Den svenska arbetsmarknaden har genomgått en förändring på grund av pandemin och antalet arbetslösa har ökat under det senaste året. För att fortsätta söka arbete är det viktigt att bibehålla motivationen. Därför ämnade författarna att undersöka upplevelser av hur självkännedom, self-efficacy och den nära omgivningen motiverar och visar sig i arbetssökningsprocessen. Åtta respondenter som varit arbetslösa i minst fem månader intervjuades. Metoden tematisering användes vid databearbetningen och sex teman skapades. Teman diskuterades i relation till självkännedom, self-efficacy och den nära omgivningen samt dess betydelse för motivation. Resultatet visade att respondenterna använde sig av självkännedom som bidrag till den inre motivationen. Self-efficacy hade en roll i respondenternas instrumentella motivation och den nära omgivningens roll bidrog till motivation som uppstår i interaktion med andra.  Slutsatsen blev att en god självkännedom och hög self-efficacy bidrar till att upprätthålla motivationsstrategier. Rollen av socialt stöd visade sig vara viktig men inte avgörande för respondenternas motivation.

Students with disabilities in transition programs experience difficulty with finding permanent employment. This study investigated the effects of social media on employment outcomes. Participants included 37 students ages 18 to 22 with moderate to severe disabilities in transition programs in a Western state school system. The student researcher divided 37 participants into two groups: (a) social media job search, or (b) traditional job search. Participants were systematically assigned to one of two groups based on five variables: (a) gender, (b) socioeconomic status (SES), (c) daily computer usage, (d) diagnosis, and (e) participation on social media sites. Social media and traditional groups consisted of 18 and 19 participants, respectively. Groups were further subdivided into two groups of 9-10 participants with procedures carried out in an equivalent manner across those subgroups. The control groups implemented traditional job search methods while the social media groups learned to explore social media in the context of a job search. Variables included (a) job placements, (b) job interviews, and (c) job referrals. The students in all groups met twice weekly for 4 weeks. The researcher found that the social media job search group had higher numbers of job placements, interviews, and referrals compared to the traditional job search group. Seven participants in the social media job search group found employment compared to two in the traditional job search group. Within the social media job search group, there were nine job interviews compared to five in the control group. The participants in the social media job search group received 62 referrals compared to the nine received in the control group. These findings suggest social media may play a role in increasing employment activity and outcomes in post-high school job search endeavors.

Cette thèse explore différents déterminants du comportement de recherche d’emploi, dans le but de comprendre certains des obstacles au retour à l’emploi pour les travailleurs les plus défavorisés. Le premier chapitre est consacré à l’évaluation d’impact d’un programme d’accompagnement collectif innovant pour les jeunes chômeurs des zones urbaines sensibles. Ce programme semble plus efficace qu'un programme classique pour permettre l'accès à un emploi stable. L'effet le plus large est détecté parmi les participants qui sont assignés à un groupe avec des chômeurs en grande difficulté. Dans le second chapitre, j’étudie l’impact d’un choc d’information sur la recherche d’emploi et la probabilité de retour à l’emploi des chômeurs. Mes résultats suggèrent qu’apporter de l’information permettant aux chômeurs d’orienter leurs candidatures vers les entreprises qui ont le plus de chance de faire des recrutements à court-terme peut permettre de corriger certaines inégalités dans l’accès à l’emploi et stimuler la mobilité géographique. Le troisième chapitre explore les mécanismes sous-jacents derrière l’effet négatif de la durée d’assurance chômage sur le taux de retour à l’emploi. Les efforts de recherche augmentent de 25 % dans les mois qui entourent la date de fin des droits à l’assurance chômage, même lorsqu’on neutralise l’impact de la sélection dynamique. Une extension de l’assurance chômage affecte les comportements de recherche d’emploi principalement par un recul du pic dans l’intensité de la recherche d’emploi observé autour de la date de l’épuisement des droits. / My dissertation explores different determinants of job search behavior in order to highlight some obstacles in the access to jobs, in particular among disadvantaged workers. The first chapter evaluates a collective counselling program for young workers from deprived neighborhoods. This program seems more effective in helping participants access a stable job. The largest effect is found among participants assigned to groups with peers who have relatively bad employment prospects. In the second chapter, I study how an information shock affects the job search of unemployed workers and their access to employment. My findings suggest that providing information to help disadvantaged job seekers target firms which have large short-term hiring needs could contribute to correct inequalities in job access and increase geographic mobility. The third chapter explores the mechanisms behind the well-documented negative impact of unemployment insurance on re-employment rate. I highlight a 25% spike in job search intensity in the months surrounding benefits exhaustion, when controlling for dynamic selection. A benefits extension increases unemployment duration mostly by postponing the spike in search intensity associated with benefits exhaustion.

Countries with unemployment insurance (UI) program can effectively conduct a labor market policy and observe the flow of unemployed-employed. But should we just hand UI over to anyone who has no job? Do individual response to the program in terms of their decision to work or to enjoy more leisure unanimously the same across leisure type characteristic individuals? In a heterogeneous constructed labor search market we derive that introduction of the UI program increases the wage gap between the different individuals when the program impacts the productivity of firm positively. In an empirical investigation of the impact of unemployment benefits on the duration of unemployment using a job search model, we specify a distribution of duration of unemployment that we estimate using maximum likelihood estimation and find that there is in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY 97) there are 3 types of individuals and the type of leisure individuals present an adverse response to the program: An increase in UI for the highest leisure type leads to a longer duration of unemployment. Whereas the lowest values of leisure do not tend to have an extended duration of unemployment from a positive change in UI. Finally, the response for the type 2 individuals is completely ambiguous as it could either see them having a prolonged duration of unemployment or a shortened period with no work. So a selective increase in unemployment insurance to those with a relatively low value of leisure may decrease the equilibrium rate of unemployment. The second part of the dissertation focuses on modeling money demand and shocks in Cote D'Ivoire for the period of 1960-2009. Unlike Drama and Yao (2010) our result suggests M1 is not in a long-run equilibrium with its determinants real income and expected inflation and therefore unstable. However, the broad definition M2 is cointegrated with its long-run determinants and it is therefore the most appropriate definition of money for the Cote D'Ivoire economy. As a consequence M2 can be used as an alternative to the interest rate as a long run monetary policy instrument.

Mot bakgrund av de generationsskillnader som finns på arbetsmarknaden var syftet med studien att undersöka hur Generation Y söker arbete som anställd i en kommunal förvaltning i jämförelse med Generation Z. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ fallstudie och riktade in sig på en utvald svensk kommun. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes och ett bekvämlighetsurval (N=14) tillämpades i studien. Respondenterna bestod av fem män och nio kvinnor, födda mellan 2000 och 1982. En tematisk analys genomfördes på det insamlade materialet vilket resulterade i fyra teman (Arbetslivsbalans, En trygg arbetsgivare, Motivationsfaktorer och Kommunens arbetsgivarvarumärke). Studiens resultat visade fler likheter än skillnader. Likheterna var att de två generationerna uppskattade flexibilitet, en trygg arbetsgivare och utvecklingsmöjligheter. Båda generationerna använde sociala medier och LinkedIn vid sökande efter arbete samt var överens om att kommunens rykte måste förbättras. De främsta skillnaderna var Work-Life Balance och lön. En generationsanpassad Employer Branding strategi i kommunen behöver inte bedrivas då resultatet visade fler likheter än skillnader mellan de studerade generationerna.

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After school, Kenyan graduates struggle in a labour market that does not offer enough employment opportunities. Some graduates search for years, get disillusioned, and give up ever finding formal employment. Some find jobs, but not necessarily in the field of their profession, and possibly below their qualification. Kenya invests in and accumulates human capital that is untapped or even lost. One way to improve one’s job search is the use of personal social networks. By applying social network and social distance theories, this study explores the conditions under which networks can become helpful to a jobseeker. Personal experiences of young Kenyan graduates were used to find out about their job search strategies and their social networks. Insights from recruiters’ perspectives about recruitment processes offered a wholesome view on how jobseekers get connected to jobs. The main data sources were online interviews and an online survey. The findings suggest that a network’s willingness to help might depend on level of reciprocity, that many jobseekers do not have access to helpful networks, and that the ability of a network to help might be restricted due to level of influence or applicability. The study concludes that a combination of various job search strategies offers the best chances to connect a jobseeker to a job, but also that companies need to adapt their recruitment processes in include people who are less connected.

Yes / We provide a comprehensive but critical review of research on applicant reactions to selection procedures published since 2000 (n = 145), when the last major review article on applicant reactions appeared in the Journal of Management. We start by addressing the main criticisms levied against the field to determine whether applicant reactions matter to individuals and employers (“So what?”). This is followed by a consideration of “What’s new?” by conducting a comprehensive and detailed review of applicant reaction research centered upon four areas of growth: expansion of the theoretical lens, incorporation of new technology in the selection arena, internationalization of applicant reactions research, and emerging boundary conditions. Our final section focuses on “Where to next?” and offers an updated and integrated conceptual model of applicant reactions, four key challenges, and eight specific future research questions. Our conclusion is that the field demonstrates stronger research designs, with studies incorporating greater control, broader constructs, and multiple time points. There is also solid evidence that applicant reactions have significant and meaningful effects on attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. At the same time, we identify some remaining gaps in the literature and a number of critical questions that remain to be explored, particularly in light of technological and societal changes. / Research grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada awarded to Julie M. McCarthy (No. 435-2015-0220).

Thesis advisor: Claudia C. Olivetti / Thesis advisor: Theodore T. Papageorgiou / This dissertation consists of a collection of three essays in Labor Economics, all studying the careers of young American workers. The first two essays, Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, analyze the early-career gender wage gap among recent cohorts of highly educated US workers. The third essay, Chapter 3, analyzes long-run changes occurred over the last four decades in the supply of overtime work among American employees. Chapter 1 provides an in-depth analysis of the evolution of the careers of Millennial American college graduates from labor market entry to five to ten years later. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997) I neatly reconstruct workers' careers from labor market entry and provide a variety of reduced-form evidence showing that gender differences in the wage gains that workers obtain when they change jobs determine a large portion of the early-career gender wage gap and of its expansion over years of experience. I show that these results are robust and hold irrespective of young workers' marital and parental status. In light of the results provided in Chapter 1, in Chapter 2 I study the contribution of the main determinants of wage gains from job changes to the early-career gender wage gap among highly-educated American workers. Specifically, first, I estimate a structural model of hedonic job search to estimate the extent to which men and women differ in terms of search frictions, of preferences for valuable amenities (flexibility and parental leave) and of the wage offers received conditional on the provision of amenities. Second, I use the model estimates to perform a series of counterfactual analyses and quantify the impact of search frictions, preferences and wage offers on the early-career gender wage gap and on its expansion due to job search and job changes. I find that young men and women share similar preferences for amenities. Compared to men, however, women are offered lower wages, and predominantly so in jobs that provide benefits. Since these jobs typically offer higher wages too, the gender pay gap expands as workers climb the job ladder to enter employment relationships that offer better wage-benefits bundles. The higher price that women pay for amenities explains 42% of the early-career growth in the wage gap that the model attributes to job search and job changes. The remaining portion is explained by the lower wages offered to women in jobs that do not provide benefits (25%) and by women's stronger search frictions (33%). In Chapter 3 I study the determinants of long-run trends in overtime work. I document that work hours have been increasing in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s and steadily declining in the 2000s and 2010s, and that these trends were predominantly driven by secular changes in the share of young, salaried employees working long hours (more than 40 hours per week) in relatively high-pay jobs. I then provide a model that explains the evolving long-run trends in overtime as an outcome of underlying changes in labor demand that affected the life-cycle wage gains that employees expect to obtain when supplying overtime work hours. I empirically test and validate the implications of the model, and show that long-run changes in the wage premia for working long hours can explain the rise and fall in overtime work that I document. Finally, I estimate long-run trends in persistent and transitory wage dispersion and show that persistent wage dispersion grew in the 1980s and 1990s and declined later on. To the extent that shocks to wage gains from working long hours result into an increase in the spread of permanent income across employees typically supplying different amounts of work hours, I show that a rise and fall in wage premia for overtime work reconciles the observed reversed-U shaped trend in both overtime work and persistent wage dispersion. These results are suggestive that, after surging in the 1980s and the 1990s, the “fortunes of the youth'” may have been declining later on, due to shifts in labor demand that flattened the life-cycle wage profiles that young, salaried employees can obtain when supplying long work hours. These results can also help reconcile recent evidence that the demand for skill and cognitive tasks and the college wage premium have been declining, while the age wage gap has been increasing. Conversely, the results I obtain question theories that explain long-run trends in US men's labor supply through secular increases in the marginal value of leisure due to improvements in leisure technology. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.