The story of Sarah and Hagar has been treated as one of the foundational stories for the nation of Israel. Yet, Paul, in one deft allegory, will attempt to overturn centuries of theological and historical interpretation. Against other interpretations, I argue that Paul’s untraditional uniting of Hagar, Sinai, and the present Jerusalem together was accomplished through the interpretive key provided in 4:23: the one who comes from a slave has been born because of the flesh, and the one who comes from a free woman has been born through the promise. Paul no longer reads the story of Sarah and Hagar through a lens of separation based on physical realities, but rather through the lens of promise and flesh, as helpfully stated in 4:23. Ishmael was not “cast out” because of his sinfulness or supposed ethnic deficiencies, but rather because he was born “κατὰ σάρκα” and not “δι᾽ ἐπαγγελίας.” These comparative realities are not introduced here in the allegory for the first time; rather, Paul has been building these comparisons as his primary argument since the foundational 2:15-21. This dissertation, therefore, not only interprets the allegory in consideration of the lens of 4:23, but seeks to set the argument within both the thematic and schematic content of Galatians. While the first chapter summarizes and categorizes the typical interpretations of the difficult Galatians 4:21-5:1, the second chapter seeks to critique these approaches to the allegory. The value of applying Paul’s interpretive lens (Gal 4:23) to the allegory is argued for in the third chapter. By using the hermeneutical lens of 4:23, many of the allegory’s difficulties are eased, and the meaning and import of the allegory is clarified. The fourth chapter seeks to set the allegory within the epistle, both thematically and schematically, centering the main propositio around Paul’s remarks to Peter in Galatians 2:15-21. Finally, the last chapter looks at some limited applications of the thesis to OT hermeneutics, specifically in literal and allegorical readings of the Sarah/Hagar incident.

ADHD has for a long time been perceived as something that affects children and grows away with time. American psychiatric association state that ADHD may appear differently with adolescences and adults than with children. That could lead to misunderstandings and exclusion by adults and adolescences with ADHD at work life amongst other situations. This report investigates that exclusion and tries to find what information that needs to reach certain target groups to prevent it from happen. The works focus is text design, a part of information design, and looks firstly at the factors that make good information material. Then I investigate if there is a need for more information about ADHD within working life and if so what it would contain. The next part brings up what criteria it takes to be diagnosed with ADHD and different kinds of support; such as administrative, economical or cognitive. The goal of the report is to form information, mostly with text. Therefore the theoretical part ends with factors connected to information design followed by the design development. / ADHD har länge uppfattats som något som drabbar barn och växer bort med tiden. American psychiatric association uppger att ADHD kan uppträda annorlunda hos ungdomar och vuxna än hos barn. Något som kan leda till missförstånd och exkludering av vuxna och ungdomar med ADHD på bland annat arbetsmarknaden. Denna rapport undersöker den exkluderingen och söker vilken information som behöver nå vilka målgrupper för att förebygga den. Arbetets inriktning är textdesign, en del av informationsdesign, och fokuserar inledningsvis på de faktorer som bygger effektiv informationsmaterial. Sedan undersöks om det finns behov av mer information om ADHD inom yrkeslivet och vad den i så fall ska innehålla. Nästa del tar upp vilka kriterier som ska uppfyllas för att diagnostiseras med ADHD och vilken typ av stöd som då går att få; det kan handla om administrativ, ekonomisk eller kognitiv. Rapportens mål är att gestalta information och det är i första hand med hjälp av text. Därför avslutas den teoretiska delen med faktorer kopplade till informationsdesign och följs av designarbetets utveckling.

Mental health care is critical and while governments are trying to increase awareness of the problem the available resources is not sufficient to confront the growing problem. The thesis proposes a design theory, using Gregor and Jones’s (2007) ‘Anatomy of a Design Theory’ framework, for the current mental illness dilemma that all societies are facing. The proposed solution is one of using information systems, together with domain knowledge and conventional instruments from the field of psychology to create a general screening tool. The design theory takes an ontological approach to defining the domain’s knowledge, using the MINI instrument along with expert knowledge to form the basis of the artifact. The artifact consists of four main entities: Background Information, Screening Questions, Pre-Requisite Questions and Other Questions. The thesis discusses the theoretical rationale for the screening took and then presents an instantiation of the artifact. This tool would be able to screen any person (with the exception of the mentally handicapped) to ascertain if they have a mental disorder as defined in the DSM-IV.

Dans le cadre du développement des réacteurs de génération IV, une des voies de recherche concerne le développement des réacteurs à neutron rapide à caloporteur sodium. Le CEA a pour projet la construction d'un prototype de réacteur de ce type appelé " ASTRID ". En réponse aux besoins de développement de ce prototype, des recherches sont menées sur la disponibilité et, en particulier, sur la réduction des temps de lavage du sodium résiduel des assemblages de combustible, lors de leur déchargement. En effet, le lavage étant réalisé avec de l'eau, qui est très réactive avec le sodium, celle-ci est amenée de façon très progressive pour le traitement. Une solution alternative, actuellement à l'étude au CEA, et qui fait l'objet de ce mémoire de thèse, consiste en l'utilisation de solutions aqueuses salines permettant de ralentir la cinétique de la réaction du sodium avec l'eau. Ce travail de thèse présente les différents sels évalués et tente d'expliquer leur mécanisme d'action. / Within the framework of the development of generation IV reactors one of the research tracks is related to the development of fast neutron reactors using fluid sodium heat transfer...

Abstract According to the law patients have a right to good care and the care has to be of a high level, safe and evidence based. Medication has been found to be a nursing procedure that is associated with many risks. It has been documented that mistakes occur even in every fifth medication event. All Finnish nurses have been trained to carry out advanced medication and iv-therapy, and it is the nurses who are the main administrators of medication in the health care units. For these reasons nurses' medication competence is important. The constant development of medical treatment increases the demands of nurses' competence in medication. The aim of the study was to describe and to explain the medication competence of nurses assessed by themselves and according to theoretical and online exams. The aim was to describe the nurses' perceptions of the verification process of medication competence and e-learning as the method for verification. The quantitative data of the study consisted of 692 nurses´ self-assessment of medication competence and of 2479 nurses' results on theoretical and drug calculation exams. The qualitative data consisted of 342 nurses' perceptions of the verification and e-learning. In the theoretical exam the nurses had 84,9% correct answers while the required level to pass was 75%. The nurses themselves considered their medication competence to be good. Challenges were found most in the areas of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, and in reading of professional and scholarly literature. About 5% of the nurses had persistent problems in the drug calculations. Diluting and solution calculations were the most challenging ones. The nurses who had taken the online course considered their medication competence better than the other nurses. The ones who regularly administer advanced medication and iv-therapy in their daily work considered their medication competence better than the other nurses. The nurses accepted the verification process of medication competence, and e-learning was considered a sound teaching method. Some of the nurses criticised the present model of verification and they wished for verification that is better targeted to their daily duties. In addition to e-learning they wished for other teaching methods. A nationally and even internationally standardised model needs to be developed for verification of nurses’ medication competence. / Tiivistelmä Potilailla on lain mukaan oikeus hyvään hoitoon, ja hoidon tulee olla korkeatasoista, turvallista ja näyttöön perustuvaa. Lääkehoito on todettu riskialttiiksi tehtäväksi. Jopa joka viidennessä lääkitystapahtumassa on havaittu tapahtuvan virheitä. Kaikki suomalaiset sairaanhoitajat ovat saaneet koulutuksen vaativan neste- ja lääkehoidon toteuttamiseen, ja sairaanhoitajat ovatkin terveydenhuollon toimintayksiköissä keskeisiä lääkehoidon toteuttajia. Näistä syistä sairaanhoitajien lääkehoidon osaaminen on tärkeää. Lääkehoidon jatkuva kehittyminen lisää sairaanhoitajien osaamisen vaatimuksia. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata ja selittää sairaanhoitajien lääkehoidon osaamista heidän itsensä arvioimana ja lääkehoidon teoria- ja lääkelaskutentin perusteella. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli myös kuvata sairaanhoitajien käsityksiä lääkehoidon osaamisen varmistamisesta ja verkko-oppimisesta osaamisen varmistamisen menetelmänä. Tutkimuksen määrällinen aineisto koostui 692 sairaanhoitajan lääkehoidon osaamisen itsearvioinnista ja 2 479 sairaanhoitajan teoria- ja lääkelaskutentin tuloksista. Laadullinen aineisto perustui 342 sairaanhoitajan käsityksiin lääkehoidon osaamisen varmistamisesta ja verkko-oppimisesta. Teoriatentissä sairaanhoitajat saivat 84,9 % kysymyksistä oikein, kun hyväksyttyyn suoritukseen vaadittiin 75 % oikein. Sairaanhoitajat arvioivat lääkehoidon osaamisensa hyväksi. Anatomian, fysiologian ja farmakologian tiedoissa sekä ammatillisen ja tieteellisen tiedon lukemisessa oli eniten haasteita. Lääkelaskuissa toistuvia ongelmia oli n. 5 %:lla vastaajista. Haastavimpia olivat infuusioihin ja laimennoksiin liittyvät laskut. Lääkehoidon verkkokurssin käyneet arvioivat osaamisensa paremmaksi kuin muut vastaajat. Säännöllisesti työssään vaativaa neste- ja lääkehoitoa toteuttavat arvioivat lääkehoidon osaamisensa muita paremmiksi. Sairaanhoitajat hyväksyivät lääkehoidon osaamisen varmistamisen prosessin, ja verkkokurssi oli heidän käsitystensä mukaan toimiva opetusmenetelmä. Osa sairaanhoitajista kritisoi nykyistä osaamisen varmistamisen mallia ja he toivoivat enemmän työtehtäviin kohdennettua osaamisen varmistamista. Verkko-oppimisen rinnalle toivottiin muita opetusmenetelmiä. Lääkehoidon osaamisen varmistamisesta tulisi jatkossa kehittää kansallisesti yhtenäinen ja jopa kansainvälinen malli.

Abstract This study was undertaken to identify mechanisms of adhesion of intraocular lenses (IOLs) to the capsular bag after cataract surgery and IOL implantation. It was also done to challenge the sandwich theory presented for posterior capsular opacification (PCO): If the IOL is made of a bioactive material it would allow a single lens epithelial cell layer to bond both to the IOL and the posterior capsule at the same time. This would produce a sandwich pattern including the IOL, the cell monolayer and the posterior capsule. The sealed sandwich structure would prevent further epithelial ingrowth. The degree of bioactivity of the IOL could explain the basic difference in the incidence of PCO and capsulotomy rates with different IOL materials. The sandwich theory was put forward on the basis of a search for a keratoprosthesis material, which would allow maximal adhesion of the prosthesis to corneal tissue. Titanium and glass-ceramic coated titanium were found to develop better adhesion than poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The adhesion of PMMA to the corneal stromal tissue was loose, and down growth of corneal epithelial cells was seen around the prosthesis. The differences between various IOL materials were first tested with rabbit corneal tissue cultures. There was better adhesion of corneal tissue to soft, hydrophobic acrylate than to PMMA, heparin surface modified (HSM)-PMMA, silicone or hydrogel IOLs. To assess differences in protein adhesion to IOL surfaces, different IOLs were incubated for 24 hours with radioactive iodine labeled fibronectin. Soft hydrophobic acrylate (AcrySof®) showed the highest binding of fibronectin, and the differences relative to all the other materials were significant (p < 0.01-0.001), except to PMMA (p = 0.31). The sandwich theory and the results with rabbit corneal tissue cultures and the protein adhesion study in vitro were evaluated against the results found in pseudophakic autopsy eyes. Altogether, 70 autopsy eyes were analyzed. From 38 autopsy eyes containing PMMA, silicone, soft hydrophobic acrylate or hydrogel IOLs histological sections were prepared from the capsular bag and immunohistochemical analyses were performed for fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin and collagen type IV. A total of 152 specimens were analyzed. From 32 autopsy eyes containing IOLs made of PMMA, silicone, acrylate or hydrogel, IOLs were explanted from the capsular bag and immunohistochemical analysis was done on both sides of the IOLs for fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin or collagen type IV. Soft hydrophobic acrylate IOLs had significantly more adhesion of fibronectin to their surfaces than PMMA or silicone IOLs. Also, more vitronectin was attached to acrylate IOLs than to the other IOL materials. Silicone IOLs had more collagen type IV adhesion in comparison to the other IOL materials studied. In histologic sections a sandwich-like structure (anterior or posterior capsule-fibronectin-one cell layer-fibronectin-IOL surface) was seen significantly more often in eyes with acrylate IOLs than in PMMA, silicone or hydrogel IOL eyes. These studies support the sandwich theory for posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery with IOLs. The results suggest that fibronectin may be the major extracellular protein responsible for the attachment of acrylate IOLs to the capsular bag. This may represent a true bioactive bond between the IOL and the lens epithelial cells, and between the IOL and the capsular bag. This may explain the reason for clinical observations of less posterior capsular opacification and lower capsulotomy rates with the soft hydrophobic acrylate material of AcrySof® IOLs compared to the other IOL materials studied.

In this thesis three studies of the geometric structure of the (110) surface of single crystal rutile TiO2 are presented. Firstly, quantitative low energy electron diffraction (LEED-IV) data acquired from TiO2(110)(1x1) are reanalysed to confirm the integrity of the previously reported optimized geometries by performing structural optimisation as a function of depth into the selvedge. The second study addresses the geometry of the x-linked (1x2) reconstruction of the same surface. Again, LEED-IV data are analysed to quantitatively determine the surface structure. Part of this effort involved substantial development of the code (SATLEED) employed for simulating the experimental data, to allow simultaneous optimisation of more than one surface termination. In contrast to recent scanning probe work, the analysis indicates that the surface consists of two differently relaxed Ti2O3 added rows. The last study concerns ab initio calculations of the structure of benzoate on TiO2(110)(1x1). Of particular interest is the impact of surface coverage on the orientation of the benzene ring. It is predicted that the benzene ring twists and tilts away from high symmetry with increasing coverage due to adsorbate-adsorbate interactions. No evidence is found to support the formation of benzoate dimers or trimers, as was concluded in earlier experimental work.

The aim of this thesis is to describe in detail three military campaigns of Emperor Charles IV. (1316 - 1378) within the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. It uses diplomatic and narrative historical sources to map the political circumstances, proces, and military aspects of the three given campaigns. The first campaign is Charles IV's struggle for power over the Holy Roman Empire in the years 1347 - 1349. The second is the military expedition against counts of Württemberg in 1360. The third conflict is Emperor's conquest of Mark Brandenburg, connected with the pursuit of a second electoral vote for the house of Luxembourgs, which took place in the years 1371 - 1373. The thesis tries to be beneficial to the question of the role, that the use of military power might have had in the politics of Charles IV. By comparing the process and circumstances of the three given conflicts, the thesis aims to confirm or deny the existence any kind of specific military-strategic doctrine of Charles IV. One of the discussed problems is also the structure of the armyies that Charles IV had at his disposal during the studied campaigns. It seeks to answer, whether the core of Emperor's forces was made rather by noblemen of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, or for example mercenaries hired in various locations of the...

Although Philippe de Mézières (ca 1327-1405) was born into a not very influential gentry family from northern France, his steep career brought him to the Holy Land. As a diplomat and an ardent supporter of the idea of the Crusades, he got to visit the most important European royal courts, thus securing the attention of historians. He consciously reflects the political and social climate in Europe at the time, he explores religious issues and even own experiences - in short, de Mézières vast literary work is one of the most remarkable images of Europe during the late Middle Ages and the thinking of a medieval man of a high social status. Thanks to Philippe de Mézières' presence at the Royal Court of Charles IV in Prague and their likely meeting in Paris in 1378, we can trace evident links to Luxembourg politics in his work, to the Czech Kingdom and even to Charles IV himself, including his son Wenceslas. As a Crusades theoretician, de Mézières got himself involved in the highest levels of European politics, yet he constantly emphasized the need for morality, peace and cohesiveness in the courts. The thesis uses an example of one of de Mézières' later works, his Letter to Richard II (Epistre au roi Richarti, 1395), to explore diplomatic ties in Western Europe in the fourteenth century and pursues...

In this critical analysis an attempt has been made to compare two Russian monarchs who both left a deep impression on Russia with the help of foreign and Soviet literature. Because of the fact that the strictly literary material was very limited, I had to turn to historical books of various periods and of different countries. These, however, have proved valuable in exposing me to quite contrasting points of view. Both men lend themselves exceptionally well to comparison because many of their doings are almost identical in purpose and vary only in the methods of execution. Soviet historiography has capitalized on this fact and has used literature as a means of showing Ivan the Terrible as a precursor of Peter the Great. At the same time Soviet literature is making an effort to emulate him for the adulation of the Soviet citizenry. Soviet literature today recognizes him as the great centralizer of Russia and the liquidator of the obstructing aristocracy. This comparison stresses the actions and feelings of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great in similar circumstances and situations. The system of treating the two tsars in almost identical situations has been followed right through this thesis in which I examine them in retrospect, i.e. from a distance 400 and 250 years respectively. Despite my efforts to visualize the tsars clearly, to compare, and to evaluate them and their actions "sine ira et studio", I may have fallen short of the desired standard, for it is quite difficult to deal with subjects as controversial as Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great in a truly objective manner. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate