Na década de 1950, vieram à público duas pequenas obras de um autor até então desconhecido. Em 1953, publicava-se o livro de contos Llano en llamas e, dois anos depois, o romance Pedro Páramo. Bastaria essa diminuta produção literária para consagrar aquele que viria a ser tomado como referência para toda uma geração de escritores latino-americanos. Juan Rulfo seria considerado na cena literária do continente da década seguinte, ainda que com ressalvas, como o grande precursor da geração do chamado boom. Questionando essa suposta paternidade e partindo da análise dessas obras literárias ficcionais, cotejadas com outros clássicos da literatura mexicana que trataram da Revolução Mexicana, pretendeu-se articular a relação entre história e ficção. A abordagem conferida por Rulfo às especificidades de sua historicidade desvelam, ao leitor atento, a história, não aludida diretamente, mas entrevista tanto na estética escolhida pelo autor, como pelos conteúdos narrativos de suas narrações. / In the 1950\'s, two little works by an unknown author till then came to light. In 1953, was published the short story book Llano en llamas and, two years later, the novel Pedro Páramo. It would be enough this small literary production to acclaim that writer, which would become a reference for an entire generation of Latin-American writers. Juan Rulfo was going to be considered in the coming decade literary scene, even though with some reservations, as the great predecessor of the so-called boom generation. Raising questions about this alleged fatherhood and relying on the analysis of these fictional literary works, compared to other Mexican literary classics concerning Mexican Revolution, one intended to articulate the relation between History and fiction. The approach conferred by Rulfo to the specificities belonging to his historicity unveils, to the sharp reader, History itself, not directly alluded, but foreseen as much as by the aesthetic chosen by the author as by the narrative contents of his narrations.

Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo as obras de João Guimarães Rosa Sarapalha, Corpo fechado e A terceira margem do rio e de Juan Rulfo Luvina e Pedro Páramo. Partindo destes materiais literários analisamos as categorias da transculturação, as relações entre escrita e poder e as implicações das teorias de Ángel Rama para a análise cultural da América Latina. Fundamentam este estudo as teorias críticas desenvolvidas por Roberto González Echevarría, Alberto Moreiras, Antonio Cornejo Polar e Jacques Derrida. Desta forma, o trabalho passa pela discussão de temas como a influência, a mediação e a representação do discurso antropológico na literatura, o debate entre a oralidade e a escrita e o papel paradoxal da literatura na América Latina. / This study aims at studying the works Sarapalha, Corpo fechado and A terceira margem do rio by João Guimarães Rosa and Luvina and Pedro Páramo, by Juan Rulfo. With this literary material as basis, the dissertation analyzes the category of transculturation, the relation between writing and power and the implications of Ángel Rama\'s theories for Latin America cultural analysis. The foundations of this study are the critical theories developed by Roberto González Echevarría, Alberto Moreiras, Antonio Cornejo Polar and Jacques Derrida. Hence, the work deals with the discussion of issues such as the influence, mediation and representation of anthropology in literature, as well as with the debate between orality and writing and the paradoxical role of literature in Latin America.

The object of this study is to investigate the structure and the representation of Magical Realism in the novel Pedro Páramo by the Mexican author Juan Rulfo. The intention is to show the reader of this study some distinguished aspects of the Magical Realism and how this aspects are shown in the novel. The analysis is made with the help of some theories of how the structure of a text works. We have then compared the structure with some general aspects of the Magical Realism. We are bringing up different parts such as the topic, the characters and the room. Furthermore this study is based on the premise that many people characterize this novel being one of the first Latin-American novels using Magical Realism, but also making use of a complex structure that easily confuse the reader and the interpretation of the novel. Our study shows that the structure of Pedro Páramo is very extraordinary but at the same time the novel contains many general aspects of the Magical Realism. One example is the timeaspect, jumping back and forth. Another is the symbolism between the nature and some different scenarios of the story. Last but not least we have the topic of death. The aim of the essay is mainly to bring some clearness and to help other readers to interpret and analyze this fantastic novel.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_g_me_assis.pdf: 488095 bytes, checksum: 8c500b114e9b64f9b7bf92fc31f6660f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho pretende realizar uma análise comparativa dos romances São Bernardo (1934), do escritor brasileiro Graciliano Ramos (1892-1953), e Pedro Páramo (1955), escrito pelo mexicano Juan Rulfo (1918-1986), com o fim de demonstrar como se dá o processo de construção do espaço que permeia tais obras, procurando, com isso, explicitar as analogias e os contrastes entre as duas obras, a partir da percepção de que ambas projetam, no processo de construção do espaço, lugares que revelam conflitos sociais, psicológicos e existenciais do homem em confronto com sua origem e seu destino. O espaço em ambos os romances é construído por uma linguagem poética que prima por recursos de composição técnica e estrutural inovadores o que aproxima, entre outras coisas, as obras desses dois grandes expoentes da literatura latino-americana que, dessa maneira, retrataram a complexidade das sociedades da América Latina, simbolizadas num espaço rural emblemático que expressa, em perspectiva poética e sem caráter documental, diversas facetas da realidade. / El presente trabajo propone a desarrollar un análisis comparativo entre las novelas São Bernardo (1934), del brasileño Graciliano Ramos (1892-1953), y Pedro Páramo (1955), del mexicano Juan Rulfo (1918-1986), con el objetivo de demostrar cómo se articula el proceso de construcción del espacio en dichas obras, tratando de explicitar las similitudes y contrastes entre ellas, desde la percepción de que ambas proyectan, en dicho proceso, los lugares que revelan los conflictos sociales, psicológicos y existenciales del hombre en la confrontación con su origen y su destino. El espacio en ambas novelas se articula en un lenguaje poético que da primacía a los recursos de la composición técnica y estructural innovadores. Ello, entre otros aspectos, acerca a las obras de estos dos grandes exponentes de la literatura latinoamericana que, al hacerlo, describen la complejidad de las sociedades en América Latina, simbolizado, en un espacio rural emblemático que expresa en perspectiva poética y sin carácter documental, los diversos aspectos de la realidad.

El propósito de esta tesina es analizar la repercusión del arquetipo de la madre como elemento esencial en el personaje de Pedro Páramo, en la obra Pedro Páramo, publicada en 1955, por el escritor mexicano Juan Rulfo. Para realizar este estudio, se ha elegido la teoría psicoanalítica de Carl Gustav Jung como base con la que estudiaremos dicho personaje. Esta teoría será utilizada también como herramienta de análisis y como prisma, a través del cual analizaremos los arquetipos que la figura de la madre representa: los mismos que Pedro Páramo buscaba en Susana San Juan. Por otro lado, miraremos más de cerca los elementos femeninos de la naturaleza, la tierra, analizándolos desde la perspectiva femenina.A través de nuestro análisis hemos podido comprobar la importancia del arquetipo de la madre y el anima en el desarrollo del personaje de Pedro Páramo, sobre quien recae la incompleta imagen del arquetipo de la madre como factor determinante de su conducta. Por último hemos llegado a entender la desilusión de Pedro Páramo, al vengarse de Comala, cuando se da cuenta de que fracasa en la integración con su anima.

This study seeks to describe what I term the ethics of haunting, as related to trauma and memory, by analyzing Juan Rulfo's Pedro Páramo. It does not claim to be representative of ghosts and haunting as a whole, but more specifically to illustrate various manners in which the return of the ghost and its subsequent haunting are motivated by an ethics of memory in Rulfo's novel. Within this framework I explore remembrance as a medium of exchange between the living and the dead, haunting as a method by which gaps in the historical archive can be filled, and the psychoanalytic notion of incorporation as way to remember the ghost.

Juan Rulfo and João Guimarães Rosa stand at a literary crossroads, the intersection where traditional regionalists and celebrated Boom-era novelists meet. Although Rulfo and Guimarães Rosa chose the Mexican Llano Grande and the Brazilian sertão of Minas Gerais as the settings of their most celebrated novels, they go far beyond the techniques of traditional regionalism by distancing themselves from their national literatures. They universalize their narratives by incorporating universal religious themes, including the symbol of the cross. The symbol of the cross/crossroad has been analyzed and alluded to in a handful of essays on Pedro Páramo and Grande sertão: Veredas but has never been applied comparatively or in depth, beyond a connection to Hermes, Greek god of the crossroads. Rulfo and Guimarães Rosa use the spatial organizing power of the cross-and by extension, the crossroad-to highlight the importance of racial and religious mixing to Mexican and Brazilian identity, determine narrative structure, and strengthen mythic, religious, and epic themes. The motif allows the reader to transcend (although not eradicate) a geographical conception of setting. Instead, the reader recognizes the construction of a mythic space that intertwines national history with primordial creation stories, modern heroes, and ancient religious symbols.

A través la novela Pedro Páramo, Juan Rulfo nos vislumbra elementos como la ilusión, la desilusión, la melancolía y la identidad. Sin embargo, si analizamos la obra también vamos a encontrar el fenómeno del cautiverio que impregna dichos elementos en Pedro Páramo. La presente tesina tiene como propósito demostrar que en la obra literaria de Rulfo aparece el fenómeno del cautiverio como multifacético y subyacente para otros elementos. Este se presenta en distintos cronotopos de Comala, que afectan los deseos de los personajes y al final contribuyen a sus sentimientos de ilusión, desilusión y melancolía, sino también a la construcción de su propia identidad. / With the novel Pedro Páramo, Juan Rulfo gives us a glimpse of elements such as illusion, disillusionment, melancholy and identity. However, if we analyze the work, we will also find the phenomenon of captivity that impregnates these elements in Pedro Páramo. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that the phenomenon of captivity appears as multifaceted and underlying to other elements in Rulfo's literary work. This is presented in different chronotopes of Comala, which affect the desires of the characters and in the end contribute to their feelings of illusion, delusion, and melancholy, yet also to the construction of their own identity.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the representation of the mythic timelessness and the religious subversion in the novel Pedro Páramo (1953) by the Mexican writer Juan Rulfo. The novel is analyzed from a narratological perspective based on the concept of focalization proposed by the French theoretician Gérard Genette. According to Genette it is possible to identify different levels of focalization depending on the position of the narrative voices.The key question in this investigation is if any salvation is possible in the universe of Pedro Páramo and how the mythic timelessness and the religious subversion are represented in the textual intentionality through the narrative voices. The main conclusion is that there is no possible salvation in the fictional universe of Pedro Páramo. The collective sin is so vast that the intermediation between God and the inhabitants of Comala does not work anymore. Thus, the only possible ”salvation” consists in the separation of the soul from the body the people of Comala experience after death. In Pedro Páramo the dead body is liberated from remorses, but - contrary to the Catholic concepts - becomes a conscious materia sentenced to remember eternally.Keywords: Juan Rulfo, Pedro Páramo, narratological analysis, Gérard Genette, textual intentionality, focalization, mythic timelessness, religious subversion, narrative voices.

The aim of this Diploma Thesis is to bring attention to the resemblance between the work of one of the most important Hispanic American authors of 20th century, the Mexican Juan Rulfo, and his less well-known Chilean colleague, María Luisa Bombal. Even though the work of these writers has often been associated with the beginnings of the so-called Magical Realism, so far literary critics have not studied the parallelism in their poetics in detail. This work observes the deviation of these authors from the type of literature dominant in their time, and their effort to renovate it. Furthermore, it concerns the similarity in the approach to death in their work; it pays attention to the influence of the Nordic literature on their literary production. Another part of this work is dedicated to the parallels between the character of Susana San Juan from Rulfoˈs Pedro Páramo and Bombalˈs female characters. In addition to that, the work reflects the personal relationship between the authors in question.