Primo Levi (1919-1987), de origem judaica, antifascista e químico de formação, passa quase um ano de sua vida como prisioneiro em um dos campos de concentração de Auschwitz. Preso como partigiano, deportado como judeu, e sobrevivente por acaso, Levi faz daquela experiência, através da necessidade de narrar, o ponto de partida de sua literatura. Seu percurso parte da literatura de testemunho, matéria de suas duas primeiras obras, Se questo è un uomo e La tregua. Porém, sua grande vocação narrativa faz com que cultive os mais diversos gêneros ao longo de sua carreira, indo desde a autobiografia, até a poesia, o romance e os contos fantásticos e de ficção científica. A análise da obra literária de Levi, obrigatoriamente, deve considerar dois aspectos, que estão na gênese e na construção de seus escritos: o primeiro é a origem de sua literatura, nascida da experiência como prisioneiro e da observação daquele universo e que dele nunca se desprendeu; o segundo é a sua formação, pois, como químico, o olhar que dirigia ao mundo era determinado pelos preceitos da ciência que escolheu, e pela qual era apaixonado. Assim sendo, pretendemos analisar a literatura de Levi a partir da relação que ela estabelece com a ciência, com a técnica e com a tecnologia, partindo de seu livro de estreia, no qual o olhar do cientista permitiu definir o Lager como um grande experimento biológico e social. As referências para a análise serão os dois primeiros volumes de contos, que se ligam à tradição do fantástico e da ficção científica Storie naturali e Vizio di forma e os dois livros da década de 70, que apresentam a técnica e o trabalho como símbolos de liberdade: Il sistema periodico, obra na qual a química, os químicos e o seu trabalho são protagonistas; e La chiave a stella, que apresenta a exaltação do trabalho liberatório, portador de satisfação e felicidade. Dessa forma, demonstraremos que nenhuma página da literatura de Primo Levi está dissociada de sua experiência como deportado ou de sua formação científica, e isso influencia diretamente o seu estilo, transformando-o em um dos principais representantes, na literatura universal, da relação entre as duas culturas, como também em um dos principais prosadores da segunda metade do século XX. / Primo Levi (1919-1987), of Jewish origin, anti-fascist and chemist of formation, passes nearly a year of his life as a prisoner at the Auschwitz concentration camp. Captured as partigiano, deported as Jew, and survivor by chance, Levi makes that experience, through the need of narrating, the starting point of his literature. His pathway starts from the testimonial literature, subject of his first two works, Se questo è un uomo and La tregua. However, his narrative vocation makes him cultivate the most diverse genres throughout his career, from autobiography to poetry, romance, fantastic tales and science fiction. The analysis of the literary work of Levi, mandatorily, must consider two aspects that are on the genesis and construction of his writings: the first one is the origin of his literature, born from his experience as prisoner and from the observation of that universe - and from which he never came off; the second one is his formation, since, as a chemist, the way he looked at the world was determined by the precepts of the science he chose, and to which he was passionate. Therefore, we intend to analyze Levis literature from the relationship it establishes with science, technique and technology, starting from his debut book, in which the look of the scientist allows to define the Lager as a great biological and social experiment. The references for this analysis will be the first two volumes of short stories, that bind to the tradition of fantastic and science fiction Storie naturali and Vizio di forma and the two books of the 70s, that present technique and work as symbols of freedom: Il sistema periodico, work in which chemistry, chemists and their work are protagonists; and La chiave a stella, that presents the exaltation of liberatory work, promoter of satisfaction and happiness. Thus, we will demonstrate that any page of Primo Levis literature is dissociated from his experience as deported or his scientific training, and it directly influences his style, transforming it into one of the leading representatives in world literature, from the relationship between \"the two cultures \", as well as one of the major prose writers of the second half of the 20th century.

Estudar a obra novelística de Luigi Pirandello é um modo de entender não apenas as razões que o levaram a ser um dos mais importantes escritores italianos do século XX, mas também o papel de cada um de nós no mundo e na vida. As novelas, baseadas em pequenos acontecimentos cotidianos, formam um grande mosaico da existência humana: uma nota no jornal, um amor acabado ou ainda nem começado, um simples gesto ou o apito de um trem, são situações que despertam a imaginação do autor e nas quais muitas vezes nos reconhecemos. Dramaturgo e romancista de sucesso, Pirandello nunca deixou de escrever novelas: foram 251 ao longo de sua carreira. Para ele, a novela era o espaço íntimo, insubstituível, reservado para a discussão existencial empreendida pelos seus personagens em uma época tão inquieta como o início do século XX. As novelas, reunidas no projeto Novelle per un anno, são de vital importância para se compreender a evolução das preocupações do autor e representam a base de seu pensamento. As últimas novelas, principalmente, trazem novas chaves de interpretação ao conjunto da obra e mostram um escritor novo e muito mais inquietante, que muitas vezes a crítica não soube reconhecer. Traçar a trajetória do Pirandello novelista, ou novellaro, como ele se definia, relacionando-a com os outros aspectos de sua carreira literária, de seu pensamento e da época que ele tão bem retratou, é o objetivo deste trabalho. / To study Pirandellos short story is a means not only of understanding the reason why he became one of the most important Italian writers of the twentieth century but also the role we play in the world and life. His short stories, based on ordinary events, make the great mosaic of our lives a piece of news, a love that has broken up or not even started, a gesture, a train whistle; situations that drive his thoughts, where many times we recognize ourselves. Successful play writer and novelist, Pirandello never stopped writing short stories: 251 along all his work life. According to Pirandello, a short story was the intimate, unique place, intended for the existential debates of his characters in the hard times of the beginning of the twentieth century. The short stories, brought together in the project Novelle per un anno, are of great importance to understand the evolution of the authors worries and represent the basis of his thought. The last short stories mainly bring new tools for interpretation to Pirandellos work and show a new, much more disturbing writer, many times not acknowledged by critics. To follow the course of the short-story writer Pirandello or novellaro, as he used to call himself connected with other aspects of his literary life, thought, and the time he described so well, is the focus of this work.

The aim of this thesis is to show the current Italian authors work specifics who are asserted as journalists as well as writers and their journalistic and prosaic outputs is devoted to organized crime in today's Sicilian society. Roberto Alajmo, Gaetano Savatteri and Salvo Sottile and their literaty outputs È stato il figlio, Tempo Niente. La breve vita felice di Luca Crescente, Gli uomini che non si voltano, I ragazzi di Regalpetra, Maqeda and Più scuro di mezzanotte were chosen for an analysis. The criterion in choosing works was particularly a time span of its formation - for the first time they were published after 2005 and at the same time they are mostly the newest literary outputs of selected authors meeting the requirements. Particular authors are presented after an opening which is describing logical interrelationship between writers and journalists in history of Italian literature ever since the unification of Italy in 1870 and deals with history of Sicilian Mafia and Sicilian literature concerning a phenomenon of Mafia. Part of the following analytic section is devoted to work of particular writers-journalists. Emphasis is put on analysis of prosaic texts considering authors journalistic outputs. Watched is particularly a thematic line of their work and a possible reflection of events...

Nous nous proposons dans cette étude d’analyser l’œuvre narrative, théâtrale et théorique de l’écrivain italien Natalia Ginzburg (1916-1991) au travers de la notion d’insignifiance. Tout en mettant en évidence les ressemblances et les divergences entre ce corpus et des courants littéraires du XXe siècle qui se sont interrogés sur la question du sens de l’œuvre et du monde tels que l’Absurde et le Nouveau Roman, nous cernerons ce que recouvre d’un point de vue axiologique et d’un point de vue sémantique la notion d’insignifiance.Ce corpus produit un effet d’insignifiance grâce à un style et des procédés d’écriture qui tendent à niveler le signifiant et l’insignifiant. Notre objectif principal est de montrer que d’un point de vue axiologique, l’œuvre ne valorise pas l’insignifiant et le petit au détriment du signifiant et du grand. Grâce à « l’understatement », l’auteur a dissimulé le signifiant (l’Histoire et Dieu) qui réémerge, non seulement intentionnellement de l’écriture, à travers des réseaux de symboles et de récurrences, mais aussi inconsciemment grâce au rythme et à la musicalité spécifiques de ce style. Dans ce système où tout fait sens, le lecteur est appelé à amplifier la portée de ce qui est dit et à expliciter les nombreux indices et références intertextuelles. Par ailleurs, si Ginzburg vise la représentation d’un réel au sein duquel tout aurait une importance égale, c’est parce que signifiant et insignifiant s’équivalent au sein d’une approche totalisatrice du réel qui relève d’une dimension métaphysique influencée par la psychanalyse jungienne et le mysticisme juif. / Comparing and contrasting Ginzburg's works with 20th century literary trends that broached the meaning of the world and of literature itself, such as Absurdism and the Nouveau Roman, we aim to identify the implications of insignificance from an axiological and a semantic viewpoint.Ginzburg's works create an impression of insignificance using writing style and specific techniques to give the significant and insignificant equal weight. Our main purpose is to show that, from an axiological viewpoint, Ginzburg's works do not promote the small or insignificant at the expense of the large and significant. The author uses understatement to downplay the significant (History, God), then lets it re-emerge, both intentionally through written networks of symbols and recurrences, and subconsciously through the rhythm and musicality of her specific writing style. In a context where everything has a meaning, readers are required to amplify the scope of the written word and interpret the manifold signs and inter-textual references. Indeed, Ginzburg aims to represent a reality where everything has equal importance, precisely because the significant and insignificant are equal when reality is portrayed from a totalising perspective that is inspired by metaphysical cons! iderations and influenced by Jungian psychoanalysis and Jewish mysticism.

Le travail de recherche a été articulé autour de trois axes principaux : la lecture philologique et sémantique de l’œuvre de Ippolito Nievo étroitement associée à l’étude de la bibliographie critique ; lʼhypothèse raisonnée de l’existence fondamentale, dans la structure même de lʼœuvre, du principe humoristique et lʼétude systématique de sa problématisation théorique ; le repérage et lʼutilisation méthodique des instruments d’analyse les plus appropriés à une analyse de lʼœuvre articulée sur ces choix. Sʼagissant de la réflexion théorique sur la notion même dʼhumour, elle a démarré sur la base des trente premières années du XXe siècle avec les fameux travaux de Freud, de Bergson et de Pirandello. Par ailleurs, à travers les considérations de Francesco Orlando et de Tzvetan Todorov, l’approche freudienne a été reliée à la linguistique structurale et à la néo-rhétorique de Chaïm Perelman et de Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca. Ainsi, l’analyse du premier chapitre des Confessioni a permis dʼétablir une fonction argumentative des phénomènes formels et fondamentaux reconductibles à la notion d’humour et de dégager avec netteté l’importance stratégique de cette partie fondamentale du roman à cause de la présence d’une sorte de koinè qui se manifeste ici presque sans solution de continuité, mais se retrouve cependant dans l’œuvre entière. / This research articulates three main axes: a philological and semantic reading of Ippolito Nievo’s work, which is strictly associated with the study of the critical bibliography; the reasoned hypothesis of the fundamental existence of the humourous principle in the novel’s own structure and the systematic study of its theoretical problematisation; and, the location and methodical use of the most appropriate analytical instruments for an analysis of the novel based on these choices. Theoretical thought about the very notion of humor began during the first thirty years of the 20th century with Freud, Bergson and Pirandello’s renowned studies. What’s more, Francesco Orlando and Tzvetan Todorov’s arguments linked the Freudian perspective to structural linguistics as well as to Chaïm Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca’s neo-rhetorics. Thus, the analysis of the first chapter of Confessioni establishes an argumentative function of the notion of humor’s formal and fundamental phenomena. It also clearly reveals the strategic relevance of this fundamental section of the novel through the presence of a sort of koinè that becomes evidently manifest during the first chapter, but it also appears throughout the entire work.

(in English): The topic of this thesis is poetic work of the premier sardinian poet Sebastiano Satta, in particular thematic constants and reflection of Sardinia in his work. The first chapter is dedicated to the brief overview of historic, social and political context of Sardinia from the unification of Italy until the first world war. Following chapters ale focused on the personal life and work of writor and his integration to the basic context of italian literature at the turn of the 19th and 20th century and their influence to his poetry. After that is thoroughly analyzed poetic work of Sebastiano Satta. There are also chapters regarding the questions of the language and thematic constants in the poetry of the writor. Follows analysis of minor poetry and collections of poems in chronologic way, as Nella Terra dei Nuraghes, Versi ribelli, Canti barbaricini and Canti del Salto e della Tanca. After that follows chapter regarding reception of the writor's poetry. In the final chapter, based on these analysis are evaluated thematic constants and their progress in the course of collections of poems.

Ma recherche est une étude qui reconstitue le milieu littéraire, culturel et intellectuel dans lequel se trouve l’écrivain italien Franco Fortini (1917-1994) pendant son séjour en Suisse. La section centrale de la thèse est une édition critique de La guerra a Milano qui, d’un côté, fait ressortir la leçon originaire destinée à être publiée en Suisse, et qui de l’autre rend évident, à travers l’apparat critique, l’évolution des variantes introduites par les éditions de presse. Le texte qui fut publié en 1963, en effet, issu d’un travail de correction effectué vingt ans plus tard, fut privé des passages en italique qui, décrivant la condition de réfugié du jeune écrivain, créaient un remarquable contrepoint à la narration historique. Le texte du ’63, de plus, n’a plus un rôle autonome, mais est accompagné (ou mieux – contre la chronologie – anticipé) par le récit Sere in Valdossola. Avoir récupéré cette forme originaire du texte, en la préférant aux deux éditions (1963 et 1985), nous a fait pencher pour une édition qui mette en évidence la leçon de Z (1943-44) et signale en apparat soit les variantes génétiques (celles de Z, placées dans le premier paragraphe), soit les variantes évolutives des éditions de presse (à recenser dans un second paragraphe). Dans l’appendice on a reproduit aussi la leçon du manuscrit, accompagnée d’un apparat qui signale les variantes internes. Un bref commentaire final comprend des notes explicatives du texte (des traductions des passages en langue étrangère, des références à des personnages ou à des évènements historiques, etc.). Ma recherche permettra ainsi aux chercheurs (et, plus tard, par une éventuelle publication de la thèse à des lecteurs plus nombreux) de connaître un document inédit d’un des auteurs italiens les plus remarquables de la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle. / My research examines the literary, cultural and intellectual milieu in which the Italian writer Franco Fortini (1917-1994) lived during his stay in Switzerland. During this stay, in fact, Fortini tied many friendships with Italian and French intellectuals, such as Ignazio Silone, Adriano Olivetti, Gianfranco Contini, Starobinski, Paul Eluard, Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir. The central section of the thesis is a critical edition of La guerra a Milano which, on one hand, highlights the original lesson to be published in Switzerland, and on the other, makes clear, through the critical apparatus, the changing variants introduced by the new editions. The text was published in 1963, in fact, after a twenty-years-long correction work, and was deprived of the italicized passages describing the refugee status of the young writer, that created a remarkable counterpoint to the historical narration. The 1963 text has an autonomous role, but it is accompanied (or better - against the timing - advanced) by the story in Sere Valdossola. To have recovered this original text, instead of the two editions (1963 and 1985), highlights the lesson of the typescript (1943-1944). In the appendix we have also reproduced the lesson of the manuscript, accompanied by notes that signal internal variants. A brief final comment includes explanatory notes of the text (translations of foreign-language passages, references to characters or historical events, etc.). My research will thus enable researchers (and, later, thanks to eventual publication of the thesis, many others readers) knowing an unpublished document of one of the most outstanding Italian writers of the second half of the twentieth century. La guerra a Milano is Fortini’s first text to be written in its entirety and to be reissued during the postwar period with the publication of Sere in Valdossola (1963).

For the past two decades, scholars have been reassessing the ways in which Western writers and intellectuals have traditionally misrepresented the non-white world for their own ideological purposes. Orientalism, Edward Said's ground-breaking study of the ways in which Europeans projected their own social problems onto the nations of the Near East in an attempt to take their minds off the same phenomena as they occurred closer to home, was largely responsible for this shift in emphasis. Fantasy America: The United States as Seen Through French and Italian Eyes is an exploration of a parallel occurrence that could easily be dubbed "Occidentalism." More specifically, it is a study of the ways in which French and Italian writers and filmmakers have sought to situate the New World within an Old World context. "Among the (More Advanced) Barbarians" (a.k.a. Chapter One) examines the continuities and discontinuities of French travel writing in America from the days of the Jesuits to the heyday of the existentialists. Certain motifs and idees fixes—the uniqueness of American racism; the "magic" of New York—are first identified and then examined. "A Meeting of the Mafias" (Chapter Two) is more cosmopolitan in scope, tracing the ways in which French, American, and Italian crime fiction have historically influenced each other, as well as the relationship of the policier to differing notions of the nation-state. "The Ruins of Rome" (Chapter Three) demonstrates how Italian intellectuals have looked to the United States for new World Solutions to Old World problems. This chapter encompasses two major sub-themes: the positive possibilities for Italy of "Fordismo" (the American industrial model) and American literature (which was believed to promote political, as well as cultural, liberty). "Lurching Towards the Millennium" picks up the threads of the first three chapters and places them in the contemporary context of globalization, a process which threatens to replace the hegemony of the nation state with the omnipresence of corporate power. The cultural model of Quebec is introduced at this point as a New World/Old World paradigm that embodies the chimerical contradictions of a globe on the brink of a new millennium. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

The aim of this work is to study the development of balance between the factographic and belletristic components in travel literature during the medieval era in Italy. The basis for the analysis are following works: Historia Mongolorum by Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Il Milione by Marco Polo and Diversae Historiae by Odorico da Pordenone, namely the excerpts from the chosen texts. This work is divided into five chapters. The second chapter is a short introduction to the whole work. In the third chapter is presented Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, his life and historical context, followed by a study of the extent of author's presence in the text composed according to a clear given conditions. The fourth chapter is dedicated to Marco Polo, his life, work and short analysis of author's presence in a text written without any formulated task. In the fifth chapter is presented Odorico da Pordenone, his life and historical context. Afterwards the extent of author's presence in a text is studied on an example of text with a relatively clearly formulated given conditions. The sixth and last chapter is a recapitulation. It contains confrontation and comparison of the gathered information and points out differences and similarities.

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