Introduction: High levels of bilirubin in newborns can cause permanent neurodevelopmental disabilities, and it is crucial to keep the incidence low. However, the Swedish Neonatal Register revealed a high incidence of extreme neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (bilirubin ≥425 umol/L) in Region Örebro County during 2014-2019, and the reason behind this is unknown. Aim: This study aimed to review cases of extreme neonatal hyperbilirubinemia regarding the compliance to the local guidelines, and to explore potential benefits of an alternative method considering bilirubin’s rate of rise, the ruler method. Method: In this case series, a retrospective medical record review was performed on 63 newborns who were delivered at ≥35 gestational weeks and developed extreme hyperbilirubinemia before or during an admission to a hospital in Region Örebro County within the first 14 days of life (2014-2020). Results: The incidence was 2.7 cases per 1000 live births during 2014-2020. Forty-three (68.3%) cases were related to failed detection/treatment initiation and 20 (31.7%) to failed treatment. Out of the newborns classified as failed detection/treatment initiation, 27 individual newborns (62.8%) could potentially have been prevented from developing extreme hyperbilirubinemia if there were no cases of non-compliance (30.2%), if a pre-discharge screening had been performed (14.0%) and if the ruler method had been applied (19/31 investigated). Conclusion: The local guidelines used in Region Örebro County might not be sufficient in preventing the development of extreme neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. However, mandatory pre-discharge screening and a consideration of bilirubin’s current rate of rise when scheduling follow-ups could potentially lower the incidence further.

Introduction: Prolonged neonatal jaundice is defined as persistent jaundice at two-three weeksof age. Prolonged neonatal jaundice is usually harmless but one in 2500 newborns have jaundicedue to cholestasis, why further investigation must be made. Region Örebro County introduced anew referral routine for prolonged neonatal jaundice 2021-02-12 that allows for follow up inLindesberg or Karlskoga instead of Örebro alone, and only three variables need to be mentionedfor the referrals to be considered complete, contrary to previous six. Aim: To compare Region Örebro County’s current and previous referral routine for prolongedneonatal jaundice in regard to compliance and complete referrals. Methods: A chart review was performed of all children born in Region Örebro County between2021-02-12 and 2022-02-01 with either sampled bilirubin and/or diagnosis code p.55, p.57-59. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between the routines regarding stoolcolour (p=0.004), general condition (p<0.001), complete referrals (p<0.001) and length ofinvestigation (p<0.001). Significantly fewer patients were lost during investigation (p<0.002) orhad no feedback on their test results (p<0.011). Two cases of cholestasis were found. The meanvalue of conjugated bilirubin was higher in patients who saw a doctor. Few children werereferred from Lindesberg or Karlskoga. Conclusion: The current routine had more complete referrals, shorter investigation times andless absence of feedback as well as fewer patients lost during investigation. Sick patients wereidentified before getting critically ill. Shifting the entire investigation to primary care andimplementing stool charts could possibly improve the routine further.

Most patients with pancreatic cancer will present with metastatic or locally advanced disease. Unfortunately, most patients with localized disease will experience recurrence even after multimodality therapy. As such, pancreatic cancer patients arrive at a common endpoint where decisions pertaining to palliative care come to the forefront. This article summarizes surgical, endoscopic, and other palliative techniques for relief of obstructive jaundice, relief of duodenal or gastric outlet obstruction, and relief of pain due to invasion of the celiac plexus. It also introduces the utility of the palliative care triangle in clarifying a patient's and family's goals to guide decision making.

A Síndrome de Gilbert é caracterizada por uma hiperbilirrubinemia indireta benigna que ocorre na ausência de hemólise ou doença estrutural do fígado. Manifesta-se por episódios intermitentes de icterícia, desencadeados por exposição a estressores físicos, baixa ingesta calórica, entre outros. A base genética da redução da atividade da enzima UDP - Glucoroniltransferase foi descoberta em 1995: em uma população caucasiana. Todos os pacientes estudados apresentaram uma adição dos nucleotídeos Timina-Adenina (TA) na região TATA box presente no promotor do gene UGT1A1, em ambos os alelos. Embora considerada uma condição benigna, a síndrome de Gilbert tem sido recentemente associada à hiperbilirrubinemia e a outros efeitos colaterais na utilização de algumas drogas como o Indinavir e Irinotecan. Outro ponto importante diz respeito ao nível de bilirrubina sérica como um indicador da severidade do acometimento de hepatopatas. A presença de mutação no gene UGT1A1 em pacientes hepatopatas pode levar ao aumento da bilirrubina sérica, supervalorizando o acometimento hepático da condição patológica. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a frequência do alelo UGT1A1*28 em doadores de sangue da Fundação Pró-sangue Hemocentro de São Paulo HC-FMUSP e em pacientes portadores de hepatite crônica C atendidos no ambulatório de Gastroenterologia Clínica da FMUSP. Relacionar o genótipo TA7/7 com o aumento de bilirrubina sérica nos pacientes com hepatite crônica C e avaliar a técnica de análise de fragmento no rastreamento e genotipagem da Síndrome de Gilbert. A frequência encontrada para o genótipo TA7/7 no grupo doador foi de 9% (30/313) e no grupo de pacientes VHC, de 10% (51/494). O genótipo TA7/7 parece estar relacionado com o aumento de bilirrubina. A técnica de análise de fragmentos mostrou-se rápida, sendo possível para fazer uma análise em grande escala. A herança genética da população brasileira é muito heterogênea. É constituída de caucasianos, africanos, indios, orientais e outros. Os dados sugerem que a variação genética da região promotora do gene UGT1A1 é alta entre pacientes com bilirrubina maior que 1mg/dL, e que a genotipagem para UGT1A1*28 deve ser considerada na avaliação dos pacientes com hepatite C crônica com hiperbilirrubinemia. / Gilberts syndrome is a benign condition characterized by unconjugated hiperbilurubinemia that occurs in the absence of hemolysis or liver chronic disease. It is clinically manifested by intermittently jaundice, triggered by exposition to physical stress, low calory diet, among others. The genetic base is the reduction of the activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme described in 1995: in a Caucasian population, all patients studied presented a Thymine Adenine (TA) addition in the TATA box region in both alleles of the UGT1A1 gene promoter. Although, Gilberts syndrome has been considered a benign condition, recently it has been associated to hiperbilirrubinemia and other adverse events during the utilization of some drugs such as Indinavir and Irinotecan. Another important issue to consider is that bilirubin is used to evaluate the severity of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases. The presence of this mutation in those patients could increase bilirubin levels, overestimating liver damage. The aim of this study were: 1) to verify the frequency of the genotype UGT1A1*28 (TA7/7) in blood donors and in chronic hepatitis C patients from the Gastroenterology outpatients clinics of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine; 2) to establish a relationship with TA7/7 genotype and bilirubin elevation in chronic hepatitis C patients and 3) to evaluate the fragment analysis technique to screening and genotyping the Gilbert syndrome. The frequencies of TA7/7 genotype found in blood donors group were 9.6% (30/313) and in the chronic hepatitis C group were 10% (51/494). The TA7/7 genotype seems to be related with increase of bilirubin. The fragment analysis technique is fast and able to a large scale screening approach. The genetic background of Brazilian population is highly heterogeneous. It is comprised of Caucasians, Africans, Indians, Orientals and others. The data suggests that genetic variation of promoter region of UGT1A1 gene is high among patients with bilirubin levels greater than 1 mg/dl, and UGT1A1*28 genotypes should be considered when evaluating chronic hepatitis C patients with hiperbilirubinemia.

Οι ασθενείς µε αποφρακτικό ίκτερο, ιδιαίτερα όταν εκτίθενται στο επιπρόσθετο stress ενός επεµβατικού διαγνωστικού ή θεραπευτικού χειρισµού, είναι επιρρεπείς στην ανάπτυξη σηπτικών επιπλοκών και νεφρικής δυσλειτουργίας που οδηγούν σε υψηλά ποσοστά νοσηρότητας και θνητότητας. Πειραµατικές και κλινικές µελέτες έχουν δείξει ότι ο αποφρακτικός ίκτερος προκαλεί δυσλειτουργία του βλεννογόνιου εντερικού φραγµού, οδηγώντας σε ενδοτοξιναιµία, η οποία φαίνεται να διαδραµατίζει κεντρικό ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη των επιπλοκών αυτών. Η απουσία χολής µεταβάλλει τη λειτουργία του εντερικού φραγµού χωρίς να διασπά τη συνέχεια του επιθηλίου. Οι µοριακοί µηχανισµοί που ενέχονται στο φαινόµενο αυτό δεν έχουν αποσαφηνιστεί. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή επιχειρεί να διερευνήσει την επίδραση του πειραµατικού αποφρακτικού ικτέρου στην έκφραση της αποφραξίνης, δοµικού συστατικού των αποφρακτικών ενώσεων, στον εντερικό βλεννογόνο, στην απόπτωση και στον πολλαπλασιασµό των επιθηλιακών κυττάρων στις κρύπτες και στα επίπεδα οξειδωτικού stress στο έντερο. Επιπλέον, σε µια προσπάθεια θεραπευτικής παρέµβασης, διερευνήθηκε ο πιθανός ρόλος των ρυθµιστικών εντερικών πεπτιδίων bombesin (BBS) και neurotensin (NT) στις ανωτέρω παραµέτρους, καθώς και στην ιστολογία και στα επίπεδα οξειδωτικού stress στο ήπαρ. Προηγούµενες µελέτες έχουν δείξει ότι τα πεπτίδια αυτά εξασκούν ένα ευρύ φάσµα δράσεων στον εντερο-ηπατικό άξονα και βελτιώνουν την ακεραιότητα του γαστρεντερικού βλεννογόνου έπειτα από την επίδραση διαφόρων βλαπτικών παραγόντων. Η απουσία χολής ενδοαυλικά, αποστερεί τον εντερικό βλεννογόνο από τις βακτηριοστατικές, αντι-ενδοτοξινικές και τροφικές της ιδιότητες, οδηγώντας σε αύξηση των βακτηριδίων και της ενδοτοξίνης ενδοαυλικά και σε εντερική ατροφία. Οι µεταβολές αυτές προάγουν τη µετακίνηση βακτηρίων και ενδοτοξινών στην πυλαία φλέβα και ακολούθως, µέσω µιας κατασταλµένης εκκαθαριστικής ικανότητας των κυττάρων Kupffer εξαιτίας της χολόστασης, στη συστηµατική κυκλοφορία. Η συστηµατική ενδοτοξιναιµία ενεργοποιεί τη συστηµατική φλεγµονώδη απάντηση, η οποία σχετίζεται µε τη δυσλειτουργία που αναπτύσσεται σε αποµακρυσµένα όργανα, ενώ συνεισφέρει και στην περαιτέρω επιδείνωση της λειτουργίας του εντερικού φραγµού και της ηπατικής βλάβης. Τα αποτελέσµατα της παρούσας µελέτης επιβεβαίωσαν την παρουσία πυλαίας και συστηµατικής ενδοτοξιναιµίας σε εξωηπατική απόφραξη των χοληφόρων. Η προκαλούµενη από τον αποφρακτικό ίκτερο ατροφία του εντερικού βλεννογόνου τεκµηριώθηκε µε µορφοµετρική ανάλυση και µε µετρήσεις του DNA και της πρωτεΐνης. Ένας πιθανός µηχανισµός προαγωγής της ατροφίας του εντερικού βλεννογόνου είναι η διαταραχή της ισορροπίας µεταξύ κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασµού και κυτταρικού θανάτου στις κρύπτες, µε αύξηση της απόπτωσης και µείωση της µιτωτικής δραστηριότητας. Επίσης, ο αποφρακτικός ίκτερος οδήγησε σε αύξηση του οξειδωτικού stress στο έντερο, όπως τεκµηριώνεται από την αύξηση της υπεροξείδωσης των λιπιδίων, της οξείδωσης των πρωτεϊνών, της οξειδωµένης γλουταθειόνης (GSSG), των ολικών µη πρωτεϊνικών µεικτών δισουλφιδίων (NPSSR), και των πρωτεϊνικών δισουλφιδίων (PSSP), ενώ µειώθηκε το αντιοξειδωτικό µόριο της ανηγµένης γλουταθειόνης (GSH). Η ενδοτοξιναιµία και οι αυξηµένες συγκεντρώσεις χολικών αλάτων αποτελούν σηµαντικούς διεγέρτες της παραγωγής δραστικών µεταβολιτών οξυγόνου. Η παρουσία οξειδωτικού stress στο έντερο συνεισφέρει στην προαγωγή της αποπτωτικής διεργασίας και στην αναστολή του κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασµού στις κρύπτες, οδηγώντας σε ατροφία του βλεννογόνου. Ένα άλλο πρωτότυπο εύρηµα αυτής της µελέτης είναι η διαταραχή του παρακυττάριου φραγµού του εντέρου στα πειραµατόζωα µε αποφρακτικό ίκτερο, η οποία τεκµηριώνεται µε την απώλεια της έκφρασης της αποφραξίνης περίπου στο 50% των επιθηλιακών κυττάρων στο κορυφαίο τµήµα της λάχνης. Συνεπώς, το άνοιγµα της παρακυττάριας οδού φαίνεται να είναι ένας σηµαντικός παράγων στη διαφυγή ενδοτοξίνης από τον εντερικό αυλό στην πυλαία κυκλοφορία. Η ενδοτοξιναιµία, η απελευθέρωση στη συστηµατική κυκλοφορία µεσολαβητών φλεγµονής και η παρουσία οξειδωτικού stress στο έντερο πιθανώς σχετίζονται µε τη µεταβολή της έκφρασης της αποφραξίνης στον εντερικό βλεννογόνο. Επιπλέον, στον αποφρακτικό ίκτερο ανεβρέθηκε µια διαβάθµιση της έκφρασης της αποφραξίνης κατά µήκος της λάχνης, µε µεγαλύτερη απώλεια της έκφρασής της στο άνω τριτηµόριο, µικρότερη στο µέσο και ακόµα µικρότερη στην κρύπτη. Μια πιθανή εξήγηση αυτής της διαβάθµισης της απώλειας της έκφρασης της αποφραξίνης είναι ότι, δεδοµένου ότι η ανανέωση του επιθηλίου γίνεται από την κρύπτη προς την κορυφή, τα κύτταρα της κορυφής της λάχνης έχουν εκτεθεί για περισσότερο χρονικό διάστηµα στις συνθήκες οξειδωτικού stress που επικρατούν στο έντερο. Τα ρυθµιστικά εντερικά πεπτίδια, BBS και ΝΤ, δρώντας είτε άµεσα, µέσω ειδικών υποδοχέων των επιθηλιακών κυττάρων του εντέρου, είτε έµµεσα, βελτιώνοντας τη µικροκυκλοφορία του εντέρου, αποκατέστησαν την έκφραση της αποφραξίνης στον εντερικό βλεννογόνο, µείωσαν σηµαντικά την απόπτωση και το οξειδωτικό stress και ανέστρεψαν την εντερική ατροφία. Η πρόληψη, από τα ρυθµιστικά πεπτίδια, των επαγόµενων από τον αποφρακτικό ίκτερο κυτταρικών και βιοχηµικών µεταβολών του εντερικού βλεννογόνου, οδήγησε σε σηµαντική µείωση της πυλαίας και συστηµατικής ενδοτοξιναιµίας. Επιπλέον, η BBS και η ΝΤ, εξασκώντας αντιοξειδωτική δράση και στο ήπαρ, προστατεύουν από δυο µείζονες παράγοντες ηπατικής βλάβης κατά τη χολόσταση, που είναι το οξειδωτικό stress και η ενδοτοξιναιµία, οδηγώντας σε βελτίωση των ιστολογικών αλλοιώσεων της αποφρακτικής χολαγγειοπάθειας. Συµπερασµατικά, τα αποτελέσµατα της παρούσας µελέτης δείχνουν ότι η δυσλειτουργία του εντερικού φραγµού στον αποφρακτικό ίκτερο σχετίζεται µε την επαγωγή κυτταρικών και βιοχηµικών µεταβολών στον εντερικό βλεννογόνο, οι οποίες χαρακτηρίζονται από κατά τόπους απώλεια της έκφρασης της αποφραξίνης, πρόκληση οξειδωτικού stress και επαγωγή της απόπτωσης. Τα ρυθµιστικά εντερικά πεπτίδια BBS και ΝΤ προλαµβάνοντας τις µεταβολές αυτές του εντερικού βλεννογόνου µειώνουν σηµαντικά την πυλαία και συστηµατική ενδοτοξιναιµία. Επίσης, εξασκούν προστατευτική δράση εναντίον του οξειδωτικού stress στο ήπαρ και διαφυλάσσουν την αρχιτεκτονική του πυλαίου διαστήµατος. Η συνδυασµένη ευεργετική επίδραση των ρυθµιστικών πεπτιδίων, τόσο στη δυσλειτουργία του εντερικού φραγµού και την ενδοτοξιναιµία, που ευθύνονται για την ανάπτυξη σηπτικών επιπλοκών και βλάβης αποµακρυσµένων οργάνων, όσο και στο οξειδωτικό stress και την ιστολογία του ήπατος, εισηγούνται µια νέα θεραπευτική προσέγγιση στον αποφρακτικό ίκτερο. Όπωσδήποτε απαιτούνται περαιτέρω µελέτες για τη διευκρίνιση των µηχανισµών δράσης και πιθανών παρενεργειών της BBS και της ΝΤ πριν την εφαρµογή τους στην κλινική πράξη. / Patients with obstructive jaundice, especially when exposed to the additional stress of an invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, are prone to septic complications and renal dysfunction contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that obstructive jaundice compromises intestinal barrier function resulting in endotoxemia, which appears to play a key role in the development of these complications. Lack of bile alters intestinal epithelial barrier function without disrupting epithelial continuity. The molecular mechanisms implicated in this phenomenon are poorly understood. This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of experimental obstructive jaundice on the expression of the key tight junction-associated protein occludin in the intestinal epithelium, epithelial cell apoptosis and proliferation in crypts and intestinal oxidative stress. In addition, in an attempt for therapeutic intervention in obstructive jaundice, we have explored the potential positive effect of gut regulatory peptides bombesin (BBS) and neurotensin (NT) on the above-described parameters and on liver histology and oxidative stress. These factors exert a wide spectrum of actions on the gut-liver axis and they improve gastrointestinal mucosa integrity after various injurious insults. The results of our study showed that experimental obstructive jaundice results in portal and aortic endotoxaemia. In jaundiced rats, there was total loss of occludin expression in numerous enterocytes and this effect was most profound at the upper third of the villi, while a gradient of positivity existed from crypt to tip. Intestinal cell apoptosis in crypts was significantly increased, while mitotic activity was reduced. This imbalance of cell proliferation and death in crypts was accompanied by induction of mucosal atrophy, as evidenced by morphometrical analysis and decreased DNA and protein content. Moreover, obstructive jaundice induced intestinal oxidative stress demonstrated by increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, GSSG, NPSSR, PSSP and reduction of GSH. Administration of BBS or NT significantly reduced portal and systemic endotoxaemia. These agents restored occludin expression in the intestinal epithelium to the control state, significantly reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress and reversed mucosal atrophy. Moreover, both agents significantly ameliorated liver injury, as demonstrated by improvement of obstructive cholangiopathy, reduction of hepatic oxidative stress and prevention of neutrophilic accumulation in portal tracts. Absence of intraluminal bile deprives the gut from its bacteriostatic, endotoxin-neutralizing and mucosal-trophic effect leading to increased intestinal bacterial and endotoxin load and mucosal atrophy. These alterations promote bacterial and endotoxin translocation into portal circulation and subsequently, through a decreased clearance capacity of Kupffer cells because of cholestasis, into systemic circulation. Systemic endotoxemia activates a systemic inflammatory response, which is associated with dysfunction of remote organs, while it further aggravates intestinal barrier dysfunction and cholestatic liver injury. Endotoxin and bile acids represent important sources of reactive oxygen species formation. We have demonstrated increased intestinal oxidative stress in obstructive jaundice, which possibly contributes to induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation in intestinal crypts, leading to mucosal atrophy. Another novel finding of this study is that the intestinal paracellular barrier in jaundiced rats is disrupted, as evidenced by loss of expression of the key tight junction-associated protein occludin in approximately 50% of enterocytes at the upper third of the villi. Therefore, the opened paracellular route may significantly contribute to the escape of endotoxin from the intestinal lumen into portal circulation. Endotoxemia, systemic release of inflammatory mediators and intestinal oxidative stress are possibly associated with decreased occludin expression. A possible explanation for the gradient of occludin expression from crypt to tip is that the cells at the tip of the villi have been exposed for a longer duration to the oxidative intestinal environment of jaundiced rats since epithelial renewal takes place from crypt to tip. Gut regulatory peptides, BBS and NT, acting either directly, through specific receptors located in intestinal epithelial cells, or indirectly, through improvement of intestinal microcirculation, prevent the above-described cellular and biochemical alterations of the intestinal mucosa, leading to lower portal and systemic endotoxin concentrations. Moreover, exerting an antioxidant effect on the liver as well, they prevent two major factors in the promotion of cholestatic liver injury, oxidative stress and endotoxemia, leading to significant amelioration of obstructive cholangiopathy. In conclusion, the results of the present study show that obstructive jaundice-induced gut barrier dysfunction is associated with regional loss of occludin expression in the intestinal epithelium, increased intestinal oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis / inhibition of proliferation in crypts leading to intestinal atrophy. Gut regulatory peptides BBS and NT exerting beneficial effects on these cellular and biochemical alterations of the intestinal mucosa prevent portal and systemic endotoxaemia. Moreover, these factors exert a protective action on portal tract architecture and hepatic oxidative stress. The combined beneficial effects of regulatory peptides on intestinal barrier dysfunction and endotoxemia, which account for septic complications and dysfunction of remote organs, and on liver oxidative status and histology, provide a novel therapeutic approach for obstructive jaundice. However, further investigation to elucidate the details of the functional mechanisms and possible side effects of BBS and NT are needed before any clinical application.

Ο στόχος της παρούσας μελέτης είναι να διερευνηθεί η σχέση μεταξύ του οξειδωτικού στρες και του ικτέρου στα θηλαστικά in vivo, χρησιμοποιώντας ένα πειραματικό μοντέλο αποφρακτικού ικτέρου στους αρουραίους, καθώς επίσης και στο αίμα ανθρώπων με τον αποφρακτικό ίκτερο κακοήθους προέλευσης. Ειδικότερα, το οξειδωτικό στρες αξιολογήθηκε άμεσα με τη μέτρηση του σχηματισμού της ελεύθερης ρίζας του σουπεροξειδίου (του κεντρικού παράγοντα του οξειδωτικού στρες) και έμμεσα από την υπεροξείδωση λιπιδίων στις διαφορετικές περιοχές εγκεφάλου και σε ορισμένα εσωτερικά όργανα των αρουραίων (έντερο, συκώτι, καρδιά και νεφρό) και στο πλάσμα των ανθρώπων με τον αποφρακτικό ίκτερο. Διαπιστώθηκε ότι η ελεύθερη ρίζα του σουπεροξειδίου αυξάνεται στον εγκεφαλικό φλοιό 67%, τον μεσεγκέφαλο 37%, το συκώτι 75%, το νεφρό 87%, το έντερο 124% και στο ανθρώπινο αίμα 33%, ενώ τα λιπιδικά υπεροξείδια αυξήθηκαν στο νεφρό 30%, το έντερο 15% και το αίμα 128%. Η αύξηση στην ελεύθερη ρίζα του σουπεροξειδίου στο ανθρώπινο αίμα αποδόθηκε στην οξειδάση της ξανθίνης επειδή μειώθηκε στα επίπεδα των μαρτύρων όταν προεπωάστηκε με τον ειδικό αναστολέα της, την αλλοπουρινόλη. Η μελέτη είναι σημαντική όχι μόνο επειδή αποκαλύπτει τον κεντρικό ρόλο της ελεύθερης ρίζας του σουπεροξειδίου στους παθολογικές καταστάσεις όπως ο ίκτερος, αλλά και επειδή εισάγει την ελεύθερη ρίζα του σουπεροξειδίου ως έναν νέο κλινικό δείκτη στους ανθρώπους. / The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and jaundice in mamals in vivo, using an experimental obstructive jaundice model in rats, as well as in the blood of humans with obstructive jaundice of malignant origin. In particular, oxidative stress was assessed directly by measuring the rate of formation of superoxide radical (the central factor of oxidative stress), and indirectly by lipid peroxidation in different brain areas and in certain internal organs of rats (gut, liver, heart and kidney) and in plasma of humans with obstructive jaundice. It was found that superoxide radical was elevated in the cerebral cortex 67%, midbrain 37%, liver 75%, kidney 87%, gut 124% and in human blood 33%, while lipid peroxides were elevated in kidney 30%, gut 15% and blood 128%. The increase of superoxide radical in human blood was attributed to xanthine oxidase because it was decreased to control levels by its specific inhibitor allopurinol. The study is important not only because it uncovers the central role of superoxide radical in pathological conditions such as jaundice, but also because it introduces superoxide radical as a new clinical marker in humans.

A icterícia por hiperbilirrubinemia indireta afeta mais de 60% dos recém-nascidos a termo. O tratamento, quando necessário, é realizado através da fototerapia. Não existem estudos na literatura avaliando os efeitos da fototerapia na função dos neutrófilos de recém-nascidos. O melhor entendimento da função dos neutrófilos nos recém-nascidos antes e após a fototerapia seria importante para avaliar as possíveis repercussões na expressão dos neutrófilos desencadeadas pelo tratamento fototerápico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a função dos neutrófilos, através da mensuração pela citometria de fluxo da expressão dos principais marcadores de superfície em recémnascidos ictéricos, antes e após 24 horas de fototerapia. Metodologia: Foram incluídos recém-nascidos com idade gestacional ≥ 35 semanas e peso de nascimento ≥ 2000g, que possuiam critérios da Academia Americana de Pediatria para tratamento fototerápico. Os critérios de exclusão foram: mal-formações congênitas, síndromes com alterações cromossômicas, erro inato do metabolismo, infecções do grupo STORCH, asfixia neonatal, sepse ou suspeita de sepse, exsanguineotransfusão, transfusão de hemocomponentes e uso de imunoglobulina. Foi realizada a avaliação de expressão da intensidade média de fluorescência (IMF) de CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD62L, CD64 e CD66, antes do início e após 24 horas do início da fototerapia. Foram utilizados o teste T de Student para análise dos dados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 25 recém-nascidos no estudo, com idade mediana de 53 (27.5-75.5) horas de vida e bilirrubina média de 13.6±2.85 mg/dL. Não houve diferença estatística na expressão de CD11b, CD15, CD18, CD62L, CD64 e percentual de neutrófilos antes e após 24 horas de fototerapia. Ocorreu aumento da expressão de CD10 8 (p=0.038) e CD16 (p=0.017) e redução da expressão de CD11c (p=0.023) e CD66acde (p=0.004) após 24 horas de fototerapia. Conclusão: Os recém-nascidos submetidos ao tratamento fototerápico apresentaram aumento da expressão de CD10 e de CD16 e diminuição da expressão de CD11c e de CD66acde após 24 horas de exposição, que pode estar relacionado a um efeito antiinflamatório da fototerapia nos recém-nascidos expostos a este tratamento. / Jaundice due to indirect hyperbilirubinemia affects more than 60% of term neonates. The treatment when necessary is carried out using phototherapy. There are no studies in the literature evaluating the effect of phototherapy on the function of neonates' neutrophils. A better understanding of the function of neutrophils in neonates before and after phototherapy would be important in order to assess potential effects on the expression of neutrofils triggered by the phototherapy treatment. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the function of neutrophils by measuring the expression of the main surface markers in icteric neonates, using flow cytometry, before and after 24 hours of phototherapy. Methodology: Neonates at a gestational age ≥ 35 weeks and at a birth weight ≥ 2000g who met the criteria of the American Academy of Pediatrics for phototherapy were included. The exclusion criteria were: congenital malformations, syndromes with chromosomal alterations, inborn errors of metabolism, infections of the STORCH group, neonatal asphyxia, sepsis or suspicion of sepsis, exchange transfusion, transfusion of blood components, and use of immunoglobulin. The evaluation of the MFI expression of CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD62L, CD64 and CD66 was performed before and 24 hours after the initiation of phototherapy. The chi-square and Student T tests were used for data analysis. Results: Twenty-five neonates were included in the study at the mean age of 53 (27.5- 75.5) hours of life and with a mean bilirubin level of 13.6±2.85 mg/dL. There was no statistical difference in the expression of CD11b, CD15, CD18, CD62L, CD64 and percentage of neutrophils before and after 24 hours of phototherapy. There was an increase in the expression of CD10 (p=0.038) and CD16 (p=0.017) and a reduction in 10 the expression of CD11c (p=0.023) and CD66acde (p=0.004) after 24 hours of phototherapy. Conclusion: The newborns submitted to phototherapy had increased expression of CD10 and CD16 and decreased expression of CD11c and CD66acde after 24 hours of exposure, which may be related to an anti-inflammatory effect of phototherapy on the neonates exposed to this treatment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:48:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3509.pdf: 647335 bytes, checksum: 1d4b550cc3ad5d9481b841e6ffbffc7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-09 / Hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice is the result of overproduction or decreased excretion of bilirubin, this process can occur in newborns high or low risk. This disorder causes the appearance of a yellowish skin and sclera, and phototherapy the most common choice for treatment. The installation of phototherapy is part of routine care in hospitals, but for parents of newborns diagnosed with jaundice, this experience can be traumatic moment is central health education aimed at communication between nursing staff and parents procedures to which the newborn will be submitted. This study aims to develop and evaluate a multimedia educational resource on phototherapy guidelines for parents of newborns who will submitted to phototherapy to treat jaundice. This is an applied research that resulted in a multimedia educational resource entitled Phototherapy Orientations for the Family, which demonstrates the procedures necessary for the effectiveness of the treatment of jaundice. It is hoped that the results may support proposals for interventions and new research to assess the educational resource development. / Hiperbilirrubinemia ou icterícia é o resultado do excesso de produção ou excreção diminuída da bilirrubina, tal processo pode acometer recém-nascidos (RN) de alto ou de baixo risco. Este distúrbio causa o aparecimento de uma coloração amarelada da pele e da esclera, sendo a fototerapia a opção mais comum para o tratamento. A instalação da fototerapia faz parte da rotina de cuidados prestados no ambiente hospitalar, porém, para os pais de RN com diagnóstico de icterícia, vivenciar este momento pode ser traumático, sendo fundamental educação em saúde objetivando a comunicação entre a equipe de enfermagem e os pais sobre os procedimentos aos quais o RN será submetido. Este estudo tem por objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um recurso educacional multimídia sobre fototerapia para orientações de pais de RN que será submetido a fototerapia para o tratamento da icterícia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa aplicada que teve como resultado um recurso educacional multimídia, intitulado Fototerapia Orientações para a Família, que demonstra os procedimentos necessários para a efetividade do tratamento da icterícia. Espera-se que os resultados obtidos possam subsidiar propostas de intervenção bem como novas pesquisas para avaliação do recurso educacional desenvolvido

A icterícia por hiperbilirrubinemia indireta afeta mais de 60% dos recém-nascidos a termo. O tratamento, quando necessário, é realizado através da fototerapia. Não existem estudos na literatura avaliando os efeitos da fototerapia na função dos neutrófilos de recém-nascidos. O melhor entendimento da função dos neutrófilos nos recém-nascidos antes e após a fototerapia seria importante para avaliar as possíveis repercussões na expressão dos neutrófilos desencadeadas pelo tratamento fototerápico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a função dos neutrófilos, através da mensuração pela citometria de fluxo da expressão dos principais marcadores de superfície em recémnascidos ictéricos, antes e após 24 horas de fototerapia. Metodologia: Foram incluídos recém-nascidos com idade gestacional ≥ 35 semanas e peso de nascimento ≥ 2000g, que possuiam critérios da Academia Americana de Pediatria para tratamento fototerápico. Os critérios de exclusão foram: mal-formações congênitas, síndromes com alterações cromossômicas, erro inato do metabolismo, infecções do grupo STORCH, asfixia neonatal, sepse ou suspeita de sepse, exsanguineotransfusão, transfusão de hemocomponentes e uso de imunoglobulina. Foi realizada a avaliação de expressão da intensidade média de fluorescência (IMF) de CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD62L, CD64 e CD66, antes do início e após 24 horas do início da fototerapia. Foram utilizados o teste T de Student para análise dos dados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 25 recém-nascidos no estudo, com idade mediana de 53 (27.5-75.5) horas de vida e bilirrubina média de 13.6±2.85 mg/dL. Não houve diferença estatística na expressão de CD11b, CD15, CD18, CD62L, CD64 e percentual de neutrófilos antes e após 24 horas de fototerapia. Ocorreu aumento da expressão de CD10 8 (p=0.038) e CD16 (p=0.017) e redução da expressão de CD11c (p=0.023) e CD66acde (p=0.004) após 24 horas de fototerapia. Conclusão: Os recém-nascidos submetidos ao tratamento fototerápico apresentaram aumento da expressão de CD10 e de CD16 e diminuição da expressão de CD11c e de CD66acde após 24 horas de exposição, que pode estar relacionado a um efeito antiinflamatório da fototerapia nos recém-nascidos expostos a este tratamento. / Jaundice due to indirect hyperbilirubinemia affects more than 60% of term neonates. The treatment when necessary is carried out using phototherapy. There are no studies in the literature evaluating the effect of phototherapy on the function of neonates' neutrophils. A better understanding of the function of neutrophils in neonates before and after phototherapy would be important in order to assess potential effects on the expression of neutrofils triggered by the phototherapy treatment. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the function of neutrophils by measuring the expression of the main surface markers in icteric neonates, using flow cytometry, before and after 24 hours of phototherapy. Methodology: Neonates at a gestational age ≥ 35 weeks and at a birth weight ≥ 2000g who met the criteria of the American Academy of Pediatrics for phototherapy were included. The exclusion criteria were: congenital malformations, syndromes with chromosomal alterations, inborn errors of metabolism, infections of the STORCH group, neonatal asphyxia, sepsis or suspicion of sepsis, exchange transfusion, transfusion of blood components, and use of immunoglobulin. The evaluation of the MFI expression of CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD62L, CD64 and CD66 was performed before and 24 hours after the initiation of phototherapy. The chi-square and Student T tests were used for data analysis. Results: Twenty-five neonates were included in the study at the mean age of 53 (27.5- 75.5) hours of life and with a mean bilirubin level of 13.6±2.85 mg/dL. There was no statistical difference in the expression of CD11b, CD15, CD18, CD62L, CD64 and percentage of neutrophils before and after 24 hours of phototherapy. There was an increase in the expression of CD10 (p=0.038) and CD16 (p=0.017) and a reduction in 10 the expression of CD11c (p=0.023) and CD66acde (p=0.004) after 24 hours of phototherapy. Conclusion: The newborns submitted to phototherapy had increased expression of CD10 and CD16 and decreased expression of CD11c and CD66acde after 24 hours of exposure, which may be related to an anti-inflammatory effect of phototherapy on the neonates exposed to this treatment.

A Síndrome de Gilbert é caracterizada por uma hiperbilirrubinemia indireta benigna que ocorre na ausência de hemólise ou doença estrutural do fígado. Manifesta-se por episódios intermitentes de icterícia, desencadeados por exposição a estressores físicos, baixa ingesta calórica, entre outros. A base genética da redução da atividade da enzima UDP - Glucoroniltransferase foi descoberta em 1995: em uma população caucasiana. Todos os pacientes estudados apresentaram uma adição dos nucleotídeos Timina-Adenina (TA) na região TATA box presente no promotor do gene UGT1A1, em ambos os alelos. Embora considerada uma condição benigna, a síndrome de Gilbert tem sido recentemente associada à hiperbilirrubinemia e a outros efeitos colaterais na utilização de algumas drogas como o Indinavir e Irinotecan. Outro ponto importante diz respeito ao nível de bilirrubina sérica como um indicador da severidade do acometimento de hepatopatas. A presença de mutação no gene UGT1A1 em pacientes hepatopatas pode levar ao aumento da bilirrubina sérica, supervalorizando o acometimento hepático da condição patológica. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a frequência do alelo UGT1A1*28 em doadores de sangue da Fundação Pró-sangue Hemocentro de São Paulo HC-FMUSP e em pacientes portadores de hepatite crônica C atendidos no ambulatório de Gastroenterologia Clínica da FMUSP. Relacionar o genótipo TA7/7 com o aumento de bilirrubina sérica nos pacientes com hepatite crônica C e avaliar a técnica de análise de fragmento no rastreamento e genotipagem da Síndrome de Gilbert. A frequência encontrada para o genótipo TA7/7 no grupo doador foi de 9% (30/313) e no grupo de pacientes VHC, de 10% (51/494). O genótipo TA7/7 parece estar relacionado com o aumento de bilirrubina. A técnica de análise de fragmentos mostrou-se rápida, sendo possível para fazer uma análise em grande escala. A herança genética da população brasileira é muito heterogênea. É constituída de caucasianos, africanos, indios, orientais e outros. Os dados sugerem que a variação genética da região promotora do gene UGT1A1 é alta entre pacientes com bilirrubina maior que 1mg/dL, e que a genotipagem para UGT1A1*28 deve ser considerada na avaliação dos pacientes com hepatite C crônica com hiperbilirrubinemia. / Gilberts syndrome is a benign condition characterized by unconjugated hiperbilurubinemia that occurs in the absence of hemolysis or liver chronic disease. It is clinically manifested by intermittently jaundice, triggered by exposition to physical stress, low calory diet, among others. The genetic base is the reduction of the activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme described in 1995: in a Caucasian population, all patients studied presented a Thymine Adenine (TA) addition in the TATA box region in both alleles of the UGT1A1 gene promoter. Although, Gilberts syndrome has been considered a benign condition, recently it has been associated to hiperbilirrubinemia and other adverse events during the utilization of some drugs such as Indinavir and Irinotecan. Another important issue to consider is that bilirubin is used to evaluate the severity of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases. The presence of this mutation in those patients could increase bilirubin levels, overestimating liver damage. The aim of this study were: 1) to verify the frequency of the genotype UGT1A1*28 (TA7/7) in blood donors and in chronic hepatitis C patients from the Gastroenterology outpatients clinics of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine; 2) to establish a relationship with TA7/7 genotype and bilirubin elevation in chronic hepatitis C patients and 3) to evaluate the fragment analysis technique to screening and genotyping the Gilbert syndrome. The frequencies of TA7/7 genotype found in blood donors group were 9.6% (30/313) and in the chronic hepatitis C group were 10% (51/494). The TA7/7 genotype seems to be related with increase of bilirubin. The fragment analysis technique is fast and able to a large scale screening approach. The genetic background of Brazilian population is highly heterogeneous. It is comprised of Caucasians, Africans, Indians, Orientals and others. The data suggests that genetic variation of promoter region of UGT1A1 gene is high among patients with bilirubin levels greater than 1 mg/dl, and UGT1A1*28 genotypes should be considered when evaluating chronic hepatitis C patients with hiperbilirubinemia.