Inaugural lecture delivered at Rhodes University / Rhodes University Libraries (Digitisation)

This study examined the use of humor between workers and managerial personnel of two different treatment teams within a residential treatment center for emotionally troubled youth. Three primary questions guided the research: (1) What indigenous types of occupational humor will be found within the treatment teams?, (2) How will the use of humor vary between front and back regions of treatment work?, and (3) How does occupational status affect the way in which team members target on another to be the "butt" of jokes and other humorous remarks?

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Ce travail repose sur une analyse comparative de la pratique institutionnalisée des relations à plaisanterie dans deux populations de la Casamance (Sénégal) – les Mandinka et les Joola. Malgré leur proximité géographique, chacune de ces populations se distingue très fortement du point de vue de son organisation sociale et de ses pratiques rituelles et religieuses. Toutefois, les uns et les autres ont développé des modes particuliers de relations à plaisanterie, et ce, à plusieurs niveaux. Différents types de relations à plaisanterie ont été repérées et décrites : entre parents, clans, unités locales, groupes ethniques... Inégalement documentées dans la littérature existante, certaines sont communes aux deux sociétés, d'autres n'existent que dans une seule. À partir d'une ethnographie la plus fine possible de leur contexte et de leurs expressions, nous avons tenté de dégager les emprunts ou inter-influences entre ces différents modes, mais aussi de comprendre ce qu'ils révèlent dans chaque cas, de la manière dont sont pensées et aménagées les relations entre catégories sociales tout à la fois rivales et complémentaires. Nous avons mis l'accent sur le fait que, surgissant dans des « nœuds » de tension déterminés tout à la fois par l'organisation sociale et familiale et des éléments d’ordre symbolique et religieux, l'étude des relations à plaisanterie ne peut en être dissociée. / This work is a comparative analysis of the institutionalized practice of joking relationships amongst two populations—the Mandinka and Joola—of Casamance, Senegal. Despite their geographical proximity, each of these populations is very distinct in terms of social organization as well as ritual and religious practices. Nonetheless, both have developed particular forms of joking relationships that overlap at different levels. Different types of joking relationships are identified and described: between relatives, clans, local units, ethnic groups. Unequally documented in the existing literature, some are common to both groups, while others exist in only one. Starting from an in-depth ethnographic study of the context and relevant expressions, we have attempted both to identify borrowings and mutual influence between the two groups, and to understand what they reveal about the way that relations are construed and arranged between social categories that are rival yet complimentary. This work stresses that the study of joking relationships cannot be dissociated from the social and family organization as well as symbolic and religious elements which determine the "knots" of tension where these relationships arise.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta dissertação analisa marcadores sociais produtores de hierarquia, desigualdade e discriminação entre sujeitos LGBT na cidade de Maputo. A análise das intersecções de gênero, raça, classe social, idade e sexualidade demonstra que os sujeitos LGBT em contextos de sociabilidades, e mesmo nas relações sociais, constroem hierarquias e formas de discriminação, que por sua vez geram sentimentos tais como a humilhação e o desprezo. O estudo discute também de que maneira esses marcadores posicionam determinados sujeitos LGBT na dinâmica de sociabilidade e preferências sexuais no pólo de valorizados, relegando outros ao pólo de desvalorizados. O humor, a jocosidade, e a informalidade observados reforçam os marcadores sociais das diferenças entre os sujeitos LGBT, e ainda informam moralidades por meio de um discurso irônico. A pesquisa é de carácter etnográfico e baseou-se nos métodos e técnicas tradicionais da antropologia: observação-participante e conversas informais com sujeitos LGBT; e incluiu ainda análise de documentos. Um objectivo secundário desta dissertação é contribuir para a construção da história do movimento LGBT moçambicano, que ainda está por ser realizada e o desenho de tal história faz parte do levantamento realizado. / This dissertation analyzes social markers that produce hierarchy, inequality and discrimination among LGBT individuals in Maputo. The analysis of gender and its intersection with race, social class, age and sexuality demonstrates that LGBT individuals in the context of social relations build hierarchies and forms of discrimination, which in turn generate feelings such as humiliation and the contempt. The study also discusses how these markers place certain LGBT subjects, in the dynamics of sociability and sexual preferences, in a valued position, relegating others to the opposite position. The humor, jocoseness, and the observed informality reinforce the social markers of the differences between LGBT individuals, and also inform morality through an ironic discourse. The research is ethnographic and was based on the traditional methods and techniques of anthropology: participant observation and informal conversations with LGBT individuals; and even included document analysis. A secondary objective of this dissertation is to contribute to the construction of the history the Mozambican LGBT movement, which is yet to be held - and the design of such a story is part of the conducted survey.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta dissertação analisa marcadores sociais produtores de hierarquia, desigualdade e discriminação entre sujeitos LGBT na cidade de Maputo. A análise das intersecções de gênero, raça, classe social, idade e sexualidade demonstra que os sujeitos LGBT em contextos de sociabilidades, e mesmo nas relações sociais, constroem hierarquias e formas de discriminação, que por sua vez geram sentimentos tais como a humilhação e o desprezo. O estudo discute também de que maneira esses marcadores posicionam determinados sujeitos LGBT na dinâmica de sociabilidade e preferências sexuais no pólo de valorizados, relegando outros ao pólo de desvalorizados. O humor, a jocosidade, e a informalidade observados reforçam os marcadores sociais das diferenças entre os sujeitos LGBT, e ainda informam moralidades por meio de um discurso irônico. A pesquisa é de carácter etnográfico e baseou-se nos métodos e técnicas tradicionais da antropologia: observação-participante e conversas informais com sujeitos LGBT; e incluiu ainda análise de documentos. Um objectivo secundário desta dissertação é contribuir para a construção da história do movimento LGBT moçambicano, que ainda está por ser realizada e o desenho de tal história faz parte do levantamento realizado. / This dissertation analyzes social markers that produce hierarchy, inequality and discrimination among LGBT individuals in Maputo. The analysis of gender and its intersection with race, social class, age and sexuality demonstrates that LGBT individuals in the context of social relations build hierarchies and forms of discrimination, which in turn generate feelings such as humiliation and the contempt. The study also discusses how these markers place certain LGBT subjects, in the dynamics of sociability and sexual preferences, in a valued position, relegating others to the opposite position. The humor, jocoseness, and the observed informality reinforce the social markers of the differences between LGBT individuals, and also inform morality through an ironic discourse. The research is ethnographic and was based on the traditional methods and techniques of anthropology: participant observation and informal conversations with LGBT individuals; and even included document analysis. A secondary objective of this dissertation is to contribute to the construction of the history the Mozambican LGBT movement, which is yet to be held - and the design of such a story is part of the conducted survey.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 williamassisdasilva.pdf: 2252317 bytes, checksum: 0144cb245d0f397b6e5302a9fc928c36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem como intuito refletir, antropologicamente, sobre os temas da masculinidade, da velhice e dos aspectos característicos do jogar, baseando-se em uma etnografia realizada em um território de sociabilidade entre homens, preponderantemente velhos, que se reúnem diariamente para a prática de jogos de cartas no Parque Halfeld, localizado no centro da cidade de Juiz de Fora. Busco, primeiramente, tratar temas relativos à etnografia, a partir de minha inserção em campo, a fim de mostrar os caminhos percorridos durante o trabalho, relacionando as percepções iniciais sobre objeto e as desconstruções advindas do processo de descoberta do território dos jogos. A palavra “feitiço” utilizada no título e no decorrer do texto, refere-se à intensidade da forma como o jogo cativa o jogador, a ponto de constituir um “mundo artificial”, diferente da seriedade exigida na vida cotidiana, resultando em uma sociabilidade em que o conteúdo do jogo e os jogos sociais, construídos a partir dele, são os grandes motivadores. Para além do jogo propriamente dito, o feitiço só se realiza plenamente juntamente ao jogo social das relações jocosas. Com provocações verbais e performances corporais de indecência e grosseria, mediadas por um “saber brincar”, canalizam os estresses cotidianos através de tais conflitos jocosos que implicam na combinação entre uma pretensão de hostilidade e real amistosidade. É também de forma jocosa que temas como a velhice e a masculinidade são colocados em jogo, sem que precisem ser levados a sério. Embora seja um território ocupado preponderantemente por homens com mais de sessenta anos, os discursos e práticas de jogadores e espectadores encontrados em campo demonstram uma não identificação com as categorias “velho” e “idoso”, que aparecem associadas a uma série de características negativas atribuídas a velhice. Sendo uma sociabilidade masculina intrassexual, as experiências encontradas em campo e a frase “vê se vira homem” ilustram uma constante (re)construção da masculinidade a partir de gestos e discursos que visam atribuir características femininas a um homem em busca de desqualificá-lo perante os outros, colocando em jogo a masculinidade do acusado mediante a homofobia. Tratando do tema da sexualidade na velhice, à despeito das expectativas de gerontólogos, que sugerem que se busque novas zonas erógenas, o interesse sexual de jogadores e espectadores aparecem ainda fortemente associados ao modelo hegemônico de masculinidade que confere intensa valorização à penetração e ao desempenho erétil. / This work is intended to reflect, anthropologically, on the themes of masculinity, old age and the characteristic aspects of the play, based on an ethnography carried out in an area of sociability among men, old preponderantly, who gather daily to practice card games in Halfeld Park, located in the city of Juiz de Fora. I seek, first, address issues relating to ethnography, from my insertion in the field, in order to show the paths taken during the work, relating the initial perceptions of the object and the deconstructions that arise from the discovery process of the game territory. The word "spell" used in the title and throughout the text, refers to the intensity of the way in which the game captivates the player to constitute an "artificial world," different from the seriousness required in everyday life, resulting in a sociability in which the game content and the social games built from it are the greatest motivators. Besides the game itself, the spell can only be fully realized along with social game of joking relationships. With verbal taunts and physical performances of indecency and rudeness, mediated by a "learn to play", canalizes the everyday stress through such joke conflicts that involve the combination of a pretense hostility and real friendliness. It is also in a joking way that issues such as old age and masculinity are approached without the need to be taken seriously. Although it is a territory mainly occupied by men over sixty years, the discourses and practices of players and audience found in the field demonstrate a failure in the identification with the categories of "old" and "elderly", which appear to be associated with a number of negative characteristics attributed to old age. Being a intrassexual male sociability, experiences found in the field such as the phrase "turn into man" illustrate a constant (re) construction of masculinity from gestures and speeches that seek to attribute feminine characteristics to a man intending to disqualify him before others putting into doubt the maleness of the accused by homophobia. Dealing with the topic of sexuality in old age, despite of gerontologists expectations who suggests men to seek new erogenous zones, sexual interest of players and audience still appear strongly associated with the hegemonic model of masculinity that gives intense valorization of penetration and erectile performance.

This thesis is about the construction of 'satire' as an exclusive practice among the Cefalonian and hence proposes the term satiricity (satirikotita). It explores the construction of the category of the Cefalonian "madman" by means of dialogics between performance and evaluation. It is observed that the relation depends on three principles that obtain among audience members and a performer: conditioning the performance, participation in and observation of the performance and evaluation of it. Being one of the few anthropological studies on the Ionian islands of Greece, this thesis aims to contribute to the anthropology of the Ionian islands and of Cefalonia in particular. It looks at the relation between a town and a village on the ground of teasing events and refutes the argument of satire as an urban phenomenon only. It sets the elementary principles towards anthropology of satire and emphasizes the importance of studying everyday teasing events. It also contributes to understanding a 'native' researcher's presence in different ways. Satiricity is seen as a 'par excellence' feature that Cefalonians have. No matter if Cefalonia is a part of the Greek nation-state and people follow 'modern Greek culture', they still employ satiricity as a way of distancing themselves from Greeks. 'Distance' is forged on the basis of absolute exclusion of Greeks from having, practising and understanding satiricity in the way that Cefalonians do. The Conclusions leave the ground open for more investigation on teasing events and application of such viewpoints around other areas of the island, and of the Ionian islands or other Greek islands. I also point to studies looking at island and mainland teasing events and potential differences. After all, we need to examine not only how people construct the claim on the exclusivity of 'satire'. We need to examine how such a claim is applied, supported or contrasted and possibly rejected when Cefalonians engage with other Greeks away from the island.