The objectives of this thesis were to observe how the Canadian youth justice system has dealt with the regulation of the transfer of young offenders to the adult court and how the Canadian statutes have regulated the imposition of adult offences for young offenders. For this, I drew a distinction between two levels of observation: first, I observed the process of "creation of statutes" by the political system. Second, I observed the process of "understanding and interpretation of statutes" by the judicial system. The notion of "political system" includes the legislation enacted by Parliament, parliamentary debates, and reports published by the Government of Canada. The notion of "judicial system" includes the decisions of the Montreal Youth Court. For the first level of observation ("creation of statutes"), I observed and analyzed the work of the political system for the period 1842 to 2012. Starting in 1857, many statutes regulated different aspects of the criminal law system as it applied to young people. The first statute to deal with youth offenders comprehensively and different from adult offenders was the Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908); this statute was replaced by the Young Offenders Act (1982). The current statute is the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2002). With regard to the Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908) and the Young Offenders Act (1982), I observed how the political system regulated the mechanism of transferring a young person to the adult court. This mechanism allowed the youth court to decide a question of jurisdiction: whether the young person would be processed and sentenced within the youth justice system, or whether the young person would be sent to the adult court for him to be dealt with and sentenced therein. With regard to the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2002), I observed how the political system has regulated the imposition of adult sentences by the youth court. This statute replaced the mechanism of transfer under the two previous statutes by the imposition of adult sentences within the youth justice system. For the second level of observation ("the understanding and interpretation of statutes"), I observed how the Montreal Youth Court had understood and interpreted the statutory provision that allowed the youth court to transfer a young person to the adult court for the young person to be dealt with and sentenced therein. My period of observation is from 1911 to 1995. I argue that both the political and the judicial systems have been strongly influenced by the theories of deterrence, denunciation, retribution, and rehabilitation. The influence that each theory has exercised on each system varies. The political system, originally focused on the rehabilitation of young people, has been slowly “contaminated” by the most punitive theories, such as deterrence and denunciation. This shift started in the 70’s and slowly increased over the years. Conversely, while the judicial system does not seem to have been originally influenced by the theories of rehabilitation, its focus has slowly shifted towards this objective as the primary goal of their intervention towards young offenders since the 70’s. However, the “successful rehabilitation” of a young person has become a goal in itself, where “unsuccessful offenders” have been transferred to the adult court and dealt with the adult punitive justice system.

The unreasonable length of Italian civil proceedings goes on filling pages of newspapers and magazines. According to some authoritative views, the inefficiency of the civil justice system helps explain why the Italian model legislation on civil proceedings, as well as its academic research, are not as influential on the European scene as they were in the past. It is interesting to note that an opposed thesis has pointed out that the Italian procedurallaw and recent researches in civil proceedings lack a clear, up-to-date, principle-oriented and comprehensive approach towards problems and challenges that contemporary civil justice systems face today. Such an outdated and overly complicated approach might contribute to the inefficiency of the Italian civiljustice system. The Italian Law Journal, which aims to both spread knowledge (and criticism) of the Italian legal system and foster international debate among lawyers of different traditions, may be an appropriate venue for deepening our understanding of the current performance of the Italian civil justice system. Itmay, in particular, assist in ascertaining the major causes of the inefficiencies, with a view to assessing (in a subsequent article) if the prevailing way of thinking of legal scholars may, in the end, exacerbate the relevant problems. / La longitud poco razonable de los procesos civiles italianos continúa llenando páginas de periódicos y revistas. De acuerdo con algunas opiniones autorizadas, la ineficiencia del sistema de justicia civil ayuda a explicar el motivo por el cual el modelo italiano de legislación en materia de procedimiento civil, así como su investigación académica, no sean tan influyentes en la escena europea como lo fueron en el pasado. Es interesante notar que una tesis opuesta ha señalado que el derecho procesal italiano y las investigaciones recientes sobre el proceso civil carecen de un enfoque claro, integral, actualizado y orientado por principios sobre los problemas y desafíos que el sistema de justicia civil afronta actualmente. Tal enfoque anticuado y demasiado complicado podría contribuir a la ineficiencia del sistema de justicia civil italiano. El Italian Law Journal, cuyo objetivo es la difusión de conocimiento (y crítica) del sistema legal italiano y la promoción del debate internacional entre abogados de distintas tradiciones, puede ser un modo apropiado para profundizar nuestra comprensión del desempeño actual del sistema de justicia civil italiano. Puede, en particular, ayudar a determinar las principales causas de las ineficiencias con el fin de evaluar (en un artículo posterior) si la forma predominante de pensamiento de los estudiosos del derecho posiblemente, al final, exacerba problemas relevantes.

Orientador: Ana Gabriela Mendes Braga / Resumo: O presente trabalho se concentra no estudo do Sistema de Justiça Criminal, através da análise dos mecanismos que se articulam por meio das práticas e discursos empregados pelas respectivas instituições e seus agentes. Situei o debate dentro da perspectiva de gênero, problematizando as representações e demandas das mulheres que chegam até o referido sistema de controle, dando enfoque aos cenários e atividades empreendidas pelas personagens atuantes na Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher. Sendo essa instituição um cenário rico na criação de interações subjetivas e relações de poder inerentes ao Sistema de Justiça Criminal, pretendi, a partir desse recorte, mapear o padrão normativo e institucional produzido pelas personagens que ali atuam, sejam elas policiais, escrivãs, delegadas, etc. Para tanto, foi empregada a metodologia empírica-indutiva de abordagem qualitativa, a partir de pesquisa de campo na Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher, buscando a observação de caráter etnográfico com anotações de campo, alinhada à cartografia deleuziana, utilizando, inclusive, imagens e ilustrações. Parti, enfim, do pressuposto de que a possibilidade desses deslocamentos discursivos reflete que o direito não é um aparelho fechado em si mesmo, mas aberto a reposicionamentos e reconstrução de identidades, criando subjetividades e posições do sujeito, delimitando espaços, formas de linguagem e respostas às pessoas que provocam o sistema jurídico. / Abstract: This work focuses on the study of the Criminal Justice System, through the analysis of the mechanisms that are articulated along the practices and discourses used by the respective institutions and their agents. The debate came up from a gender perspective, problematizing the representations and demands of the women who reach the control system, focusing on the scenario and activities undertaken by the characters in the Women's Defense Police Department. Considering the institution as a rich scenario in the creation of subjective interactions and power relations of the Criminal Justice System, I intended to map the normative and institutional patterns produced by the characters who work there. In order to do so, the empirical-inductive methodology of a qualitative approach was used, based on field research in the Women's Defense Police Department, through ethnographic observation with field notes, along with Deleuzian cartography, including images and illustrations. I have departed the assumption that the possibility of these discursive displacements reflects law not as closed apparatus in itself, but open to repositioning and reconstruction of identities, creating subjectivities and positions of the subject, delimiting spaces, forms of language and responses to the people who provoke the legal system. / Mestre

Depuis la création de la première loi criminelle pour mineurs en 1908, celle-ci vécu de nombreuses modifications. La vision du Canada au sujet des jeunes délinquants a beaucoup évolué entre la Loi sur les jeunes délinquants (LJD) de 1908, la Loi sur les jeunes contrevenants (LJC) de 1984 et la Loi sur le système de justice pénale pour les adolescents (LSJPA) de 2003. Ceci a résulté en une modification de la prise en charge des jeunes par l’État. D’abord perçu comme des victimes de leur environnement durant la majeure partie du XXe siècle, la société accorda aux mineurs une plus grande responsabilité vis-à-vis leurs comportements criminels au fil du temps. Aujourd’hui, les discours politiques portent principalement sur la protection de la société et la gestion du risque des délinquants. Cette étude vise à comprendre les représentations sociales des acteurs judiciaires par rapport à leurs propres rôles dans le système, aux délinquants mineurs et à leur prise en charge par le système. L’objectif est par la suite de pouvoir situer ces représentations dans un paradigme de la gestion du crime et comprendre dans quelles mesures les changements apportés à la Loi peuvent influencer voire modifier les représentations sociales de ceux qui travaillent à son application. Les vingt entrevues effectuées auprès de juges et de procureurs de la Chambre de la jeunesse ont permis de constater qu’il existe toujours une vision duale des jeunes qui va influencer leur prise en charge dont l’objectif final est toujours la protection de la société. Ensuite, le concept de responsabilisation natif des philosophies néolibérales teinte leur discours que ce soit par rapport à leur propre responsabilité, à celle du jeune face à sa propre réhabilitation ou celle de son environnement. Puis, il en ressort que de nombreux éléments viennent structurer les pratiques professionnelles juridiques, mais les modifications apportées aux lois n’ont eu que peu d’impact sur les représentations sociales des participants. / Since the creation of the first youth criminal law in 1908, it has been modified several time. Canada’s vision about youth delinquents has evolved a lot between the Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908-1984), the Young Offenders Act (1984-2003) and the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2003 - present). As a result, we can observe a modification in the way the government takes the youth in charge. Seen at first as victim of their environment during most of the XX century, the minor received most of the accountability for their criminal behaviors afterwards. Nowadays, the political speeches are mainly oriented towards the protection of society and the risk management of criminals. This study wants to understand the social representations of the judicial actors about their own role in the justice system, the young criminals and the way they are supported by the system. The purpose of the thesis is also to understand the crime control paradigm present in the social representations of the judicial actors and how the changes in the law have influence or modified the social representations of the people who are in charge of applying the law. The twenty interviews done with the judges and the prosecutors allowed us to note a recurring tandem about the vision of the youth which will affect the way they will be supported. In any case, the protection of society is always the goal. Then, the concept of accountability, from the neoliberal philosophy, influences most of the discourse. Said discourse comes from the accountability of the professionals to the one of the young and their environment about the youth’s reeducation. At last, several elements influence the practice of the judicial actors, but the legislation’s modification is not the main one.

Violence in close relationships is a big society problem both in Sweden and around the world. Most of the violence happens in the home, which results in that the violence remains a hidden problem. The purpose with this study was to increase knowledge of women's experiences of relationship violence and to see if there is a relation, between societies support and the desire to return to a destructive relationship. The study has had its starting point in a qualitative research method, where the collected empirical evidence was carried out through six qualitative interviews, to get closer to women's experiences of violence in close relationships. The collected empirical evidence was analyzed based on the sociological theoretics Cooley, Goffman, Connell and Homans. Earlier research shows that crime in close relationships is a society problem that has to be more enlightened to reduce vulnerability. Furthermore, you can see that women do not feel prioritized by the Justice system, which is one of the factors why they choose to go back to the relationship. The result shows that violence in close relationships occurs in all different ages, social classes and ethnicities. The violence can be both sexual, economical, material and physical where the perpetrator gradually is trying to take control over women's lives. The result shows that these specified women have a habit to return to relationships that involves domestic violence. They fall back into a relationship constituted by physical, psychological and finical violence. The research also proves that certain factors such as kids, lack of support, finical difficulties such as debts, guilt and shameful emotions holds a crucial role in the women’s decision-making process.

This thesis is aimed at the current issues of juvenile justice system, especially the educational measures. The center of attention is the youths responsibility for their illegal acts, alternative process and measures, which are set up against the delinquents. Statistics show how the criminality of young people appears at present and what sanctions are taken against them. The main focus is aimed at the educational measures, which are specific to the type of sanctions imposed on young delinquents. The practical part shows the description of sample cases, where educational measures were imposed on young people. In conclusion is a recommendation and some incentives how to improve the current situation in juvenile justice system.

The thesis Prison Privatization in the United States: The Limits and Consequences of the Transfer of Public Power into Private Hands analyzes selected consequences of prison privatization in the United States. Although the prison privatization in the US is considered a modern phenomenon, the private sector was involved in corrections from the very early history of the US. Therefore, the thesis introduces the history and philosophy of private sector involvement in corrections. The thesis then examines the factors that led to the decision to privatize prisons, namely overcrowding of prisons, other political factors, and so-called PIE-program that enabled interstate trade with prisoner-made goods. Further, it provides detailed statistics to illustrate the steep rise in the prison population. It also addresses the question of cost-savings and efficiency and it provides examples of specific factors that influence economic performance of private prisons. Important part is dedicated to the growth of prison-industrial complex characterized by the overlapping interests of bureaucracy, politicians and private prison companies that lead to increased pressure to maintain or increase the prison population. In the final chapter, the thesis analyzes the consequences such as increasing tax burden; demographic...

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Magister Legum - LLM / Members of the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) are required to be dedicated to the rule of law. Yet, recent and past decision-making has caused instability in the functioning of the NPA. The decision to prosecute or not to prosecute involves the exercise of discretion. The NPAs use of this discretion has been called into question on numerous occasions which has resulted in the erosion of its independence and credibility. There are constitutional and legislative provisions in place to guide prosecutors in the decision-making process which allows for a measure of accountability. However, the link between prosecutorial independence and accountability for decision-making is not clear when looking at recent and past decisions by the National Directors of Public Prosecutions. Therefore, an evaluation of the instability in the office of the National Director of Public Prosecutions during the period of 1998-2018 will be discussed. The research discusses the unwarranted intrusion on prosecutorial decision-making. Furthermore, external interfering has resulted in the loss of public confidence in the functioning of the NPA. The administrative duties of prosecutors are guided by constitutional and legislative procedures. Hence, the research will identify whether these procedures are efficient for the effective administration of the NPA. Key to the already mentioned will be providing recommendations on how to create stability in an institution that has been surrounded by instability for the past 20 years.

Le droit de l'enfance délinquante est principalement régi par les dispositions de l'ordonnance du 2 février 1945 relative à l'enfance délinquante. La philosophie associée à la version initiale de cette ordonnance est le primat donné au relèvement éducatif du mineur, auteur d'infraction, plutôt qu'à la seule sanction de l'acte qu'il a commis. Cependant, celle-ci a été modifiée à de multiples reprises. En sus d'ébrécher l'esprit initial du texte de 1945, les nombreuses modifications législatives ont profondément altéré la lisibilité et la cohérence du droit pénal des mineurs. Avant de formuler des voies de réforme de ce droit, la thèse propose d'optimiser le cadre supralégislatif du droit de l'enfance délinquante. En effet, ses faiblesses en ont désactivé le rôle de garde-fou de sorte que le législateur a pu sans difficulté réagencer les principes initiaux de la justice pénale des mineurs / The French juvenile justice system isbased on a speciallawwhichwaswrittenin 1945. The first philosophy of thistextwas to protect and not onlypunish the juvenileoffenders. However, severalrecentlaws have changedthisphilosophy and the lisibility of the currentjuvenile justice system. Our thesis serve twopurposes. In one hand, wewant to demonstratethat the international and the constitutionalnorms about the juveniledeliquency have someweaknesseswhichexplain the current situation. We propose some solutions in order to reinforcethesesupremnorms. In the other hand, wepresentsome propositions and arguments about the future French juvenile justice system reform.