Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rinaldo_mouzalas_souza_silva.pdf: 1299737 bytes, checksum: ed3fd340b9c6584d7b903fae49a70b57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-01 / The present work aims to demonstrate, through indirect research (literature and documents), that is possible to execute the judgment of dismissal rendered in civil proceedings when recognized benefit entitlement in favor of the defendant. Therefore, it shows that the defendant may be contemplated by the offer of jurisdiction, even when it has not made a request, and that the negative statement of subjective rights claimed by the author may mean recognition of law in favor of the defendant, enforceable. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar, através de pesquisa indireta (bibliográfica e documental), que é possível executar a sentença de improcedência , proferida no processo civil, quando reconhecido o direito à prestação em favor do réu. Mostra que o réu pode ser contemplado pela oferta de jurisdição, mesmo quando não tenha formulado pedido, e que a declaração negativa do direito subjetivo pleiteado pelo autor pode significar reconhecimento de direito, em favor do réu, passível de execução.

This essay deals with the formulaic nature of court judgments in terms of language rather than content and structure. It focuses on legal collocations and the problems that may arise in translation from Swedish to German. In particular, the introductory formula of Austrian court decisions is discussed in comparison to the Swedish criminal judgment, which the essay is based on. However, other legal collocations are also examined. A qualitative legal linguistic analysis examines how these collocations are translated between two legal systems of two states. Furthermore, the question of which translation options are available and where the sources of errors regarding the translation are, is discussed. At the end a comparison of the collocations of the source text and that of the target text should clarify their similarities or differences. It is expected that there is a tendency that collocation based in the law (e.g. vållande till annans död) cannot be translated literally contrary to ordinary legal collocations (e.g. straffrättsliga ansvar). The former needs a cultural transfer in order to be perceived as equivalent by the reader of the target text.

Implicit feedback is a form a relevance feedback that is inferred from how users interact with an information retrieval system such as an online search engine. This degree project report describes a method of using implicit feedback to establish relevance judgments and rank products based on their relevance to a specified attribute. The report contains an overview of the benefits and limitations of implicit feedback, as well as a description on how those limitations can be mitigated. A prototype that interpreted user actions as relevance votes and calculat-ed a fair relevance score based on these votes with the help of an algo-rithm was developed. This system was then tested on a website with real users during a limited period of time. The results from the test period were evaluated and the system was concluded to be far from perfect, but that improvements could be made by making adjustments to the algo-rithm. The system performed better when looking at the algorithm’s pre-cision rather than its sensitivity. / Implicit feedback är en sorts relevansfeedback som sammanställs utifrån användares interaktion med ett informationsökningsssystem. Denna examensarbetesrapport beskriver ett sätt att använda implicit feedback för att skapa en bedömning av en produkts relevans till ett angivet attribut. Rapporten innehåller också en överblick av fördelarna och nackdelarna med implicit feedback, samt en beskrivning av hur dessa nackdelar kan hanteras. En prototyp som översatte användarbeteende till olika relevansröster och beräknade ett relevansvärde baserat på dessa relevansröster med hjälp av en algoritm, utvecklades. Denna prototyp testades sedan på en hemsida med verkliga användare under en begränsad tid. Resultatet från denna testperiod analyserades och gav slutsatsen att prototypen inte var perfekt, men att resultaten kunde förbättras med hjälp av finjusteringar av algoritmen. Prototypens precision, med avseende på vilka produkter algoritmen valde ut som relevanta, var dock bättre än dess sensitivitet.

The purpose of this essay is to analyse the problem of the rational justification of value judgments. To a large extent, I have used Taylor's account of the technique of justification (verification, validation, vindication, and rational choice of a way of life), as this is presented in his book, Normative Discourse. To a lesser extent, I have also used Baier's account of the technique of validation, as it is presented in his book, The Moral Point of View. I have attempted to show that it is possible to justify value judgments, despite the logical dichotomy between factual statements and evaluative statements. 'Justification' is taken as proof of correctness: that is, a statement is said to be justified if it is proven to be correct. On Taylor's technique, justification is possible, although only incompletely so. It is possible to prove that a value judgment is the correct one to make from within the perspective provided by a given way of life. Justification cannot be complete since the adoption of the perspective cannot be justified. On Baier's technique of validation, complete justification can be achieved: once it has been shown that an evaluatum meets the criteria in terms of which it was judged, and that these criteria are relevant (valid) for judging that object since the object must meet these criteria in order effectively to realize its purpose, nothing more needs to be shown. Although Baier's account allows for complete justification while Taylor's allows for only incomplete justification, Baier's account cannot be used to replace that of Taylor. They are appropriate in different contexts. While Baier's account of validation is appropriate for judgments of use-value, Taylor's account is appropriate for value judgments other than those of use-value. Accordingly, justification is possible using either technique, although complete justification may be possible only in the context of judgments of use-value. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

This thesis aims to examine how the usage of different-sized models can improve consumer loyalty to a brand of female customers in Sweden. Previous research has examined how using non-skinny models appeals to female customers and what feelings are evoked, but there is little research on how this approach can increase consumer loyalty as a whole. The authors of this thesis hypothesize that brands using different-sized models will lead to female customers feeling higher levels of the concepts of Awareness and Safety concerning the brand. In turn, the authors hypothesize that a brand achieving high levels of Awareness and Safety within the context of using different-sized models will improve consumer loyalty toward their female customers in Sweden. To examine whether different-sized models have an impact on consumer loyalty, a deductive approach has been used where this thesis relies on existing theories to answer the research question. Data was collected through a survey consisting of multi-choice questions with closed answers in order to conduct a quantitative analysis of the data. The questions were operalized, and the internal validity of each concept was tested through Cronbach’s Alpha to ensure that the questions measured what they were supposed to measure. The data was analyzed through Spearman’s Rank Correlation test, where the dependence between the concepts was measured. In conclusion, the authors found that usage of different-sized models had a positive correlation with consumer loyalty through both aspects of Awareness and Safety. Based on the results and the collected literature, the authors believe that usage of different-sized models in a company’s online business activities can help build a stronger relationship with their customers.

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Many would agree that learning occurs when new information is stored in memory. Therefore, most learning efforts typically focus on encoding processes, such as additional study or other forms of repetition. However, as I will outline in this thesis, there are other means by which to improve memory, such as retrieval practice in the form of tests. Testing memory has a reinforcing effect on memory, and it improves retention more than an equal amount of repeated study – referred to as the testing effect – and it has been assumed that retrieval processes drive this effect. Recently, however, this assumption has been called into question because of findings that suggest that articulation, that is, the act of providing an explicit response on a memory test, may play a role in determining the magnitude of the testing effect. Therefore, in three studies, I have examined the effects of retrieval and articulation on later retention, in an attempt to ascertain whether the testing effect is entirely driven by retrieval, or if there are additive effects of articulation. I have also explored possible boundary conditions that may determine when, and if, the effects of retrieval and articulation become selective with respect to memory performance. In all three studies, participants studied paired associates and were tested in a cued recall paradigm after a short (~5 min) and a long (1 week) retention interval, and retrieval was either covert (i.e., responses were retrieved but not articulated) or overt (i.e., responses were retrieved and articulated).  In Study I, I demonstrated that uninstructed covert retrieval practice (by means of delayed judgments of learning) produced a testing effect (i.e., improved memory relative to a study-only condition) similar to that of explicit testing, which supports the idea that the testing effect is mainly the result of retrieval processes. In study II, I compared memory performance for covert and overt testing, and found partial support for a relative efficacy in favor of overt retrieval, compared to covert retrieval, although the effect size was small. In Study III, I further explored the distinction between different response formats (i.e., covert retrieval vs. various forms of overt testing), specifically handwriting and keyboard typing. I also examined the relative efficacy of covert versus overt retrieval as a function of list order (i.e., whether covert and overt retrieval is practiced in blocks or random order) and its manipulation within or between subjects. The results of Study III were inconclusive insofar as a relative efficacy of covert versus overt retrieval, with respect to later retention, could not be demonstrated reliably. The list order manipulations did not appear to affect covert and overt retrieval selectively. More importantly, in cases where a relative efficacy was found, the effect size was again small. Taken together, the three studies that of thesis indicate that the benefit of testing memory appears to be almost entirely the result of retrieval processes, and that articulation alone adds very little – if anything – to the magnitude of the testing effect, at least in cued-recall paradigms. These findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications, as well as their importance for the development of optimal teaching and learning practices in educational settings. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Accepted.</p>

Background: The society has changed and become increasingly characterized by technology-facilitated interactions. Companies are starting to make use of self-service. technologies (SSTs), instead of interpersonal encounters during service deliveries. Customers’ usage of SSTs has been examined in previous research. However, previous studies have ignored the fact that different types of SSTs have different factors that influence customer's experience and decision to use them, increasing the relevance of examining one specific SST, namely private SST to achieve more accurate results regarding what specific factors that influences customer decision to use this type of SST. The reason for choosing private SSTs is not only because it is the most recent type of SST, it is also the type of SST that develops continuously with the increased use of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to identify the most important factors influencing customers to use private SST. Research Questions:- What value judgement influences customers to use private SSTs the most? - What factors influences customers’ value judgements? Methodology: This research takes on a quantitative approach with an explanatory research design. The chosen data collection method is performed through one independent survey. Conclusion: Hedonic and utilitarian value judgements have a positive relationship towards customer's decision to use private SSTs. The utilitarian value judgements have a greater impact on customer's decision to make use of private SSTs, in comparison to the hedonic value judgements. However, hedonic value judgements can still be considered as an important factor in influencing customer's decision to use private SSTs, as the hedonic value judgements still have a relatively strong impact on customer's decision to use private SSTs.