so that the stylistic analysis, done in stages contributes to show the sense in this poetic text, meaning that it can be altered in the translation. Four poems were chosen: Il passero solitario, Linfinito, Canto notturno di un pastore errante dellAsia e La ginestra, o il fiore del deserto, representing a concept that circulate for some time, but believed to remain important, on stages of Leopardi´s pessimism: individual, historical, cosmic and heroic.

A presente dissertação versa sobre a obra conhecida, na tradição italiana, por Il Milione, escrita em Gênova, em 1298, por Marco Polo e Rustichello da Pisa. Trata-se da famosa obra que compartilhou com o mundo os conhecimentos adquiridos pelo viajante veneziano em sua estada na corte de Kublai Khan, Grande Khan do Império Tártaro. No primeiro capítulo desse estudo são tratadas algumas questões estruturais da obra, tais como o narrador, a dupla autoria tema assumido como fundamental para os estudos da obra polo-rusticheliana apenas no século XX e a questão do gênero. Já no segundo capítulo, são exploradas as ligações da obra com o maravilhoso literário proposto por Tzvetan Todorov e com o maravilhoso medieval proposto por Jacques Le Goff. / The present essay proposes a reflection on the work known in the italian tradition as Il Milione, which was written in Genoa, in 1298, by Marco Polo and Rustichello da Pisa. The famous work shared with the world the knowledge acquired by the venetian explorer during his stay in the Kublai Khan\'s court, the Great Khan of the Tatar Empire. In the first chapter of this research, some structural elements of the work are analyzed, such as the narrator, the co-authoring (this theme was considered essential for the study of the polo-rustichelian work only in the 20th century) and the genre question. In the second chapter, the liaisons between the work, the Literary Wonderful proposed by Tzvetan Todorov and the Medieval Wonderful proposed by Jacques Le Goff are explored.

A obra em prosa de Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936), sobretudo sua novelística, é permeada pela presença de um rico e variado mundo animal. O autor, como um agudo observador de sua época, reconhece a importância dos animais na cultura e no desenvolvimento da civilização. Espelhos naturais dos humanos, capazes de sofrer e entender esse sofrimento, agentes do acaso e da impassibilidade da natureza, os animais inserem-se perfeitamente na poética do autor. Em Pirandello, o animal é um personagem que age e se comporta como um personagem de Pirandello, mas, ao contrário do personagem humano, mostra a sua própria face, sem disfarces, sem meios termos e sem máscaras. Este estudo busca examinar e chamar a atenção para esse pouco estudado, mas importante aspecto da obra de Pirandello, relacionando-o com a poética do autor e a evolução de sua obra / The prose works of Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936), particularly his short stories, is permeated by the presence of a rich and varied animal world. The author, as a keen observer of his time, recognizes the importance of animals in the culture and development of civilization. Natural mirrors of the human being, capable of suffering and understanding this suffering, agents of natures chance and impassivity, animals fall perfectly into the poetics of the author. In Pirandello, the animal is a character who acts and behaves like a character from Pirandello, but, unlike the human character, it shows its own face, without disguises, compromises and masks. This study seeks to examine and draw attention to this understudied but important aspect of the work of Pirandello, relating it to the poetics of the author and the evolution of his work

The topic of this thesis is the life and journalistic work of the premier Italian journalist and writer Matilde Serao. The first chapter is dedicated to the brief overview of the Italian journalism in the turn of the 20th century. Following chapter is focused on the personal and working life of Matilde Serao and also her work itself is put into the basic context and is briefly described. After that, six chosen journalistic publications are thoroughly analyzed in six subsequent chapters. These publications are: Il Ventre di Napoli, Il paese di Cuccagna, Nel paese di Gesù. Ricordi di un viaggio in Palestina, San Gennaro nella leggenda e nella vita, Evviva la guerra! a Parla una donna. Based on these analyzes, variables and constants of the Matilde Serao's work, qualitative differences and aesthetics added to journalistic texts are evaluated in the final chapter of the thesis.

The main topic of this diploma thesis is to describe the genre "novella", specifically its evolution from the Middle Ages to 17th century in the Italian territory. The objective of this thesis is: 1. Create a panoramic view of the most important "novella" authors and their writings, show their language and stylistic device which they use and show how those change throughout the centuries. 2. On selected works show the variable and invariable elements, which are used in the "novella", in above quoted period. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Vittorio Alfieri (1749-1803) usava nel creare le sue tragedie un piano particolare: dapprima 'ideava', cioè fissava rapidamente la struttura dell'opera; in seguito, 'stendeva', e metteva su carta tutto ciò che gli passava per la mente, in prosa, con impeto e furore; in ultimo, 'verseggiava', ed ogni pensiero veniva cambiato in endecasillabi, ed attentamente limava tutte le imperfezioni: nasceva così la tragedia.

Vitaliano Brancati was a Sicilian prosaist, playwright and essayist. The Czech reader knows him mainly as an author of The Handsome Antonio, the only novel translated into Czech so far. Brancati is a writer of the first half of the 20th century. In his work he utilized his own experience with fascism-youth passion, succeeded by disappointment, scepticism, and gradual transition into open anti-fascist positions in a completely idiomatic style. He can be undoubtedly considered one of the continuators of modern narrators who contributed to the formation of the image of Sicily not only at home but abroad as well. Due to the autobiographical character of Brancati's works, the first part of the thesis is concerned with Brancati's life story under historical circumstances. The core of the thesis is the analysis of Brancati's most popular novels, which due to the common theme of gallism are often considered as a trilogy: Don Juan in Sicily, The Handsome Antonio and Hot Paolo. Based on this analysis, we present, at the end of the thesis, a picture of the "Brancatian" Sicily.

L’objectif de cette recherche est quel de préparer an analyse de la critique sociale que certain littérature, typique de la fin du siècle passé, ont apporté à la société capitaliste et aux conséquences sur le style de vie des individus, et sur leur conditions psychologiques et sociales. Les changements capitalistes de la société et l’augmentation de l’influence du marché, ont apporté aussi un profond changement intérieur dans la société, en posent quelle que Bauman a nommé la société liquide : une société qu’est prête à changer et at adapter à les nécessités du marché, le nouveau vrais pouvoir. Ce changement global a influencé tout le monde, trouvant un écho dans artistes différents, da l’Europe à l’Afrique et à l’Australie. Focalisant l’attention seulement sur la littérature américaine et italienne, en particulier sur l’œuvres d’écrivaines comment Bret Easton Ellis, Chuck Palaniuk et Don DeLillo ou Tondelli et dès les Jeune Cannibales, cet étude analyse comment à travers des images pulp et un écriture fort, cette écrivaines présent au mondes le côté obscur du capitalisme et du nouveau ordre sociale, que tente la meurtre du Moi, créant quel que est appelée la dis-identité : transformant l’individu dans le parfait produit commercial, prêt à changer e sans une personnalité ou un volonté intérieur, prêt à servir et a suivre les diktat du marché. À travers la télévision et la propaganda de la publicité, la société du marché a créé une false réalité, que Baudrillard à appeler l’hyper-réalité qui engloutit le monde et qui efface toutes les possibilités real d’escape. La seule chance de survie est la complète subissions du Moi, donner l’indépendance de l’esprit personnel et du Moi en change pour a vie de « Fit-in ». Les conséquences de tout le choix, de “fit-in” ou d’être un marginalisée, sont décrit dans les œuvres analysée, montrent comment il n’est important pas le choix, le résultat final sera donc le même : l’aliénation et la profonde perte du Moi. Ces conséquences portent, en autre fois, à diffèrent formes de destruction de Moi, diffèrent fois d’arriver au même objectif : oublié Moi et le mal-être que viens da une vie dans un monde que change constamment, ou le standard est continuellement portée avant, ou il n’est pas possible d’arriver au but et ou il n’est pas possible de vivre la réalité. / The aim of this study is to prepare an analysis of the critic that certain literature, typical of the end of last century, brought forward toward capitalistic society and it’s consequences not only on the life style of the individuals, but also on their psychology and social behaviour. Social changes and the increase of the influence of the market brought forward an inner and profound change in the society, creating what Bauman called a liquid society: ready to change and to adequate itself to the must and necessity of the market, the new real power. This global change invested and influenced society all over the globe, finding proper echo in different artist around the world, from Europe to Africa to Australia. Focusing only on Italian and American literature, through the work of writers as Bret Easton Ellis, Chuck Palaniuk and Don DeLillo – for American literature -, and Tondelli and the Young Cannibals in Italy, could be possible to analyse how those artists, with pulp images and strong language, show to the world the dark side of capitalism and the new order society, which aim at the killing of the inner self, creating what has been called a dis-identity: transforming the individuals in the perfect market good, ready to change and without an inner wish or personality, ready to serve and to follow the dictate of the market. Through mostly television and advertising propaganda, the market society has created a false reality, what Baudrillard called the hyper-reality, which engulfed the world deleting any real possibility of escape. Only chance of survival has become then the complete submittal of the self, giving away any independent form of the Self in change of a “fit-in” life. CBoth the choice to fit in or be casted out are portrayed in those books, showing how dees not matter which is the choice, the result would be the same: alienation and profound loss of the Self. Those consequences lead, in a way or another, to different form of self-destruction, different ways to achieve the same goal: forget yourself and the disquiet caused by living in a world in constant change, where the standard is always moved forward, where goals are impossible to meet, and reality is impossible to live.

From at least the twelfth century, amid the growth of commerce, towns, and universities, notaries charged with the writing of various administrative documents formed an increasingly important professional group in the Italian communes and, later, across the whole northwestern Mediterranean. A large quantity of sources from the late medieval period were written by notaries, including notarial registers, court records, and other administrative books. Unlike modern administrative records, medieval counterparts surprise us with poems that look like contracts, images that have nominal functions, prayers interspersed with the text of the official record, and musical imagery that allows us to compare notaries to musicians. What do these marginalia betray about the meaning of contractual text and the notaries as their producers?“Minds and Margins: Notarial Culture in Bologna, ca. 1250-1350” is the first interdisciplinary study of notarial registers examining how notarial acts were brought together with poems, prayers, images, and music as they were entered into the registers’ pages by the notaries themselves. It demonstrates that to understand the contents of a quantitatively important source of medieval economic, social, legal, and political history—records written by notaries—we must not only take into account the social and legal-institutional contexts of their production, but also the cultural and religious worlds that shaped the registers and the minds of their makers, the notaries. “Minds and Margins” thus explores how notaries absorbed cultural modes of thought and practice and applied them to their administrative work. Examining poetry, images, music, and prayers in notarial registers—evidence that is not only physically located on the margins, but that has also been marginalized by previous scholars—I argue that notaries were both accountable officials and creators of an ideal urban order, using their culture to define contractual and institutional relationships. Bologna is at the center of this research because of its wealth of surviving notarial records and its university functioning as medieval Europe’s leading institution for the study of law. Moreover, the density and variety of archival records in Bologna provides the opportunity to draw out the connections notaries forged between the marginalia and their profession. Chapter 1, “Medicine and Literature in Salatiele’s Ars notarie,” treats notaries’ formation and shows how Salatiele (d. 1280), a Bolognese notary and jurist who maintained a school for notaries, relied on Galenic medical theory and Ovidian verses to theorize notarial instruments and notaries’ professional roles. I argue that Galen and Ovid allowed Salatiele to conceptualize the intellectual underpinnings of commercialization and monetization as ordering principles of the common good. Chapters 2 through 5 observe notaries at work to demonstrate how they used different cultural media to shape documentary principles and practices. Chapter 2, “Trustworthy Lovers,” examines poems notaries entered into the registers of the Memoriali, a Bolognese office that collected all notarial contracts involving sums of 20 lire. The two textual genres, poems and contracts, contain parallels in their formal and thematic frameworks. I argue that the poems are media by which notaries established for their colleagues and the public their own trustworthiness and ability to write truthfully. Chapter 3, “Signing with Religious Imagery,” examines signs that are analogous to monstrances and other religious objects notaries drew as part of signatures. I argue that in using images of devotional objects as signature signs, notaries were staking a claim to be creators of a quasi-sacred urban order. In Chapter 4, “The Music of Instruments,” I examine how the experience of music shaped notaries’ perceptions of contracts and their professional self-images. Liturgical chant may have inspired notaries’ reading practices, influencing their manner of reading instruments aloud to the contracting parties. From there, I turn to a broader question of the relationship between musical instruments and notarial instruments. The musical portrait of Zachetus de Viola can be seen as relating his musical skill to his reputation not only as a musician but also as a notary. While the teacher of notarial arts, Salatiele, turned to Galen and Ovid, former students drew on music and musical instruments as models for the social harmony they saw themselves constructing with notarial “instruments,” the technical term used for contracts. “Contracts,” “court records,” and “registers” are familiar legal terms. “Minds and Margins” argues that to medieval notaries, they could also mean musical instruments or poems—sometimes both at once. By examining the margins of notarial registers, we discover that the contracts, court records, and texts of other notarial acts at the center of today’s state archives in fact took shape out of a much broader cultural context. In this sense, “Minds and Margins” contributes to our understanding of historical margins as places that shaped the center—urban administrations, contractual and institutional relationships—in unexpected ways. The present research urges us to reconsider contractual and administrative principles—too hastily accepted by previous scholars as predecessors of their modern counterparts—through the lens of the minds of those who shaped them, medieval people.

L’étude des romans et des recueils de récits publiés par Stefano Benni entre 1976 et 2009 a pour but d’illustrer la poétique de cet écrivain à travers l’analyse des éléments thématiques, stylistiques et philosophiques qui la composent. Dans la première partie les thèmes déclinent la valeur de la narration orale et des lieux de socialisation, l’exploration de mondes imaginaires et de leur richesses, la solitude de l’individu, l’enfance avec sa capacité d’imagination et la vieillesse avec sa capacité de mémoire. Le repérage thématique effectué dans la première partie a montré que la production de Benni n’est conçue qu’à l’intérieur du contexte social contemporain, qui est à l’origine d’un travail autour de la parole et de sa signification. Cette partie de la recherche a été indispensable pour identifier les étapes motivationnelles qui déclenchent chez Benni la naissance du texte. L’identification du pouvoir cognitif que Benni reconnaît à la littérature a conduit à étudier, dans la troisième partie, l’arrière-plan philosophique dont s’inspirent la poétique et la vision du monde de Benni. Le processus de la création littéraire chez Benni part de l’observation du réel pour ensuite migrer vers une transfiguration humoristique en laquelle l’écrivain transpose aussi la tension qui s’engendre entre le sentiment individuel conditionné par les faits et la description représentative des faits mêmes. L’écrivain humoriste active ainsi des mécanismes de prise de conscience, de fraternité dans l’angoisse, de confiance dans le changement. / This study of the narrative works by Stefano Benni published between 1976 and 2009 aims to illustrate his poetic style through the analysis of its thematic, stylistic and philosophic elements. Themes have been identified to reflect Benni’s values: the importance of oral communication and socialization, the power of imagination to explore new worlds and new solutions, the importance of human diversity in the contemporary society, childhood with its visionary capacity and old age with its memory. Benni’s body of work exists within a contemporary social context. To the reader this is evident on every page due to his careful choice of words and rhythm. All forms of his humor are examined in order to recognize it as the most representative language for the contemporary complexity. This part of the research was essential to identify the motivation behind Benni’s writings. The cognitive power associated with his literature led us to study Benni’s philosophic background and his vision of the world in the third section. The literary process enables the writer to juxtapose the tensions that exist between individual feelings and emotions with the events surrounding a given situation. In this way humor and imagination stimulate empathy, awareness and a faith in change.