Since the introduction of film to Japan in the 1890s, Japanese cinema has been continually influenced by transnational processes of film production, distribution, promotion, and reception. This has led inevitably to questions about the inherent nationality of Japan's film culture, despite the fact that Japanese cinema has often been subjected to analyses of its fundamental ‘Japaneseness'. This study seeks to make an original contribution to the field of Japanese film studies by investigating the contradictory ways in which Japan has functioned as a global cinematic brand in the period 2000 to 2010, and how this is interrelated with modes of promotion and reception in the English-speaking markets of the UK and the USA. Through textual and empirical analyses of seven films from the selected period and the non-Japanese consumption of them, this thesis argues that contemporary film exports are culturally-decentred in regards to their industrial and, to some extent, aesthetic dimensions. This results from contradictory modes of ‘cultural erasure' and ‘cultural performance' in the production of certain films, whereby aesthetic traces of cultural specificity are concealed or emphasised in relation to external commercial interests. Despite strategies of cultural erasure, explicit cinematic representations of cultural specificity remain highly valued as export commodities. Moreover, in the case of contemporary Japanese film exports, there are significant issues of ‘cultural ownership' to be accounted for given the extent to which non-national industrial consortia (film producers, financers, DVD distributors, film festivals) have invested in the promotion and in some cases the production of Japanese films. Thus, both in relation to the aesthetic erasure of Japaneseness and their non-Japanese commercial identities, recent film exports can be viewed as non-national cultural products that have a commercial and cinematic identity connected to external influences as much as internal ones.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:13:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nordan Manz.pdf: 3130822 bytes, checksum: 8cddf0ff577addef073739df280c4017 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-21 / This dissertation presents tokusatsu examples, a genre that is part of the Japanese cinema and television, identifying how, since World War II, some of the most prominent characters and political metaphors aroused. After the emergence of the so called pop culture, many of these metaphors were deconstructed and depoliticized. The goal is to analyze the evolutional process of these productions, focusing on the epistemological changes, whose main symptom is, precisely, the trivialization of the issues that defined genre landmarks. The theoretical grounding rises from the works from Yoshikuni Igarashi (2011) who analyzed the birth of monstrous bodies in several Japanese media (TV, movies, Manga, etc.), as well as war and post-war symbolic representations. Beyond that, we depart from George Lakoff e Mark Johnson (2002) theories surrounding on cognitive metaphors and another specific bibliography relative to the Japanese cinema. As the research corpus four cinema and television series launched between 1954 and 1985 were analyzed: Godzilla (1954) by Ishiro Honda, first movie to present a giant monster; Ultraman (1966) by Eiji Tsuburaya, which presented discussions with ecological scope; the P-Production series, Spectremen (1971) which also questioned ecological themes and bodies control; and, finally, The fantastic Jaspion, produced by Toei Company during the 1980 decade, which received great disclosure in Brazil. We hope to contribute with a critical bibliography almost unknown in Brazil, which analyzes media tensions in Japanese political productions that, gradually, seemed to become only entertainment and consume object, widely disseminated by JPOP culture / Esta dissertação apresenta exemplificações do tokusatsu, gênero que faz parte do cinema e televisão japoneses, identificando como, a partir da 2ª Guerra Mundial, surgiram alguns dos mais importantes personagens e suas metáforas políticas. Após a emergência da chamada cultura pop, muitas destas metáforas foram descontruídas e despolitizadas. O objetivo do trabalho é analisar o processo evolutivo destas produções, focando nas mudanças epistemológicas, cujo principal sintoma é, justamente, a banalização das questões que marcaram o início do movimento. A fundamentação teórica parte da obra de Yoshikuni Igarashi (2011) que analisou o nascimento dos corpos monstruosos em diversas mídias japonesas (TV, cinema, mangá, etc.), assim como as representações simbólicas da guerra e do pós-guerra. Além disso, partimos das teorias de George Lakoff e Mark Johnson (2002) acerca das metáforas cognitivas e outras bibliografias específicas referentes ao cinema japonês. Como corpus da pesquisa foram analisadas quatro séries japonesas de cinema e televisão lançadas entre 1954 e 1985: Godzilla (1954) de Ishiro Honda, primeiro filme a apresentar um monstro gigante; Ultraman (1966) de Eiji Tsuburaya, que apresenta discussões de cunho ecológico; a série de P-Production, Spectreman (1971) que também problematiza temas ecológicos e doutrinação dos corpos; e, finalmente, O Fantástico Jaspion produzido pela Toei Company, durante a década de 1980 e teve ampla divulgação no Brasil. Espera-se contribuir com uma bibliografia crítica pouco conhecida no Brasil e que analisa as tensões entre produções midiáticas japonesas de cunho político que, gradativamente, parecem tornar-se mero entretenimento e objeto de consumo, amplamente disseminadas pela cultura JPOP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:55:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 luciosobrinho_a_me_assis.pdf: 1799076 bytes, checksum: 4ecdc97c4449c94e1fc85112e51b8c36 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Enquanto um ser sobrenatural fia numa roca uma linha transparente e frágil, um poderoso samurai, com um punho cerrado sobre sua espada, percebe que seu destino está sendo desenrolado e partir-se-á como os fios de uma teia de aranha. Outro samurai, não tão jovem, mas com a espada em riste, derrama seu sangue em terra familiar. Um menino e uma menina vestem máscaras demoníacas para sobreviver em um mundo que não admite doçura. São esses alguns dos personagens e dos temas presentes na obra de Akira Kurosawa, motivos sinistros e dolorosos demais para serem tocados pela mente comum, mas que são tomados corajosamente pelo gênio brilhante e sensível, que transforma tudo em beleza e arte. O objetivo deste ensaio é comentar o casamento da beleza e do sofrimento em seus filmes, onde também comparecem os seguintes convidados: a vida do próprio diretor, a literatura que o influenciou, a pintura e a música que admirou e que inseriu em seus filmes e, como parte essencial de qualquer trabalho científico, como Fritjoff Capra disse em O Tao da Física, minha vida também comparece aqui, como é inevitável, já que sou eu o fotógrafo deste casamento. / While a white phantom of old-man or woman devily spins a translucent and frail thread on a distaff, a powerful samurai, with a fist strongly shut upon his sword, realizes that his destiny is being unwrapped there, and knows that will be torn as easily as a thread of a spider-web. Another samurai, not so young, but with his sword still ready, suffers the bleeding of his life in the land of his owns. A boy and a girl have to dress masks of demons in order to survive in a world that doesnþt allow sweetness at all. These are some of the characters and themes often found in the works of Akira Kurosawa; sinister and painful motives, usually refused by common peopleþs minds, but courageously taken by the brilliant and sensitive genius, who turns everything of these into art and beauty. This is what we search in this essay: the wedding of beauty and suffering in his movies, where it comes too the following guests: his own life, the books he read, the paintings he admired, the music he liked to put on his films, and, as an essential part of a scientific work, like Fritjoff Capra said in The Tao of Phisics, here comes my life too, as it is inevitable, being a photographer of this wedding as I am.

Cette thèse propose une réflexion sur les spécificités du régime de représentation cinématographique en le confrontant à une autre forme de représentation avec laquelle il partage une phase analogue de mise en scène : le théâtre. L’enjeu est de comprendre comment la place du spectateur de cinéma s’élabore dans la durée et par la perpétuelle reconfiguration du point de vue, en analysant la manière dont les films de fiction rendent compte d’un premier rapport spectatoriel au seinde la réalité filmique, que celui-ci soit entretenu vis-à-vis de représentations de type théâtral ou d’éléments profilmiques théâtralisés. Afin de discerner plus aisément la manière dont une diégèse filmique superpose des actes narratifs à des actions mimétiques, les pratiques scéniques japonaises servent d’objets privilégiés d’analyse en raison de certaines de leurs caractéristiques : exploitation tridimensionnelle de l’espace de spectacle, séparation marquée des niveaux d’énonciation, rapport « présentationnel » à la réalité théâtrale, etc. L’exploration d’un large panel d’exemples de manifestations théâtrales au sein de films de fiction japonais permet ainsi de cerner la façon dont la place du spectateur extra-filmique, parfois déléguée à celle d’un substitut diégétique, est déterminée par la construction même de la réalité filmique grâce à l’association d’une mise en scène, d’une mise en cadre et d’une mise en chaîne des images / This thesis proposes a study on the characteristics of the cinematic representation by comparing it to another form of representation with which it shares a similar stage of mise-en-scène: the theatre. Our goal is to understand how the place of the film spectator is determined over time and by the perpetual reconfiguration of the filmic point of view, by analyzing how fiction films reflect an initial spectatorial vantage point in front of theatrical performances or theatrical profilmic forms withinthe filmic reality. In order to make out how the filmic diegesis combines mimetic and narrative acts, the traditional Japanese theatrical practices serve as privileged objects of analysis by virtue of their characteristics: the three-dimensional use of space, the marked partition between modes of enunciation, the “presentational” relationship to theatrical reality, etc. Thus, the exploration of a wide range of examples of theatrical performances in Japanese fiction films allow us to identify how theviewpoint of the extra-filmic spectator, sometimes delegated to the one of a diegetic substitute, is determined by the construction of the filmic reality thanks to the combination of staging, framing and editing

Parmi les cinéastes japonais apparus dans les années 1990, Nobuhiro Suwa fait figure de cinéaste aussi emblématique que singulier. Son œuvre, tout en étant représentative d’un renouveau du cinéma japonais, offre une perspective inédite sur la question de l’altérité et les moyens cinématographiques d’une représentation de l’Autre. S’appuyant sur une analyse des principaux films de l’œuvre de Suwa et sur un corpus documentaire mêlant sources européennes et japonaises, cette thèse explore les liens entre l’esthétique de Suwa et la question de l’altérité. Elle révèle, d’une part, l’influence du concept d’altérité sur les méthodes de travail, les choix esthétiques et la poétique personnelle de Suwa. Elle rend compte, d’autre part, de la manière dont les films de Suwa tiennent un propos philosophique sur l’altérité. L’analyse détaillée des œuvres du cinéaste montre que chaque film développe un point de vue sur l’altérité, en termes thématiques (l’exploration des rapports homme/femme, la question du deuil ou celle des rapports familiaux) mais aussi esthétiques et conceptuels (la question de la sincérité, de la responsabilité ou du scepticisme). Ce travail met alors en lumière la façon dont le cinéaste renouvelle, pour chaque film, les prémisses de son interrogation sur l’Autre, et y apporte de nouvelles réponses au fil de ses expérimentations esthétiques. Fondée sur un important travail de traduction, cette thèse ouvre de nouvelles voies de compréhension du cinéma japonais contemporain. Proposant une analyse précise des liens profonds qui unissent l’esthétique de Suwa à la problématique de l’altérité, elle renouvelle le regard porté sur son œuvre, et engage ainsi une réflexion plus vaste sur les rapports entre l’altérité et le cinéma / Among the Japanese filmmakers who have emerged in the 1990s, Nobuhiro Suwaappears as both a unique and an emblematic figure. While reflecting a revival of Japanese cinema his work brings an original perspective on the question of alterity, and experiments new ways of representing the Other. Building on an analysis of Suwa’s principal films, and on a set of documentary sources containing French and Japanese material, this thesis dissertation explores the links between Suwa’s aesthetics and the issue of alterity. On the one hand, it reveals the influence of the concept of otherness on Suwa’s working methods, on his aesthetic choice sand his poetics. On the other hand, it establishes how Suwa’s films develop a philosophical discourse about alterity. An in-depth analysis of the filmmaker’s work shows that each film delivers a singular point of view on otherness, in a concrete way (exploring the relationships between men and women, the issue of grief or family relationships), and through aesthetical and conceptual means (raising questions about sincerity, responsibilityor scepticism). This dissertation thus highlights the way the filmmaker reinvents the wayhe addresses alterity in each film, and how his aesthetic experiments allow him to bringnew answers.Throughout an extensive translation work, this thesis dissertation opens up new paths tounderstanding contemporary Japanese cinema. By offering a clear picture of the deepconnections binding N. Suwa’s aesthetics and the question of otherness, it gives newinsights into the meaning of his work, and discusses the links between alterity and cinema

Depuis la fin de la guerre la société japonaise connaît d’importants changements, le cinéma japonais traitant de son époque est on pourrait dire comme d’autres formes d’expressions artistiques un indicateur des mœurs, des fluctuations de la société, par le regard personnel d’un auteur. Nous verrons dans notre développement dans lequel nous nous arrêterons plus spécialement sur des œuvres « clé » comment par le prisme du personnage du « mauvais garçon », la vision d’un artiste, en l’occurrence un cinéaste prend le plus souvent racine dans une réalité sociale et générationnelle ; et dans le cas du Japon si elle est révélatrice ou non d’une « spécificité » japonaise dans le traitement du récit. Nous avons choisi une approche socio-historique pour notre travail, ainsi les deux parties de cette thèse sont divisées de la sorte : Les diverses formes de représentation des différents groupes de sous culture de la jeunesse japonaise, puis L’évocation de personnages écartés du groupe par ostracisme ou par leur propre volonté. Au cours de la première partie nous étudierons les films dits du Taiyôzoku (la tribu du soleil) tirés des écrits d’Ishihara Shintarô. Puis certains films de la nouvelle vague japonaise, la nouvelle vague dite Shôchiku (du studio du même nom). Dans un deuxième temps nous traiterons des films qui mettent en scène des jeunes appartenant aux sous cultures futenzoku (les hippies) et Bôsôzoku (les gangs de motards). Dans la seconde partie, nous analyserons les films d’Oshima Nagisa et Suzuki Seijun ayant pour sujet des « mauvais garçons ». Nous avons ensuite étudié le yakuza eiga (film de gangsters), plus particulièrement Jingi no hakaba de Fukasaku Kinji réalisé en 1965. Nous terminons notre étude avec l’évocation et les analyses de films des années 1990-2000, ceux d'Iwai shunji, Toyada Toshiaki ou encore Kitano Takeshi. / Since the end of the War, Japanese society has gone through important changes; Japanese cinema dealing with its history is, we could say, as other forms of artistic expression, an indicator of customs, fluctuations in society, through the eyes of an author.We shall see in our development, in which we will focus in particular on «key» works, how, by the means of the «bad boy» character, the vision of an artist, here a film-maker, usually takes root in a social and generational reality, and in the case of Japan, whether it is revealing or not of a specific Japanese narrative process.We have chosen a socio-historical approach to our work, thus the two parts of this thesis can be divided as follows:The various forms of representation of the different groups of Japanese youth sub-culture, and then identifying the characters ruled out by the group, either by ostracism or by their own will.First, we shall study the so-called Taiyôzoku (tribe of the sun) films, based on Ishihara Shintarô’s written works. Next, some Japanese new wave films, notably of Shôchiku genre (from the studio of the same name). Then we shall deal with films featuring young people from Futenzoku (hippies) and Bôsôzoku (biker gangs) sub-cultures.In the second part, we shall study Oshima Nagisa and Suzuki Seijun films profiling «bad boys». To end, we have studied the yakuza eiga (ganster films), in particular Jingi no hakaba (Graveyard of Honor) directed by Fukasaku Kinji in 1965.We conclude our research by reviewing and analysing 1990-2000 films, those of Iwai Shunji, Toyada Toshiaki or Kitano Takeshi.

This dissertation performs close readings of a body of well-known East Asian films. The Japanese films discussed include Kitano Takeshi's Hana-bi (1997) and Fukasaku Kinji's Battle Royale (2000). From Korea, the dissertation focuses on Peppermint Candy (1999, Lee Chang-dong), The Coast Guard (2002, Kim Ki-duk), The Chaser (2008, Na Hong-jin), and four films by Park Chan-wook: Joint Security Area (1999), Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance (2002), Oldboy (2003), and Lady Vengeance (2005). Through an analysis of these films, this dissertation argues that the narrative cinema of South Korea and Japan, produced between 1997 and 2008, uses the representation of violence to foreground and critique the ideology of capitalism. Both South Korea and Japan see substantial economic growth, collapse, and rebuilding in the twentieth century. From 1986 to 1991, Japan experienced an asset price bubble, but its collapse in 1991 led to the period known as Japan's “Lost Decade” which marked the end of the nation's post-war economic miracle. A comparable trajectory occurs in South Korea. Following significant development in the 80s and 90s, the Asian Financial Crisis brings South Korea to a halt in 1997. In what came to be locally known as the “IMF Crisis,” South Korea had to rely on a $21 billion bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund. Just as Japan's economic collapse almost immediately preceded Korea's, both countries attempt to work through the trauma of the Lost Decade and the IMF Crisis in their national cinemas. Mirroring what audiences in East Asia were experiencing, the characters in these films endure instances of violent displacement. In response to their disenfranchisement, the protagonists of films such as Hana-bi and Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance brutally lash out. But unlike in the majority of narrative cinema, the characters' violent actions do not lead to resolution. Instead, violence only creates a recursive loop where systemic inequity persists. As a result, the brutal cinema of Korea and Japan pushes the representation of violence to its limit point and reveals the tacit goal-oriented logic where it is repeatedly used as a justified means to legitimate ends. By illustrating and problematizing this idea, these films uncover how this ideology of violence is a central tenet to the larger structure that actually produced the source of alienation: neoliberal capitalism. This dissertation thus demonstrates two points. First is the way in which economic trauma in Japan resonates in Korea, a process that carries over into their respective cinemas. Second is how these films assert that the representation of violence does not merely concern issues of film and media, but rather shares a deeper connection with the dominant ideology within globalization. As the films demonstrate, capitalism ultimately benefits the capitalist, a dynamic that can only occur at the expense of the laborer. These films thus articulate the inherent violence in this worldview that disregards the wellbeing of the Other. At the same time, the films also contend that it is that single-minded impetus towards profit that fueled the economic collapse, an almost inevitable result of the region's furious adaptation of industrial capitalism in a process referred to as ‘compressed modernity.’ Less interested in the enormous prosperity resulting from modernization in the region, the films confront and lament the often neglected but equally exorbitant costs. The violent cinema of South Korea and Japan thus insists that the financial crises of the late twentieth century, the persistence of economic inequality, the cinematic representation of violence, as well as the growth of its own industries, constitute a knot that can only be understood in its totality.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第18351号 / 人博第664号 / 新制||人||160(附属図書館) / 25||人博||664(吉田南総合図書館) / 31209 / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 加藤 幹郎, 教授 服部 文昭, 教授 松田 英男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Nesta etnografia, o cinema japonês exibido na cidade de São Paulo entre as décadas de 1950 a 1980 é abordado a partir da memória de antigos freqüentadores das salas de cinema do bairro da Liberdade. O foco desta investigação são os significados locais atribuídos pelos públicos nikkei e não-nikkei aos filmes japoneses, às salas de cinema da Liberdade e à experiência de freqüentá-las. A experiência vivida é acionada pelo método da história de vida e ganha centralidade na análise por meio das reflexões suscitadas pela antropologia da experiência. / In this ethnography, the Japanese cinema which was shown in the city of São Paulo between 1950 and 1980 is evoked in the memories of old-time movie goers of the Liberdade district. This investigation focuses on the local meanings attributed by both nikkei and non-nikkei audiences to Japanese films, to Liberdades cinemas and to the experience of frequenting them. Lived experience, which is made accessible by the method of life history, becomes central to analysis in a reflexive process provoked by the anthropology of experience.